{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:23:16Z","timestamp":1791249796230,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.100941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T19:09:25Z","timestamp":1767726565000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bridging Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapies"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Aliasgar","family":"Taha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0035-2","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies","volume":"18","author":"Faissner S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faissner S, Plemel JR, Gold R, Yong VW. Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019, 18:905-22. 10.1038\/s41573-019-0035-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02408-y","article-title":"Central nervous system macrophages in progressive multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurodegeneration and therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Kamma E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamma E, Lasisi W, Libner C, Ng HS, Plemel JR. Central nervous system macrophages in progressive multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurodegeneration and therapeutics. J Neuroinflammation. 2022, 19:45. 10.1186\/s12974-022-02408-y","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1094106","article-title":"Complement activation and increased anaphylatoxin receptor expression are associated with cortical grey matter lesions and the compartmentalised inflammatory response of multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Evans R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Evans R, Watkins LM, Hawkins K, et al.. Complement activation and increased anaphylatoxin receptor expression are associated with cortical grey matter lesions and the compartmentalised inflammatory response of multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci. 2023, 17:1094106. 10.3389\/fncel.2023.1094106","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151683","article-title":"Accumulation of meningeal lymphocytes correlates with white matter lesion activity in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed SM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmed SM, Fransen NL, Touil H, et al.. Accumulation of meningeal lymphocytes correlates with white matter lesion activity in progressive multiple sclerosis. JCI Insight. 2022, 7:e151683. 10.1172\/jci.insight.151683","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168751","article-title":"Primary progressive multiple sclerosis-a key to understanding and managing disease progression","volume":"25","author":"Sempik I","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sempik I, Dziadkowiak E, Moreira H, Zimny A, Pokryszko-Dragan A. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis-a key to understanding and managing disease progression. Int J Mol Sci. 2024, 25:8751. 10.3390\/ijms25168751","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1543649","article-title":"Current challenges in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, activity detection and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Brieva L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brieva L, Calles C, Landete L, Oreja-Guevara C. Current challenges in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, activity detection and treatment. Front Immunol. 2025, 16:1543649. 10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1543649","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.11.005","article-title":"Toward identifying key mechanisms of progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Husseini L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Husseini L, Geladaris A, Weber MS. Toward identifying key mechanisms of progression in multiple sclerosis. Trends Neurosci. 2024, 47:58-70. 10.1016\/j.tins.2023.11.005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061146","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: the role of Nrf2-dependent pathways","volume":"11","author":"Maldonado PP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maldonado PP, Guevara C, Olesen MA, Orellana JA, Quintanilla RA, Ortiz FC. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: the role of Nrf2-dependent pathways. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022, 11:1146. 10.3390\/antiox11061146","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102550","article-title":"Neuronal deletion of MnSOD in mice leads to demyelination, inflammation and progressive paralysis that mimics phenotypes associated with progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Bhaskaran S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhaskaran S, Kumar G, Thadathil N, et al.. Neuronal deletion of MnSOD in mice leads to demyelination, inflammation and progressive paralysis that mimics phenotypes associated with progressive multiple sclerosis. Redox Biol. 2023, 59:102550. 10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102550","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.837","article-title":"Inflammation in multiple sclerosis induces a specific reactive astrocyte state driving non-cell-autonomous neuronal damage","volume":"12","author":"Matute-Blanch C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matute-Blanch C, Brito V, Midaglia L, et al.. Inflammation in multiple sclerosis induces a specific reactive astrocyte state driving non-cell-autonomous neuronal damage. Clin Transl Med. 2022, 12:e837. 10.1002\/ctm2.837","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020037","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Barcelos IP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barcelos IP, Troxell RM, Graves JS. Mitochondrial dysfunction and multiple sclerosis. Biology (Basel). 2019, 8:37. 10.3390\/biology8020037","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00879-6","article-title":"Mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns amplify neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"43","author":"Lin MM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin MM, Liu N, Qin ZH, Wang Y. Mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns amplify neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2022, 43:2439-47. 10.1038\/s41401-022-00879-6","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514544537","article-title":"The central role of mitochondria in axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Campbell GR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campbell GR, Worrall JT, Mahad DJ. The central role of mitochondria in axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2014, 20:1806-13. 10.1177\/1352458514544537","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810946","article-title":"Dynamics of inflammatory and neurodegenerative biomarkers after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Ruder J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruder J, Dinner G, Maceski A, et al.. Dynamics of inflammatory and neurodegenerative biomarkers after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:10946. 