{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:58:58Z","timestamp":1789138738128,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.100716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T03:39:17Z","timestamp":1767497957000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: From Kidney Biopsy to Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sreenath","family":"Sreedharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohandas","family":"M. K.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vismaya","family":"K. B.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","author":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration","year":"2020","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2020, 395:709-33. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw070","article-title":"Renal biopsy in patients with diabetes: a pooled meta-analysis of 48 studies","volume":"32","author":"Fiorentino M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fiorentino M, Bolignano D, Tesar V, et al.. Renal biopsy in patients with diabetes: a pooled meta-analysis of 48 studies. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017, 32:97-110. 10.1093\/ndt\/gfw070","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010010010","article-title":"Pathologic classification of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Tervaert TW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tervaert TW, Mooyaart AL, Amann K, et al.. Pathologic classification of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010, 21:556-63. 10.1681\/ASN.2010010010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Renal pathological spectrum and clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus: a large retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Jiang S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang S, Wang Y, Zhang L, et al.. Renal pathological spectrum and clinical characteristics of Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus: a large retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2024, 25:142.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02510213","article-title":"The modern spectrum of renal biopsy findings in patients with diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Sharma SG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sharma SG, Bomback AS, Radhakrishnan J, Herlitz LC, Stokes MB, Markowitz GS, D'Agati VD. The modern spectrum of renal biopsy findings in patients with diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013, 8:1718-24. 10.2215\/CJN.02510213","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink HJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heerspink HJ, Stef\u00e1nsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, et al.. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020, 383:1436-46. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz177","article-title":"Risk factors for non-diabetic renal disease in diabetic patients","volume":"13","author":"Bermejo S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bermejo S, Gonz\u00e1lez E, L\u00f3pez-Revuelta K, et al..  Risk factors for non-diabetic renal disease in diabetic patients. Clin Kidney J. 2020, 13:380-388. 10.1093\/ckj\/sfz177","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.krcp.2014.08.001","article-title":"Comprehensive approach to diabetic nephropathy","volume":"33","author":"Satirapoj B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Satirapoj B, Adler SG. Comprehensive approach to diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2014, 33:121-31. 10.1016\/j.krcp.2014.08.001","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0001-y","article-title":"CKD in diabetes: diabetic kidney disease versus nondiabetic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Anders HJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anders HJ, Huber TB, Isermann B, Schiffer M. CKD in diabetes: diabetic kidney disease versus nondiabetic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018, 14:361-77. 10.1038\/s41581-018-0001-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814427","article-title":"Rituximab or cyclosporine in the treatment of membranous nephropathy","volume":"381","author":"Fervenza FC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fervenza FC, Appel GB, Barbour SJ, et al.. Rituximab or cyclosporine in the treatment of membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019, 381:36-46. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1814427","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.09.017","article-title":"Results from part A of the multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled NefIgArd trial, which evaluated targeted-release formulation of budesonide for the treatment of primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy","volume":"103","author":"Barratt J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barratt J, Lafayette R, Kristensen J, et al.. Results from part A of the multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled NefIgArd trial, which evaluated targeted-release formulation of budesonide for the treatment of primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2023, 103:391-402. 10.1016\/j.kint.2022.09.017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017090958","article-title":"Differentiating primary, genetic, and secondary FSGS in adults: a clinicopathologic approach","volume":"29","author":"De Vriese AS","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Vriese AS, Sethi S, Nath KA, Glassock RJ, Fervenza FC. Differentiating primary, genetic, and secondary FSGS in adults: a clinicopathologic approach. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018, 29:759-74. 10.1681\/ASN.2017090958","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017020192","article-title":"Segmental sclerosis and extracapillary hypercellularity predict diabetic ESRD","volume":"29","author":"Mottl AK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mottl AK, Gasim A, Schober FP, Hu Y, Dunnon AK, Hogan SL, Jennette JC. Segmental sclerosis and extracapillary hypercellularity predict diabetic ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018, 29:694-703. 10.1681\/ASN.2017020192","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-186","article-title":"Identifying patients with diabetes at high risk for non-diabetic renal disease","volume":"11","author":"Liang S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liang S, Zhang XG, Cai GY, et al.. Identifying patients with diabetes at high risk for non-diabetic renal disease. BMC Med. 2013, 11:186. 10.1186\/1741-7015-11-186","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Prevalence of non-diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"87","author":"Mou S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mou S, Wang Q, Liu J . Prevalence of non-diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes. 2020, 87:354-9.","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i6.763","article-title":"Biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy: present and future","volume":"5","author":"Currie G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Currie G, McKay G, Delles C. Biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy: present and future. World J Diabetes. 