{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T16:45:00Z","timestamp":1767717900753,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.100930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T16:43:37Z","timestamp":1767717817000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cannabis Use in Orthopaedic Surgery: Effects on Fracture Healing, Opioid Requirements, and Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Hiram E","family":"Luigi Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix M","family":"Rivera Troia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola A","family":"Babilonia Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda C","family":"Flores Carrasquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Fernandez-Sotero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Se\u00f1eriz Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.004821","article-title":"Cannabis use patterns among patients with upper extremity conditions at the time of legalization in Canada","volume":"65","author":"Sims L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sims L, Goetz T, White N, et al.. Cannabis use patterns among patients with upper extremity conditions at the time of legalization in Canada. Can J Surg. 2022, 65:E335-E341. 10.1503\/cjs.004821","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20191212-07","article-title":"Characteristics of marijuana use among orthopedic patients","volume":"43","author":"Carney JJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carney JJ, Hwang A, Heckmann N, Bernstein M, Marecek GS. Characteristics of marijuana use among orthopedic patients. Orthopedics. 2020, 43:108-112. 10.3928\/01477447-20191212-07","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20250114-02","article-title":"Orthopedic patients are highly amenable to cannabis-based products for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain","volume":"48","author":"Karakash WJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karakash WJ, Bolia IK, Levian BA, et al.. Orthopedic patients are highly amenable to cannabis-based products for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Orthopedics. 2025, 48:98-103. 10.3928\/01477447-20250114-02","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.21.00184","article-title":"Marijuana in orthopaedics: effects on bone health, wound-healing, surgical complications, and pain management","volume":"10","author":"Heath DM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heath DM, Koslosky EJ, Bartush KC, Hogue GD. Marijuana in orthopaedics: effects on bone health, wound-healing, surgical complications, and pain management. JBJS Rev. 2022, 10:e21.00184. 10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.21.00184","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835525500456","article-title":"Weeding out the problem: associations of cannabis and tobacco use with complications of surgical fixation of metacarpal fracture","volume":"30","author":"Kishan A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kishan A, Bergstein VE, Kishan A, Jankowski P, Tuffaha SH, Laporte DM. Weeding out the problem: associations of cannabis and tobacco use with complications of surgical fixation of metacarpal fracture. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2025, 30:506-513. 10.1142\/S2424835525500456","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2473011424S00284","article-title":"Exploring the impact of prior cannabis use on 90-day complications following foot and ankle procedures: a comprehensive analysis and clinical implications","volume":"9","author":"Kishan A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kishan A, Kubsad S, Bergstein VE, Zhu SE, Ficke JR, Aiyer AA. Exploring the impact of prior cannabis use on 90-day complications following foot and ankle procedures: a comprehensive analysis and clinical implications. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2024, 9:10.1177\/2473011424S00284","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Orthop"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810001-00003","article-title":"The cell and molecular biology of fracture healing","volume":"355","author":"Einhorn TA","year":"1998","unstructured":"Einhorn TA. The cell and molecular biology of fracture healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998, 355:S7-S21. 10.1097\/00003086-199810001-00003","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447231196905","article-title":"Cannabis use in patients with distal radius fractures: a moment of unity?","volume":"20","author":"Livesey MG","year":"2025","unstructured":"Livesey MG, Bains SS, Stern JM, et al.. Cannabis use in patients with distal radius fractures: a moment of unity?. Hand (N Y). 2025, 20:263-268. 10.1177\/15589447231196905","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2277-0117","article-title":"The impact of marijuana use on postoperative outcomes in abdominal-based free flap breast reconstruction","volume":"40","author":"Lu YH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu YH, Mahajan L, Rudy H, Yan Y, Ricci JA. The impact of marijuana use on postoperative outcomes in abdominal-based free flap breast reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2024, 40:680-687. 10.1055\/a-2277-0117","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.51759","article-title":"Perceptions of orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons about medical cannabidiol use: a survey study","volume":"16","author":"Malige A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malige A, Boyd A, Limpisvasti O. Perceptions of orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons about medical cannabidiol use: a survey study. Cureus. 2024, 16:e51759. 10.7759\/cureus.51759","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002945","article-title":"Marijuana use and complication risk after tibia shaft fracture fixation","volume":"39","author":"Maxson R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maxson R, Rapaport S, Covarrubias O, et al.. Marijuana use and complication risk after tibia shaft fracture fixation. J Orthop Trauma. 2025, 39:137-143. 