{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T16:31:27Z","timestamp":1767544287223,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.100745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T16:26:27Z","timestamp":1767543987000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paradoxical Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Presenting as Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in a Patient With HIV"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Wendy","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony F","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report. executive summary. (2019). Accessed: May 22, 2025: https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/tuberculosis\/global-tb-report-2019-executive-summary7248223a-...."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report. (2022). Accessed. May 22, 2025: http:\/\/who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2022."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v8.27949","article-title":"Prevalence of tuberculosis, HIV, and TB-HIV co-infection among pulmonary tuberculosis suspects in a predominantly pastoralist area, northeast Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Belay M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Belay M, Bjune G, Abebe F. Prevalence of tuberculosis, HIV, and TB-HIV co-infection among pulmonary tuberculosis suspects in a predominantly pastoralist area, northeast Ethiopia. Glob Health Action. 2015, 8:10.3402\/gha.v8.27949","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002606","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the INSHI consensus case definition for the diagnosis of paradoxical tuberculosis-IRIS","volume":"86","author":"Stek C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stek C, Buyze J, Menten J, et al.. Diagnostic accuracy of the INSHI consensus case definition for the diagnosis of paradoxical tuberculosis-IRIS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021, 86:587-92. 10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002606","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S42328","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients","volume":"7","author":"Walker NF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walker NF, Scriven J, Meintjes G, Wilkinson RJ. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2015, 7:49-64. 10.2147\/HIV.S42328","journal-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","author":"Thapa S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thapa S, Shrestha U. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2023."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70184-1","article-title":"Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings","volume":"8","author":"Meintjes G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meintjes G, Lawn SD, Scano F, et al.. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008, 8:516-23. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70184-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70026-8","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"M\u00fcller M","year":"2010","unstructured":"M\u00fcller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, Attia S, Furrer H, Egger M. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010, 10:251-61. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70026-8","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.9","article-title":"Paradoxical TB-IRIS in HIV-infected adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Namale PE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Namale PE, Abdullahi LH, Fine S, Kamkuemah M, Wilkinson RJ, Meintjes G. Paradoxical TB-IRIS in HIV-infected adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Microbiol. 2015, 10:1077-99. 10.2217\/fmb.15.9","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020210","article-title":"Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome - an extempore game of misfiring with defense arsenals","volume":"12","author":"Vignesh R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vignesh R, Balakrishnan P, Tan HY, Yong YK, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome - an extempore game of misfiring with defense arsenals. Pathogens. 2023, 12:10.3390\/pathogens12020210","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00162-9","article-title":"Altered IL-6 signalling and risk of tuberculosis: a multi-ancestry Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"6","author":"Hamilton F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hamilton F, Schurz H, Yates TA, et al.. Altered IL-6 signalling and risk of tuberculosis: a multi-ancestry Mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Microbe. 2025, 6:10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00162-9","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life10110262","article-title":"Tuberculosis IRIS: pathogenesis, presentation, and management across the spectrum of disease","volume":"10","author":"Quinn CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quinn CM, Poplin V, Kasibante J, Yuquimpo K, Gakuru J, Cresswell FV, Bahr NC. Tuberculosis IRIS: pathogenesis, presentation, and management across the spectrum of disease. Life (Basel). 2020, 10:10.3390\/life10110262","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/442854-paradoxical-immune-reconstitution-inflammatory-syndrome-presenting-as-extrapulmonary-tuberculosis-in-a-patient-with-hiv","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T16:26:28Z","timestamp":1767543988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/442854-paradoxical-immune-reconstitution-inflammatory-syndrome-presenting-as-extrapulmonary-tuberculosis-in-a-patient-with-hiv"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":12,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.100745","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]}}}