{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:15:26Z","timestamp":1787584526874,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T04:34:08Z","timestamp":1598416448000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Utilization of Spironolactone in Heart Failure Patients at a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Abdulmalik S","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Numan","family":"Alabdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifa","family":"Aljaafary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5215.2002.51020.x","article-title":"American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Chronic Heart Failure Evaluation and Management guidelines: relevance to the geriatric practice","volume":"51","author":"Ahmed A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ahmed A. American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Chronic Heart Failure Evaluation and Management guidelines: relevance to the geriatric practice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003, 51:123-6. 10.1034\/j.1601-5215.2002.51020.x","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-001-0021-1","article-title":"The risk of congestive heart failure: sobering lessons from the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"3","author":"Lloyd-Jones DM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lloyd-Jones DM. The risk of congestive heart failure: sobering lessons from the Framingham Heart Study. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2001, 3:184-90. 10.1007\/s11886-001-0021-1","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HHF.0b013e318291329a","article-title":"Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"6","author":"Heidenreich PA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heidenreich PA, Albert NM, Allen LA, et al.. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Heart Fail. 2013, 6:606-19. 10.1161\/HHF.0b013e318291329a","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"The changing landscape of heart failure outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Lopez-Sendon J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopez-Sendon J, Montoro N. The changing landscape of heart failure outcomes. Medicographia. 2015, 37:125-34.","journal-title":"Medicographia"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n3p49","article-title":"Quality of life for Saudi patients with heart failure: a cross-sectional correlational study","volume":"25","author":"AbuRuz ME","year":"2015","unstructured":"AbuRuz ME, Alaloul F, Saifan A, Masa\u2019deh R, Abusalem S. Quality of life for Saudi patients with heart failure: a cross-sectional correlational study. Glob J Health Sci. 2015, 25:49-58. 10.5539\/gjhs.v8n3p49","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2018.04.840","article-title":"Understanding heart failure burden in Middle East countries: economic impact in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates","volume":"21","author":"AlHabeeb","year":"2018","unstructured":"AlHabeeb, W. Akhras, K. AlGhalayini, et al.. Understanding heart failure burden in Middle East countries: economic impact in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. Value Heal. 2018, 21:123. 10.1016\/j.jval.2018.04.840","journal-title":"Value Heal"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Hospitalization for congestive heart failure: United States, 2000-2010","volume":"108","author":"Hall MJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hall MJ, Levant S, DeFrances CJ. Hospitalization for congestive heart failure: United States, 2000-2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2012, 108:1-8.","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0808-2","article-title":"Signs, symptoms, and treatment patterns across serial ambulatory cardiology visits in patients with heart failure: insights from the NCDR PINNACLE\u00ae registry","volume":"18","author":"Allen LA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allen LA, Tang F, Jones P, Breeding T, Ponirakis A, Turner SJ. Signs, symptoms, and treatment patterns across serial ambulatory cardiology visits in patients with heart failure: insights from the NCDR PINNACLE\u00ae registry. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018, 18:80. 10.1186\/s12872-018-0808-2","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(01)00123-4","article-title":"Economics of chronic heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Berry C","year":"2001","unstructured":"Berry C, Murdoch DR, McMurray JJ. Economics of chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001, 3:283-91. 10.1016\/S1388-9842(01)00123-4","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"341","author":"Pitt B","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al.. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999, 341:709-17. 10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn543","article-title":"Aldosterone blockade and left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"30","author":"Ezekowitz JA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ezekowitz JA, McAlister FA. Aldosterone blockade and left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Eur Heart J. 2009, 30:469-77. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn543","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"136","author":"Yancy CW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al.. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2017, 136:137-61. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski P","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al.. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016, 37:2129-200. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.527549","article-title":"Adoption of spironolactone therapy for older patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the United States, 1998-2001","volume":"112","author":"Masoudi FA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Masoudi FA, Gross CP, Wang Y, et al.. Adoption of spironolactone therapy for older patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the United States, 1998-2001. Circulation. 2005, 112:39-47. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.527549","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02694-3","article-title":"Complications of inappropriate use of spiroholactone in heart failure: when an old medicine spirals out of new guidelines","volume":"15","author":"Bozkurt B","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bozkurt B, Agoston I, Knowlton A. Complications of inappropriate use of spiroholactone in heart failure: when an old medicine spirals out of new guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 15:211-4. 10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02694-3","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002268","article-title":"Temporal trends and hospital variation in mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use in veterans discharged with heart failure","volume":"4","author":"Dev S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dev S, Lacy ME, Masoudi FA, Wu W-C. Temporal trends and hospital variation in mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use in veterans discharged with heart failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015, 4:10.1161\/JAHA.115.002268","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.06.010","article-title":"The adequacy of laboratory monitoring in patients treated with spironolactone for congestive heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Shah KB","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shah KB, Rao K, Sawyer R, et al.. The adequacy of laboratory monitoring in patients treated with spironolactone for congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005, 46:845-9. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.06.010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1493","article-title":"Use of aldosterone antagonists in heart failure","volume":"302","author":"Albert NM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Albert NM, Yancy CW, Liang L, et al.. Use of aldosterone antagonists in heart failure. JAMA. 2009, 302:1658-65. 10.1001\/jama.2009.1493","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.772228","article-title":"Heart failure care in the outpatient cardiology practice setting: findings from IMPROVE HF","volume":"1","author":"Fonarow GC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fonarow GC, Yancy CW, Albert NM, et al.. Heart failure care in the outpatient cardiology practice setting: findings from IMPROVE HF. Circ Heart Fail. 2008, 1:98-106. 10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.772228","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002493","article-title":"Barriers to adoption of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with heart failure: a mixed-methods study","volume":"5","author":"Dev S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dev S, Hoffman TK, Kavalieratos D, et al.. Barriers to adoption of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with heart failure: a mixed-methods study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016, 5:002493. 10.1161\/JAHA.115.002493","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040135","article-title":"Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study","volume":"5","author":"Juurlink DN","year":"2004","unstructured":"Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al.. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. N Engl J Med. 2004, 5:543-51. 10.1056\/NEJMoa040135","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl193","article-title":"EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFSII): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population","volume":"27","author":"Nieminen MS","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, et al.. EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFSII): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J. 2006, 27:2725-36. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl193","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.900","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist pattern of use in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from BIOSTAT-CHF","volume":"19","author":"Ferreira JP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferreira JP, Rossignol P, Machu J-L, et al.. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist pattern of use in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from BIOSTAT-CHF. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017, 19:1284-93. 10.1002\/ejhf.900","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.09.011","article-title":"Spironolactone and outcomes in older patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"132","author":"Bayoumi E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bayoumi E, Lam PH, Dooley DJ, et al.. Spironolactone and outcomes in older patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Am J Med. 2018, 132:71-80. 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.09.011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1182","article-title":"Factors associated with underuse of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of 11 215 patients from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry","volume":"20","author":"Savarese G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Savarese G, Carrero J-J, Pitt B, et al.. Factors associated with underuse of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of 11 215 patients from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018, 20:1326-34. 10.1002\/ejhf.1182","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3748","article-title":"Risk of hyperkalemia and combined use of spironolactone and long-term ACE inhibitor\/angiotensin receptor blocker therapy in heart failure using real-life data: a population- and insurance-based cohort","volume":"1","author":"Abbas S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abbas S, Ihle P, Harder S, et al.. Risk of hyperkalemia and combined use of spironolactone and long-term ACE inhibitor\/angiotensin receptor blocker therapy in heart failure using real-life data: a population- and insurance-based cohort. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2015, 1:24. 10.1002\/pds.3748","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/39036-the-utilization-of-spironolactone-in-heart-failure-patients-at-a-tertiary-hospital-in-saudi-arabia","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:25:15Z","timestamp":1707506715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/39036-the-utilization-of-spironolactone-in-heart-failure-patients-at-a-tertiary-hospital-in-saudi-arabia"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.10032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]}}}