10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002945","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002866","article-title":"Does marijuana smoking increase the odds of surgical site infection after orthopaedic surgery? A retrospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Ruckle D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruckle D, Chang A, Jesurajan J, Carlson B, Gulbrandsen M, Rice RC, Wongworawat MD. Does marijuana smoking increase the odds of surgical site infection after orthopaedic surgery? A retrospective cohort study. J Orthop Trauma. 2024, 38:571-575. 10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002866","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.07.016","article-title":"Review of the endocannabinoid system","volume":"6","author":"Lu HC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu HC, Mackie K. Review of the endocannabinoid system. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021, 6:607-615. 10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.07.016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2023.2403","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder and perioperative complications","volume":"158","author":"Potnuru PP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Potnuru PP, Jonna S, Williams GW 2nd. Cannabis use disorder and perioperative complications. JAMA Surg. 2023, 158:935-944. 10.1001\/jamasurg.2023.2403","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.27644","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder and perioperative outcomes following complex cancer surgery","volume":"129","author":"Munir MM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Munir MM, Woldesenbet S, Endo Y, Dillhoff M, Pawlik TM. Cannabis use disorder and perioperative outcomes following complex cancer surgery. J Surg Oncol. 2024, 129:1430-1441. 10.1002\/jso.27644","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2020.07.094","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder and perioperative outcomes in vascular surgery","volume":"73","author":"McGuinness B","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGuinness B, Goel A, Elias F, Rapanos T, Mittleman MA, Ladha KS. Cannabis use disorder and perioperative outcomes in vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg. 2021, 73:1376-1387.e3. 10.1016\/j.jvs.2020.07.094","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10711007231189698","article-title":"Adverse events after ankle fracture Open Reduction Internal Fixation among patients with and without documented cannabis and tobacco use","volume":"44","author":"Dhodapkar MM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dhodapkar MM, Oghenesume OP, Halperin SJ, Modrak M, Yoo BJ, Grauer JN. Adverse events after ankle fracture Open Reduction Internal Fixation among patients with and without documented cannabis and tobacco use. Foot Ankle Int. 2023, 44:941-948. 10.1177\/10711007231189698","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/24625","article-title":"The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research","author":"National Academies of Sciences","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. The National Academies Press, Washington (DC; 2017. 10.17226\/24625"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.01400","article-title":"Self-reported marijuana use is associated with increased use of prescription opioids following traumatic musculoskeletal injury","volume":"100","author":"Bhashyam AR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhashyam AR, Heng M, Harris MB, Vrahas MS, Weaver MJ. Self-reported marijuana use is associated with increased use of prescription opioids following traumatic musculoskeletal injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018, 100:2095-2102. 10.2106\/JBJS.17.01400","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20231027-07","article-title":"Cannabis use is associated with fewer filled opioid prescriptions after treatment of proximal humerus fractures","volume":"47","author":"Silver J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silver J, Ford BT, Pavano CJ, Bellas N, Hewitt C, Solomito M, McCarthy C. Cannabis use is associated with fewer filled opioid prescriptions after treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Orthopedics. 2024, 47:147-151. 10.3928\/01477447-20231027-07","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-023-03802-9","article-title":"Elevated risk of prosthetic infections in cannabis users after shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"34","author":"Remily EA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Remily EA, Bains SS, Dubin J, et al.. Elevated risk of prosthetic infections in cannabis users after shoulder arthroplasty. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2024, 34:1381-1387. 10.1007\/s00590-023-03802-9","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/24730114251328669","article-title":"The Association of cannabis and tobacco use with postoperative complications after ankle and hindfoot arthrodesis","volume":"10","author":"Holle AM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Holle AM, Beckett NC, Iturregui JM, Haglin JM, Kile TA. The Association of cannabis and tobacco use with postoperative complications after ankle and hindfoot arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2025, 10:10.1177\/24730114251328669","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Orthop"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2473011424S00173","article-title":"Cannabis use and increased 90-day postoperative medical complications following foot and ankle arthrodesis","volume":"9","author":"Bergstein VE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bergstein VE, Kishan A, Zhu SE, Ficke JR, Aiyer AA. Cannabis use and increased 90-day postoperative medical complications following foot and ankle arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2024, 9:10.1177\/2473011424S00173","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Orthop"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.06.067","article-title":"Analysis of postoperative complications related to cannabis and tobacco usage in patients undergoing mandible facial fracture surgeries","volume":"85","author":"Yoon Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoon Y, Lee N, Lee AD, et al.. Analysis of postoperative complications related to cannabis and tobacco usage in patients undergoing mandible facial fracture surgeries. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2023, 85:127-133. 