2014, 5:763-76. 10.4239\/wjd.v5.i6.763","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051965","article-title":"Strategic approach to aberrant hepatic arterial anatomy during laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy: technique with video","volume":"12","author":"Wang J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Xu J, Lei K, You K, Liu Z. Strategic approach to aberrant hepatic arterial anatomy during laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy: technique with video. J Clin Med. 2023, 12:1965. 10.3390\/jcm12051965","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.10.003","article-title":"Diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease: state of the art and future perspective","volume":"8","author":"Persson F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Persson F, Rossing P. Diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease: state of the art and future perspective. Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2018, 8:2-7. 10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.10.003","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl (2011)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233","article-title":"Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"388","author":"The EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group","year":"2023","unstructured":"The EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group. Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2023, 388:117-27. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","article-title":"Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"380","author":"Perkovic V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al.. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019, 380:2295-306. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris GL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al.. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020, 383:2219-29. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110956","article-title":"Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Pitt B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, et al.. Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021, 385:2252-63. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2110956","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.03.016","article-title":"Clinical implications of pathologic diagnosis and classification for diabetic nephropathy","volume":"97","author":"Oh SW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oh SW, Kim S, Na KY, Chae DW, Kim S, Jin DC, Chin HJ. Clinical implications of pathologic diagnosis and classification for diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012, 97:418-24. 10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.03.016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"The spectrum of biopsy-proven kidney disease in elderly diabetic patients","volume":"9","author":"Huang J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang J, Liu G, Wu Y, et al.. The spectrum of biopsy-proven kidney disease in elderly diabetic patients. Oncotarget. 2018, 9:13763-13770.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00888-w","article-title":"Insights into the role of renal biopsy in patients with T2DM: a literature review of global renal biopsy results","volume":"11","author":"Tong X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tong X, Yu Q, Ankawi G, Pang B, Yang B, Yang H. Insights into the role of renal biopsy in patients with T2DM: a literature review of global renal biopsy results. Diabetes Ther. 2020, 11:1983-99. 10.1007\/s13300-020-00888-w","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kidney Disease. Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group: KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024, 105:S117-314. 10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.021","article-title":"KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases","volume":"100","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kidney Disease. Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group: KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int. 2021, 100:S1-S276. 10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05750515","article-title":"The native kidney biopsy. Update and evidence for best practice","volume":"11","author":"Hogan JJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hogan JJ, Mocanu M, Berns JS. The native kidney biopsy. Update and evidence for best practice. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016, 11:354-62. 10.2215\/CJN.05750515","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.021","article-title":"Diabetes and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: insights from a multicenter registry in a middle-income country","volume":"127","author":"Schaan BD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schaan BD, de Figueiredo Neto JA, Moreira LB, et al.. Diabetes and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: insights from a multicenter registry in a middle-income country. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017, 127:275-84. 10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0164-6","article-title":"Evaluation of renal biopsies in type 2 diabetic patients with kidney disease: a clinicopathological study of 216 cases","volume":"45","author":"Zhuo L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhuo L, Ren W, Li W, Zou G, Lu J. Evaluation of renal biopsies in type 2 diabetic patients with kidney disease: a clinicopathological study of 216 cases. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013, 45:173-9. 10.1007\/s11255-012-0164-6","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1206793","article-title":"IgA nephropathy","volume":"368","author":"Wyatt RJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wyatt RJ, Julian BA. IgA nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013, 368:2402-14. 10.1056\/NEJMra1206793","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2004.01.001","article-title":"Natural history of idiopathic IgA nephropathy and factors predictive of disease outcome","volume":"24","author":"D'Amico G","year":"2004","unstructured":"D'Amico G. Natural history of idiopathic IgA nephropathy and factors predictive of disease outcome. Semin Nephrol. 2004, 24:179-96. 10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2004.01.001","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000102598","article-title":"Prevalence of nondiabetic renal disease in diabetic patients","volume":"27","author":"Pham TT","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pham TT, Sim JJ, Kujubu DA, Liu IL, Kumar VA. Prevalence of nondiabetic renal disease in diabetic patients. Am J Nephrol. 2007, 27:322-8. 10.1159\/000102598","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03531006","article-title":"Adult minimal-change disease. