{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T23:42:34Z","timestamp":1767138154772,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.100439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T23:41:34Z","timestamp":1767138094000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["West Nile Virus as a Trigger for Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: Exploring Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) Efficacy and Disease Variability"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Matthew D","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Baman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramsha","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00037","article-title":"Neuromuscular manifestations of West Nile virus infection","volume":"3","author":"Leis AA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leis AA, Stokic DS. Neuromuscular manifestations of West Nile virus infection. Front Neurol. 2012, 3:37. 10.3389\/fneur.2012.00037","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005375","article-title":"Neuroinvasive West Nile infection elicits elevated and atypically polarized T cell responses that promote a pathogenic outcome","volume":"12","author":"James EA","year":"2016","unstructured":"James EA, Gates TJ, LaFond RE, et al.. Neuroinvasive West Nile infection elicits elevated and atypically polarized T cell responses that promote a pathogenic outcome. PLoS Pathog. 2016, 12:e1005375. 10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005375","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13576","article-title":"Arenaviruses and West Nile virus in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Anesi JA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anesi JA, Silveira FP. Arenaviruses and West Nile virus in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019, 33:e13576. 10.1111\/ctr.13576","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.8737","article-title":"West Nile virus: a review","volume":"334","author":"Gould CV","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gould CV, Staples JE, Guagliardo SA, et al.. West Nile virus: a review. JAMA. 2025, 334:618-28. 10.1001\/jama.2025.8737","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061099","article-title":"The link between cannabis use, immune system, and viral infections","volume":"13","author":"Maggirwar SB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maggirwar SB, Khalsa JH. The link between cannabis use, immune system, and viral infections. Viruses. 2021, 13:1099. 10.3390\/v13061099","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0113816128293077240529111824","article-title":"The effects of nicotine and cannabinoids on cytokines","volume":"30","author":"Miller G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller G, Pareek O, Penman SL, Thanos PK. The effects of nicotine and cannabinoids on cytokines. Curr Pharm Des. 2024, 30:2468-84. 10.2174\/0113816128293077240529111824","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8042","article-title":"West Nile virus: review of the literature","volume":"310","author":"Petersen LR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA. 2013, 310:308-15. 10.1001\/jama.2013.8042","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae104","article-title":"Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)","author":"Miller JM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al.. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024, ciae104. 10.1093\/cid\/ciae104","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20959","article-title":"West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease","volume":"60","author":"Davis LE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davis LE, DeBiasi R, Goade DE, et al.. West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease. Ann Neurol. 2006, 60:286-300. 10.1002\/ana.20959","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000479","article-title":"Is intravenous immunoglobulin effective in reducing the risk of mortality and morbidity in neuroinvasive West Nile virus infection? A critically appraised topic","volume":"28","author":"Mbonde AA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mbonde AA, Grill MF, Harahsheh EY, Marks LA, Wingerchuk DM, O'Carroll CB. Is intravenous immunoglobulin effective in reducing the risk of mortality and morbidity in neuroinvasive West Nile virus infection? A critically appraised topic. Neurologist. 2023, 28:129-34. 10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000479","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2511.190537","article-title":"Lack of efficacy of high-titered immunoglobulin in patients with West Nile virus central nervous system disease","volume":"25","author":"Gnann JW Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gnann JW Jr, Agrawal A, Hart J, et al.. Lack of efficacy of high-titered immunoglobulin in patients with West Nile virus central nervous system disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019, 25:2064-73. 10.3201\/eid2511.190537","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"397","author":"Shahrizaila N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahrizaila N, Lehmann HC, Kuwabara S. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Lancet. 2021, 397:1214-28. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578756","article-title":"Neuronal inflammation-associated biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies","volume":"409","author":"Atasever \u00dc","year":"2025","unstructured":"Atasever \u00dc, Ak\u00fcnal C, Soyt\u00fcrk H. Neuronal inflammation-associated biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies. J Neuroimmunol. 2025, 409:578756. 10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578756","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.47.3.813","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of MRI lumbosacral nerve root enhancement in acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Gorson KC","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gorson KC, Ropper AH, Muriello MA, Blair R. Prospective evaluation of MRI lumbosacral nerve root enhancement in acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Neurology. 1996, 47:813-7. 10.1212\/wnl.47.3.813","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.5.482","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic criteria for polyneuropathy and demyelination: application in 135 patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Dutch Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Study Group","volume":"59","author":"Meulstee J","year":"1995","unstructured":"Meulstee J, van der Mech\u00e9 FG. Electrodiagnostic criteria for polyneuropathy and demyelination: application in 135 patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Dutch Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995, 59:482-6. 10.1136\/jnnp.59.5.482","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.01.007","article-title":"Early electrodiagnostic abnormalities in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: a retrospective study of 58 patients","volume":"125","author":"Chanson JB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chanson JB, Echaniz-Laguna A. Early electrodiagnostic abnormalities in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: a retrospective study of 58 patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014, 125:1900-5. 10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.01.007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.01.025","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barr\u00e8 syndrome: a critical revision and the need for an update","volume":"123","author":"Uncini A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uncini A, Kuwabara S. Electrodiagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barr\u00e8 syndrome: a critical revision and the need for an update. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012, 123:1487-95. 10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.01.025","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087288","article-title":"Immune-mediated neuropathies: pathophysiology and management","volume":"24","author":"Shastri A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shastri A, Al Aiyan A, Kishore U, Farrugia ME. Immune-mediated neuropathies: pathophysiology and management. Int J Mol Sci. 2023, 24:7288. 10.3390\/ijms24087288","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.48229","article-title":"Risk factors for West Nile neuroinvasive disease and mortality in the US, 2013-2024","volume":"8","author":"Judson SD","year":"2025","unstructured":"Judson SD, Dowdy D. Risk factors for West Nile neuroinvasive disease and mortality in the US, 2013-2024. JAMA Netw Open. 2025, 8:e2548229. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.48229","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020845","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and autoimmune diseases","volume":"26","author":"Terracina S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Terracina S, Caronti B, Lucarelli M, et al.. Alcohol consumption and autoimmune diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2025, 26:845. 10.3390\/ijms26020845","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107979","article-title":"The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease course is modulated by nicotine and other cigarette smoke components","volume":"9","author":"Gao Z","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao Z, Nissen JC, Ji K, Tsirka SE. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease course is modulated by nicotine and other cigarette smoke components. PLoS One. 2014, 9:e107979. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0107979","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.02.008","article-title":"Cannabinoids and autoimmune diseases: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Katchan V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katchan V, David P, Shoenfeld Y. Cannabinoids and autoimmune diseases: a systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2016, 15:513-28. 10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.02.008","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/449696-west-nile-virus-as-a-trigger-for-acute-inflammatory-demyelinating-polyneuropathy-exploring-intravenous-immunoglobulin-ivig-efficacy-and-disease-variability","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T23:41:36Z","timestamp":1767138096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/449696-west-nile-virus-as-a-trigger-for-acute-inflammatory-demyelinating-polyneuropathy-exploring-intravenous-immunoglobulin-ivig-efficacy-and-disease-variability"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.100439","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]}}}