10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.06.067","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2024-105633","article-title":"Cannabis use and acute postoperative pain outcomes in older adults: a propensity matched retrospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Sajdeya R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sajdeya R, Rouhizadeh M, Cook RL, et al.. Cannabis use and acute postoperative pain outcomes in older adults: a propensity matched retrospective cohort study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025, 50:771-778. 10.1136\/rapm-2024-105633","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006785","article-title":"Association between cannabis use and opioid consumption, pain, and respiratory complications after surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"139","author":"Ekrami E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ekrami E, Sari S, Kopac O, et al.. Association between cannabis use and opioid consumption, pain, and respiratory complications after surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis. Anesth Analg. 2024, 139:724-733. 10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006785","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006074","article-title":"The elephant in the room: racial microaggressions and implicit bias in surgical training","volume":"279","author":"Alimi Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alimi Y, Bevilacqua LA, Snyder RA, Walsh DS, Jackson PG, Betsy JE, Altieri MS. The elephant in the room: racial microaggressions and implicit bias in surgical training. Ann Surg. 2024, 279:167-171. 10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006074","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003963","article-title":"Weeding out the problem: the impact of preoperative cannabinoid use on pain in the perioperative period","volume":"129","author":"Liu CW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu CW, Bhatia A, Buzon-Tan A, et al.. Weeding out the problem: the impact of preoperative cannabinoid use on pain in the perioperative period. Anesth Analg. 2019, 129:874-881. 10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003963","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449054","article-title":"Marijuana use and mortality following orthopedic surgical procedures","volume":"40","author":"Moon AS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moon AS, Smith W, Mullen S, Ponce BA, McGwin G, Shah A, Naranje SM. Marijuana use and mortality following orthopedic surgical procedures. Subst Abus. 2019, 40:378-382. 10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449054","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221093965","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder is associated with longer in-hospital lengths of stay, higher rates of medical complications, and costs of care following primary 1- to 2-level lumbar fusion","volume":"14","author":"Jain S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jain S, Cloud GW, Gordon AM, Lam AW, Vakharia RM, Saleh A, Razi AE. Cannabis use disorder is associated with longer in-hospital lengths of stay, higher rates of medical complications, and costs of care following primary 1- to 2-level lumbar fusion. Global Spine J. 2024, 14:67-73. 10.1177\/21925682221093965","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003067","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder and perioperative outcomes in major elective surgeries: a retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"132","author":"Goel A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goel A, McGuinness B, Jivraj NK, et al.. Cannabis use disorder and perioperative outcomes in major elective surgeries: a retrospective cohort analysis. Anesthesiology. 2020, 132:625-635. 10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003067","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER250UPDATE2023","article-title":"Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2023 Update","author":"Chou R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chou R, Ahmed AY, Morasco BJ, et al.. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2023 Update . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2023. 10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER250UPDATE2023"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504187103","article-title":"Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass","volume":"103","author":"Ofek O","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ofek O, Karsak M, Leclerc N, et al.. Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006, 103:696-701. 10.1073\/pnas.0504187103","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00665","article-title":"Bones and joints: The effects of cannabinoids on the skeleton","volume":"104","author":"Ehrenkranz J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ehrenkranz J, Levine MA. Bones and joints: The effects of cannabinoids on the skeleton. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019, 104:4683-4694. 10.1210\/jc.2019-00665","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1255","article-title":"Regulation of bone mass, bone loss and osteoclast activity by cannabinoid receptors","volume":"11","author":"Idris AI","year":"2005","unstructured":"Idris AI, van 't Hof RJ, Greig IR, Ridge SA, Baker D, Ross RA, Ralston SH. Regulation of bone mass, bone loss and osteoclast activity by cannabinoid receptors. Nat Med. 2005, 11:774-779. 10.1038\/nm1255","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.12.018","article-title":"Age-related regulation of bone formation by the sympathetic cannabinoid CB1 receptor","volume":"108","author":"Deis S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deis S, Srivastava RK, Ruiz de Azua I, et al.. Age-related regulation of bone formation by the sympathetic cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Bone. 2018, 108:34-42. 10.1016\/j.bone.2017.12.018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7957com","article-title":"The cannabinoid CB1 receptor regulates bone formation by modulating adrenergic signaling","volume":"22","author":"Tam J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tam J, Trembovler V, Di Marzo V, et al.. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor regulates bone formation by modulating adrenergic signaling. FASEB J. 2008, 22:285-294. 10.1096\/fj.06-7957com","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01675.x","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and the regulation of bone metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Bab I","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bab I, Ofek O, Tam J, Rehnelt J, Zimmer A. Endocannabinoids and the regulation of bone metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008, 20:69-74. 10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01675.x","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2513","article-title":"Cannabidiol, a major non-psychotropic cannabis constituent enhances fracture healing and stimulates lysyl hydroxylase activity in osteoblasts","volume":"30","author":"Kogan NM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kogan NM, Melamed E, Wasserman E, et al.. Cannabidiol, a major non-psychotropic cannabis constituent enhances fracture healing and stimulates lysyl hydroxylase activity in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res. 2015, 30:1905-1913. 10.1002\/jbmr.2513","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e31818c5a2a","article-title":"Cannabis sativa smoke inhalation decreases bone filling around titanium implants: a histomorphometric study in rats","volume":"17","author":"Nogueira-Filho Gda R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nogueira-Filho Gda R, Cadide T, Rosa BT, et al.. Cannabis sativa smoke inhalation decreases bone filling around titanium implants: a histomorphometric study in rats. Implant Dent. 2008, 17:461-470. 10.1097\/ID.0b013e31818c5a2a","journal-title":"Implant Dent"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.07.034","article-title":"Heavy cannabis use is associated with low bone mineral density and an increased risk of fractures","volume":"130","author":"Sophocleous A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sophocleous A, Robertson R, Ferreira NB, McKenzie J, Fraser WD, Ralston SH. Heavy cannabis use is associated with low bone mineral density and an increased risk of fractures. Am J Med. 2017, 130:214-221. 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.07.034","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09635-x","article-title":"Cannabinoid use in musculoskeletal illness: a review of the current evidence","volume":"13","author":"O'Connor CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"O'Connor CM, Anoushiravani AA, Adams C, Young JR, Richardson K, Rosenbaum AJ. Cannabinoid use in musculoskeletal illness: a review of the current evidence. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2020, 13:379-384. 10.1007\/s12178-020-09635-x","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1034","article-title":"Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"374","author":"Wang L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang L, Hong PJ, May C, et al.. Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2021, 374:n1034. 10.1136\/bmj.n1034","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0009","article-title":"Cannabis exposure decreases need for blood pressure support during general anesthesia in orthopedic trauma surgery","volume":"7","author":"Yeung BG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yeung BG, Ma MW, Scolaro JA, Nelson AM. Cannabis exposure decreases need for blood pressure support during general anesthesia in orthopedic trauma surgery. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2022, 7:328-335. 10.1089\/can.2021.0009","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054282","article-title":"Long-term and serious harms of medical cannabis and cannabinoids for chronic pain: a systematic review of non-randomised studies","volume":"12","author":"Zeraatkar D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeraatkar D, Cooper MA, Agarwal A, et al.. Long-term and serious harms of medical cannabis and cannabinoids for chronic pain: a systematic review of non-randomised studies. BMJ Open. 2022, 12:e054282. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054282","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2040","article-title":"Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a clinical practice guideline","volume":"374","author":"Busse JW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Busse JW, Vankrunkelsven P, Zeng L, et al.. Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2021, 374:n2040. 10.1136\/bmj.n2040","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.062","article-title":"Understanding the effect of recreational drug use on bone health and musculoskeletal disease in the establishment of pain regimens","volume":"15","author":"Gartenberg A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gartenberg A, Petrie A, Yen W, Cho W. Understanding the effect of recreational drug use on bone health and musculoskeletal disease in the establishment of pain regimens. World J Emerg Med. 2024, 15:356-364. 10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.062","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101831","article-title":"Prevalence and association of non-medical cannabis use with post-procedural healthcare utilisation in patients undergoing surgery or interventional procedures: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Ahrens E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahrens E, Wachtendorf LJ, Chiarella LS, et al.. Prevalence and association of non-medical cannabis use with post-procedural healthcare utilisation in patients undergoing surgery or interventional procedures: a retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023, 57:101831. 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101831","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.87208","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of use of cannabis and cannabinoid products for pain relief in orthopaedic conditions and trauma","volume":"17","author":"Shah D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shah D, Murhekar S, Ward M, Sagane S, Pahwani A. The efficacy and safety of use of cannabis and cannabinoid products for pain relief in orthopaedic conditions and trauma. Cureus. 2025, 17:e87208. 