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Waldman M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Waldman M, Crew RJ, Valeri A, et al.. Adult minimal-change disease. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007, 2:445-53. 10.2215\/CJN.03531006","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.89","article-title":"Acute interstitial nephritis","volume":"77","author":"Praga M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Praga M, Gonz\u00e1lez E. Acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 2010, 77:956-61.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050628","article-title":"How often is NIDDM complicated with non-diabetic renal disease? An analysis of renal biopsies and the literature","volume":"39","author":"Olsen S","year":"1996","unstructured":"Olsen S, Mogensen CE. How often is NIDDM complicated with non-diabetic renal disease? An analysis of renal biopsies and the literature. Diabetologia. 1996, 39:1638-45. 10.1007\/s001250050628","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072595","article-title":"Global longitudinal strain is associated with mortality in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Cui Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui Z, Castagna F, Hanif W, et al.. Global longitudinal strain is associated with mortality in patients with multiple myeloma. J Clin Med. 2023, 12:2595. 10.3390\/jcm12072595","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.3.297","article-title":"United Kingdom prospective diabetes study, 30. Diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors","volume":"116","author":"Kohner EM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Holman RR, Matthews DR, Turner RC. United Kingdom prospective diabetes study, 30. Diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998, 116:297-303. 10.1001\/archopht.116.3.297","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Effects of aspirin on vitreous\/preretinal hemorrhage","volume":"113","author":"Chew EY","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chew EY, Klein ML, Murphy RP, Remaley NA, Ferris FL 3rd. Effects of aspirin on vitreous\/preretinal hemorrhage. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995, 113:52-55.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.7.815","article-title":"Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 yr before clinical diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"Harris MI","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care. 1992, 15:815-9. 10.2337\/diacare.15.7.815","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.118","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of albuminuria in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients","volume":"41","author":"Parving HH","year":"1992","unstructured":"Parving HH, Gall MA, Sk\u00f8tt P, et al.. Prevalence and causes of albuminuria in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Kidney Int. 1992, 41:758-62. 10.1038\/ki.1992.118","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.9.1399","article-title":"The need for early predictors of diabetic nephropathy risk: is albumin excretion rate sufficient?","volume":"49","author":"Caramori ML","year":"2000","unstructured":"Caramori ML, Fioretto P, Mauer M. The need for early predictors of diabetic nephropathy risk: is albumin excretion rate sufficient?. Diabetes. 2000, 49:1399-408. 10.2337\/diabetes.49.9.1399","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Nephropathy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"245","author":"Ritz E","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ritz E. Nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. J Intern Med. 1999, 245:111-126.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr749","article-title":"Haematuria: the forgotten CKD factor?","volume":"27","author":"Moreno JA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moreno JA, Mart\u00edn-Cleary C, Guti\u00e9rrez E, Rubio-Navarro A, Ortiz A, Praga M, Egido J. Haematuria: the forgotten CKD factor?. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012, 27:28-34. 10.1093\/ndt\/gfr749","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010010063","article-title":"Comparison of different measures of urinary protein excretion for prediction of renal events","volume":"21","author":"Lambers Heerspink HJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lambers Heerspink HJ, Gansevoort RT, Brenner BM, Cooper ME, Parving HH, Shahinfar S, de Zeeuw D. Comparison of different measures of urinary protein excretion for prediction of renal events. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010, 21:1355-60. 10.1681\/ASN.2010010063","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.11.039","article-title":"Urinalysis: core curriculum 2008","volume":"51","author":"Fogazzi GB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fogazzi GB, Verdesca S, Garigali G. Urinalysis: core curriculum 2008. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008, 51:1052-67. 10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.11.039","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.188","article-title":"Acanthocyturia--a characteristic marker for glomerular bleeding","volume":"40","author":"K\u00f6hler H","year":"1991","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler H, Wandel E, Brunck B. Acanthocyturia--a characteristic marker for glomerular bleeding. Kidney Int. 1991, 40:115-20. 10.1038\/ki.1991.188","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07610711","article-title":"Early renal function decline in type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Pavkov ME","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pavkov ME, Knowler WC, Lemley KV, Mason CC, Myers BD, Nelson RG. Early renal function decline in type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012, 7:78-84. 10.2215\/CJN.07610711","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006080872","article-title":"Microalbuminuria and the risk for early progressive renal function decline in type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Perkins BA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Ostrander BE, Silva KH, Weinberg J, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Microalbuminuria and the risk for early progressive renal function decline in type 1 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007, 18:1353-61. 10.1681\/ASN.2006080872","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.048","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy: integrating basic science into improved clinical management","volume":"91","author":"Cattran DC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cattran DC, Brenchley PE. Membranous nephropathy: integrating basic science into improved clinical management. Kidney Int. 2017, 91:566-74. 