{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:10:17Z","timestamp":1774314617307,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.100873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:42:17Z","timestamp":1767678137000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rapid Pterygium Progression in a Child on Growth Hormone Therapy: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shay","family":"Nakahira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin H","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mindy","family":"Mandich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.109900","article-title":"Risk factors for pterygium: latest research progress on major pathogenesis","volume":"243","author":"Ding P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ding P, Wang R, He Y. Risk factors for pterygium: latest research progress on major pathogenesis. Exp Eye Res. 2024, 243:109900. 10.1016\/j.exer.2024.109900","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.151852","article-title":"The science of pterygia","volume":"94","author":"Bradley JC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bradley JC, Yang W, Bradley RH, Reid TW, Schwab IR. The science of pterygia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010, 94:815-20. 10.1136\/bjo.2008.151852","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001744","article-title":"The evolving story of pterygium","volume":"37 Suppl 1","author":"Young AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Young AL, Cao D, Chu WK, Ng TK, Yip YW, Jhanji V, Pang CP. The evolving story of pterygium. Cornea. 2018, 37 Suppl 1:S55-7. 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001744","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.943275","article-title":"Expression profiling suggests the involvement of hormone-related, metabolic, and Wnt signaling pathways in pterygium progression","volume":"13","author":"Li J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li J, Tao T, Yu Y, et al.. Expression profiling suggests the involvement of hormone-related, metabolic, and Wnt signaling pathways in pterygium progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022, 13:943275. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.943275","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1987.tb07016.x","article-title":"An investigation of aetiology and heredity of pterygium. Report of 11 cases in a family","volume":"65","author":"Zhang JD","year":"1987","unstructured":"Zhang JD. An investigation of aetiology and heredity of pterygium. Report of 11 cases in a family. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1987, 65:413-6. 10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1987.tb07016.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icl.0000165281.48056.15","article-title":"Childhood onset of pterygia in twins","volume":"31","author":"Bloom AH","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bloom AH, Perry HD, Donnenfeld ED, Pinchoff BS, Solomon R. Childhood onset of pterygia in twins. Eye Contact Lens. 2005, 31:279-80. 10.1097\/01.icl.0000165281.48056.15","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1985.tb00400.x","article-title":"Heredity in one hundred patients admitted for excision of pterygia","volume":"13","author":"Booth F","year":"1985","unstructured":"Booth F. Heredity in one hundred patients admitted for excision of pterygia. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1985, 13:59-61. 10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1985.tb00400.x","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2016.03.004","article-title":"Growth hormone and ocular dysfunction: endocrine, paracrine or autocrine etiologies?","volume":"29","author":"Harvey S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harvey S, Martinez-Moreno CG. Growth hormone and ocular dysfunction: endocrine, paracrine or autocrine etiologies?. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2016, 29:28-32. 10.1016\/j.ghir.2016.03.004","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.01.011","article-title":"Expression of growth hormone and growth hormone receptor genes in human eye tissues","volume":"181","author":"P\u00e9rez-Ibave DC","year":"2019","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ibave DC, Garza-Rodr\u00edguez ML, P\u00e9rez-Maya AA, et al.. Expression of growth hormone and growth hormone receptor genes in human eye tissues. Exp Eye Res. 2019, 181:61-71. 10.1016\/j.exer.2019.01.011","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm_00000371","article-title":"Growth factor expression in ophthalmic pterygia and normal conjunctiva","volume":"25","author":"Detorakis ET","year":"2010","unstructured":"Detorakis ET, Zaravinos A, Spandidos DA. Growth factor expression in ophthalmic pterygia and normal conjunctiva. Int J Mol Med. 2010, 25:513-6. 10.3892\/ijmm_00000371","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11111354","article-title":"The rising popularity of growth hormone therapy and ensuing orthopedic complications in the pediatric population: a review","volume":"11","author":"Zverev S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zverev S, Tenner ZM, Coladonato C, Lazar-Antman M. The rising popularity of growth hormone therapy and ensuing orthopedic complications in the pediatric population: a review. Children (Basel). 2024, 11:1354. 10.3390\/children11111354","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201202500307","article-title":"Immunohistochemical profile of VEGF, TGF-\u03b2 and PGE\u2082 in human pterygium and normal conjunctiva: experimental study and review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Bianchi E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bianchi E, Scarinci F, Grande C, et al.. Immunohistochemical profile of VEGF, TGF-\u03b2 and PGE\u2082 in human pterygium and normal conjunctiva: experimental study and review of the literature. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012, 25:607-15. 10.1177\/039463201202500307","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Astigmatism and visual impairment in pterygium: affected eyes in Jos, Nigeria","volume":"67","author":"Ibechukwu BI","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ibechukwu BI. Astigmatism and visual impairment in pterygium: affected eyes in Jos, Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 1990, 67:912-7.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.05.012","article-title":"Childhood pterygium: a descriptive study of 19 cases presented to a tertiary eye care center","volume":"154","author":"Monga S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Monga S, Gupta A, Kekunnaya R, Goyal S, Vemuganti GK, Sachdeva V. Childhood pterygium: a descriptive study of 19 cases presented to a tertiary eye care center. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012, 154:859-864.e2. 10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.05.012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10304-w","article-title":"Growth hormone signaling and clinical implications: from molecular to therapeutic perspectives","volume":"52","author":"Aghili ZS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aghili ZS, Khoshnevisan G, Mostoli R, Alibaglouei M, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH. Growth hormone signaling and clinical implications: from molecular to therapeutic perspectives. Mol Biol Rep. 2025, 52:202. 10.1007\/s11033-025-10304-w","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24751","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in pterygium cells by antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors","volume":"59","author":"Qin YJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qin YJ, Chu WK, Huang L, et al.. Induction of apoptosis in pterygium cells by antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018, 59:5060-6. 10.1167\/iovs.18-24751","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.12.005","article-title":"Novel therapy to treat corneal epithelial defects: a hypothesis with growth hormone","volume":"13","author":"Wirostko B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wirostko B, Rafii M, Sullivan DA, Morelli J, Ding J. Novel therapy to treat corneal epithelial defects: a hypothesis with growth hormone. Ocul Surf. 2015, 13:204-12.e1. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.12.005","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020224","article-title":"Sex hormones, growth hormone, and the cornea","volume":"11","author":"McKay TB","year":"2022","unstructured":"McKay TB, Priyadarsini S, Karamichos D. Sex hormones, growth hormone, and the cornea. Cells. 2022, 11:224. 10.3390\/cells11020224","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421815112","article-title":"Antagonist of GH-releasing hormone receptors alleviates experimental ocular inflammation","volume":"111","author":"Qin YJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qin YJ, Chan SO, Chong KK, et al.. Antagonist of GH-releasing hormone receptors alleviates experimental ocular inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014, 111:18303-8. 10.1073\/pnas.1421815112","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/450495-rapid-pterygium-progression-in-a-child-on-growth-hormone-therapy-a-case-report-and-literature-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:42:18Z","timestamp":1767678138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/450495-rapid-pterygium-progression-in-a-child-on-growth-hormone-therapy-a-case-report-and-literature-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.100873","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}}}