10.7759\/cureus.87208","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf110","article-title":"Cannabis and cannabidiol for post-operative pain management in orthopedic surgery: a scoping review","author":"Tran K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tran K, Odland K, Polly DW Jr. Cannabis and cannabidiol for post-operative pain management in orthopedic surgery: a scoping review. Pain Med. 2025, pnaf110. 10.1093\/pm\/pnaf110","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100773","article-title":"Medical and recreational cannabis use in patients undergoing one- or two-level lumbar spine fusion correlated with postoperative outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Kwaczala AT","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kwaczala AT, Solomito MJ, McCracken C, Makanji H. Medical and recreational cannabis use in patients undergoing one- or two-level lumbar spine fusion correlated with postoperative outcomes. N Am Spine Soc J. 2025, 23:100773. 10.1016\/j.xnsj.2025.100773","journal-title":"N Am Spine Soc J"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157015910792246173","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors as target for treatment of osteoporosis: a tale of two therapies","volume":"8","author":"Idris AI","year":"2010","unstructured":"Idris AI. Cannabinoid receptors as target for treatment of osteoporosis: a tale of two therapies. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2010, 8:243-253. 10.2174\/157015910792246173","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/complications2040025","article-title":"Combustible tobacco, smokeless tobacco, and cannabis use in foot and ankle surgery: a scoping review of postoperative outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Kipp JA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kipp JA, LeSavage LK. Combustible tobacco, smokeless tobacco, and cannabis use in foot and ankle surgery: a scoping review of postoperative outcomes. Complications. 2025, 2:25. 10.3390\/complications2040025","journal-title":"Complications"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083766","article-title":"Cannabinoids: Therapeutic perspectives for management of orofacial pain, oral inflammation and bone healing-a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Campana MD","year":"2025","unstructured":"Campana MD, de Paolis G, Sammartino G, Bucci P, Aliberti A, Gasparro R. Cannabinoids: Therapeutic perspectives for management of orofacial pain, oral inflammation and bone healing-a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025, 26:3766. 10.3390\/ijms26083766","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.32536","article-title":"Cannabinoids as adjunctive treatment for opioids in chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Le Foll B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le Foll B, Wang L, Trigo JM, et al.. Cannabinoids as adjunctive treatment for opioids in chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021, 4:2132536. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.32536","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02205-y","article-title":"Cannabinoids and orthopedic surgery: a systematic review of therapeutic studies","volume":"16","author":"Vivace BJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vivace BJ, Sanders AN, Glassman SD, Carreon LY, Laratta JL, Gum JL. Cannabinoids and orthopedic surgery: a systematic review of therapeutic studies. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021, 16:57. 10.1186\/s13018-021-02205-y","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01322-4","article-title":"Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids for analgesia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"47","author":"Nielsen S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nielsen S, Picco L, Murnion B, et al.. Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids for analgesia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022, 47:1315-1330. 10.1038\/s41386-022-01322-4","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.51","article-title":"Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Nielsen S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen S, Sabioni P, Trigo JM, et al.. Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017, 42:1752-1765. 10.1038\/npp.2017.51","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101340","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of cannabinoids for acute pain management after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Abdallah FW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdallah FW, Hussain N, Weaver T, Brull R. Analgesic efficacy of cannabinoids for acute pain management after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2020, 45:509-519. 10.1136\/rapm-2020-101340","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081891","article-title":"The cannabinoid pharmacology of bone healing: developments in fusion Medicine","volume":"13","author":"Urreola G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Urreola G, Le M, Harris A, et al.. The cannabinoid pharmacology of bone healing: developments in fusion Medicine. Biomedicines. 2025, 13:1891. 10.3390\/biomedicines13081891","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.105536","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor type 2: function and development in agonist discovery from synthetic and natural sources with applications for the therapy of osteoporosis","volume":"16","author":"Hu S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu S, Cheng G, Chen G, et al.. Cannabinoid receptor type 2: function and development in agonist discovery from synthetic and natural sources with applications for the therapy of osteoporosis. Arab J Chem. 2023, 16:105536. 10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.105536","journal-title":"Arab J Chem"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/446288-cannabis-use-in-orthopaedic-surgery-effects-on-fracture-healing-opioid-requirements-and-clinical-outcomes","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T16:43:38Z","timestamp":1767717818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/446288-cannabis-use-in-orthopaedic-surgery-effects-on-fracture-healing-opioid-requirements-and-clinical-outcomes"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.100930","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]}}}