10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.048","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.02.009","article-title":"Clinical features of non-diabetic renal diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"69","author":"Tone A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tone A, Shikata K, Matsuda M, et al.. Clinical features of non-diabetic renal diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005, 69:237-42. 10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.02.009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Management of adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Korbet SM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Korbet SM, Whittier WL. Management of adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012, 19:93-101.","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.asn.0000102472.37947.14","article-title":"Timing of complications in percutaneous renal biopsy","volume":"15","author":"Whittier WL","year":"2004","unstructured":"Whittier WL, Korbet SM. Timing of complications in percutaneous renal biopsy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004, 15:142-7. 10.1097\/01.asn.0000102472.37947.14","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0961-8","article-title":"What is the mechanism of microalbuminuria in diabetes: a role for the glomerular endothelium?","volume":"51","author":"Satchell SC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satchell SC, Tooke JE. What is the mechanism of microalbuminuria in diabetes: a role for the glomerular endothelium?. Diabetologia. 2008, 51:714-25. 10.1007\/s00125-008-0961-8","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-1670","article-title":"Urinary connective tissue growth factor excretion correlates with clinical markers of renal disease in a large population of type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"29","author":"Nguyen TQ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nguyen TQ, Tarnow L, Andersen S, et al.. Urinary connective tissue growth factor excretion correlates with clinical markers of renal disease in a large population of type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2006, 29:83-8.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the protein kinase C-beta gene in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"54","author":"Araki S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Araki S, Haneda M, Sugimoto T, et al.. Polymorphisms of the protein kinase C-beta gene in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 2005, 54:3018-3022.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Urinary MCP-1 and RBP in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"35","author":"Titan SM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Titan SM, Vieira JM Jr, Dominguez WV, Moreira SR, Pereira AB, Barros RT, Zats R. Urinary MCP-1 and RBP in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2012, 35:1110-1118.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-1063","article-title":"Increased urinary excretions of immunoglobulin G, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin predict development of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Narita T","year":"2006","unstructured":"Narita T, Hosoba M, Kakei M, Ito S. Increased urinary excretions of immunoglobulin G, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin predict development of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006, 29:142-144.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0348","article-title":"Urinary proteomics for early diagnosis in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"61","author":"Z\u00fcrbig P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Z\u00fcrbig P, Jerums G, Hovind P, et al.. Urinary proteomics for early diagnosis in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 2012, 61:3304-13.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.001917","article-title":"Naturally occurring human urinary peptides for use in diagnosis of chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Good DM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Good DM, Z\u00fcrbig P, Argil\u00e9s A, et al.. Naturally occurring human urinary peptides for use in diagnosis of chronic kidney disease. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2010, 9:2424-37. 10.1074\/mcp.M110.001917","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014050423","article-title":"Diagnosis and prediction of CKD progression by assessment of urinary peptides","volume":"26","author":"Schanstra JP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schanstra JP, Z\u00fcrbig P, Alkhalaf A, et al.. Diagnosis and prediction of CKD progression by assessment of urinary peptides. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015, 26:1999-2010. 10.1681\/ASN.2014050423","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2755-2","article-title":"A urinary peptide biomarker set predicts worsening of albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"56","author":"Roscioni SS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roscioni SS, de Zeeuw D, Hellemons ME, et al.. A urinary peptide biomarker set predicts worsening of albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2013, 56:259-67. 10.1007\/s00125-012-2755-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.07.007","article-title":"Altered protein composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue in chronic kidney disease","volume":"2","author":"Gertow J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gertow J, Ng CZ, Mamede Branca RM, et al.. Altered protein composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Rep. 2017, 2:1208-18. 10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.07.007","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"A panel of novel biomarkers in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Pena MJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pena MJ, Heinzel A, Heinze G, et al.. A panel of novel biomarkers in diabetic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J. 2015, 8:519-525.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2851150","article-title":"Deep learning global glomerulosclerosis in transplant kidney frozen sections","volume":"37","author":"Marsh JN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marsh JN, Matlock MK, Kudose S, Liu TC, Stappenbeck TS, Gaut JP, Swamidass SJ. Deep learning global glomerulosclerosis in transplant kidney frozen sections. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2018, 37:2718-28. 10.1109\/TMI.2018.2851150","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019020144","article-title":"Deep learning-based histopathologic assessment of kidney tissue","volume":"30","author":"Hermsen M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hermsen M, de Bel T, den Boer M, et al.. Deep learning-based histopathologic assessment of kidney tissue. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019, 30:1968-79. 10.1681\/ASN.2019020144","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018121259","article-title":"Computational segmentation and classification of diabetic glomerulosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Ginley B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ginley B, Lutnick B, Jen KY, et al.. Computational segmentation and classification of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019, 30:1953-67. 10.1681\/ASN.2018121259","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104231","article-title":"Classification of glomerular pathological findings using deep learning and nephrologist-AI collective intelligence approach","volume":"141","author":"Uchino E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uchino E, Suzuki K, Sato N, et al.. Classification of glomerular pathological findings using deep learning and nephrologist-AI collective intelligence approach. Int J Med Inform. 2020, 141:104231. 10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104231","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Tuttle KR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tuttle KR, Hauske SJ, Canziani ME, et al.. SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021, 32:24-39.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr1608564","article-title":"Nephron protection in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"375","author":"Anders HJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anders HJ, Davis JM, Thurau K. Nephron protection in diabetic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:2096-8. 10.1056\/NEJMcibr1608564","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021887","article-title":"Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: cardiovascular and kidney effects, potential mechanisms, and clinical applications","volume":"134","author":"Heerspink HJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heerspink HJ, Perkins BA, Fitchett DH, Husain M, Cherney DZ. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: cardiovascular and kidney effects, potential mechanisms, and clinical applications. Circulation. 2016, 134:752-72. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021887","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials","volume":"139","author":"Zelniker TA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al.. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019, 139:31-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Gerstein HC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al.. Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019, 394:131-138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1616011","article-title":"Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Mann JF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mann JF, \u00d8rsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.. Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017, 377:839-48. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1616011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso SP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:1834-44. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso SP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:311-22. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13969","article-title":"Pathophysiologic mechanisms in diabetic kidney disease: a focus on current and future therapeutic targets","volume":"22","author":"Barrera-Chimal J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barrera-Chimal J, Jaisser F. Pathophysiologic mechanisms in diabetic kidney disease: a focus on current and future therapeutic targets. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020, 22:16-31. 10.1111\/dom.13969","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa736","article-title":"Steroidal and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal medicine","volume":"42","author":"Agarwal R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agarwal R, Kolkhof P, Bakris G, Bauersachs J, Haller H, Wada T, Zannad F. Steroidal and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal medicine. Eur Heart J. 2021, 42:152-61. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa736","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012040390","article-title":"Mechanisms and treatment of CKD","volume":"23","author":"Ruggenenti P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruggenenti P, Cravedi P, Remuzzi G. Mechanisms and treatment of CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012, 23:1917-28. 10.1681\/ASN.2012040390","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1983.72","article-title":"Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury","volume":"23","author":"Brenner BM","year":"1983","unstructured":"Brenner BM. Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury. Kidney Int. 1983, 23:647-55.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311113292004","article-title":"The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy","volume":"329","author":"Lewis EJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1993, 329:1456-62. 10.1056\/NEJM199311113292004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","article-title":"Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"345","author":"Brenner BM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al.. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001, 345:861-9. 10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","article-title":"Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes","volume":"345","author":"Lewis EJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al.. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001, 345:851-60. 10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.280","article-title":"The KDIGO practice guideline on glomerulonephritis: reading between the (guide)lines--application to the individual patient","volume":"82","author":"Radhakrishnan J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan J, Cattran DC. The KDIGO practice guideline on glomerulonephritis: reading between the (guide)lines--application to the individual patient. Kidney Int. 2012, 82:840-56. 10.1038\/ki.2012.280","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810457","article-title":"M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"361","author":"Beck LH Jr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beck LH Jr, Bonegio RG, Lambeau G, et al.. M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2009, 361:11-21. 10.1056\/NEJMoa0810457","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.92","article-title":"Pathology of IgA nephropathy","volume":"10","author":"Roberts IS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts IS. Pathology of IgA nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014, 10:445-54. 10.1038\/nrneph.2014.92","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/444584-non-diabetic-kidney-disease-in-type-2-diabetes-from-kidney-biopsy-to-precision-medicine","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T03:39:20Z","timestamp":1767497960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/444584-non-diabetic-kidney-disease-in-type-2-diabetes-from-kidney-biopsy-to-precision-medicine"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"references-count":86,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.100716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]}}}