10.3390\/ijms231810946","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60071050","article-title":"The role of glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Shaygannejad A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shaygannejad A, Rafiei N, Vaheb S, Yazdan Panah M, Shaygannejad V, Mirmosayyeb O. The role of glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024, 60:1050. 10.3390\/medicina60071050","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104568","article-title":"Association of volumetric MRI measures and disability in MS patients of the same age: descriptions from a birth year cohort","volume":"71","author":"de Ruiter LR","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Ruiter LR, Loonstra FC, Jelgerhuis JR, et al.. Association of volumetric MRI measures and disability in MS patients of the same age: descriptions from a birth year cohort. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023, 71:104568. 10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104568","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1319869","article-title":"Neuroimaging to monitor worsening of multiple sclerosis: advances supported by the grant for multiple sclerosis innovation","volume":"14","author":"Oh J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oh J, Airas L, Harrison D, et al.. Neuroimaging to monitor worsening of multiple sclerosis: advances supported by the grant for multiple sclerosis innovation. Front Neurol. 2023, 14:1319869. 10.3389\/fneur.2023.1319869","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1568","article-title":"Contribution of relapse-independent progression vs relapse-associated worsening to overall confirmed disability accumulation in typical relapsing multiple sclerosis in a pooled analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials","volume":"77","author":"Kappos L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kappos L, Wolinsky JS, Giovannoni G, et al.. Contribution of relapse-independent progression vs relapse-associated worsening to overall confirmed disability accumulation in typical relapsing multiple sclerosis in a pooled analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials. JAMA Neurol. 2020, 77:1132-40. 10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1568","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab237","article-title":"Linking immune-mediated damage to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: could network-based MRI help?","volume":"3","author":"Groppa S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Groppa S, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Eshaghi A, Meuth SG, Ciccarelli O. Linking immune-mediated damage to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: could network-based MRI help?. Brain Commun. 2021, 3:fcab237. 10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab237","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01229-z","article-title":"Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Schneider R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schneider R, Oh J. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2022, 22:721-34. 10.1007\/s11910-022-01229-z","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00800-7","article-title":"Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Kr\u00e4mer J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer J, Bar-Or A, Turner TJ, Wiendl H. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2023, 19:289-304. 10.1038\/s41582-023-00800-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00477-5","article-title":"Thinking outside the box: non-canonical targets in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Bierhansl L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bierhansl L, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Ruck T, Roden M, Meuth SG. Thinking outside the box: non-canonical targets in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2022, 21:578-600. 10.1038\/s41573-022-00477-5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154836","article-title":"Specialized pro-resolving mediators in neuroinflammation: overview of studies and perspectives of clinical applications","volume":"27","author":"Valente M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valente M, Dentoni M, Bellizzi F, Kuris F, Gigli GL. Specialized pro-resolving mediators in neuroinflammation: overview of studies and perspectives of clinical applications. Molecules. 2022, 27:4836. 10.3390\/molecules27154836","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2011.03.007","article-title":"Mitochondrial changes associated with demyelination: consequences for axonal integrity","volume":"12","author":"Campbell GR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Campbell GR, Mahad DJ. Mitochondrial changes associated with demyelination: consequences for axonal integrity. Mitochondrion. 2012, 12:173-9. 10.1016\/j.mito.2011.03.007","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46030130","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction: a key player in brain aging and diseases","volume":"46","author":"Bartman S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bartman S, Coppotelli G, Ross JM. Mitochondrial dysfunction: a key player in brain aging and diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024, 46:1987-2026. 10.3390\/cimb46030130","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20051082","article-title":"Protein aggregation, metals and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"33","author":"Tabner BJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tabner BJ, El-Agnaf OM, German MJ, Fullwood NJ, Allsop D. Protein aggregation, metals and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005, 33:1082-6. 10.1042\/BST20051082","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15058","article-title":"Neuroprotection induced by dexpramipexole delays disease progression in a mouse model of progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"177","author":"Buonvicino D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buonvicino D, Ranieri G, Pratesi S, et al.. Neuroprotection induced by dexpramipexole delays disease progression in a mouse model of progressive multiple sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol. 2020, 177:3342-56. 10.1111\/bph.15058","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.912005","article-title":"Multidimensional overview of neurofilament light chain contribution to comprehensively understanding multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"K\u00f6lliker Frers RA","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u00f6lliker Frers RA, Otero-Losada M, Kobiec T, Udovin LD, Aon Bertolino ML, Herrera MI, Capani F. Multidimensional overview of neurofilament light chain contribution to comprehensively understanding multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2022, 13:912005. 10.3389\/fimmu.2022.912005","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104854","article-title":"NfL and GFAP in serum are associated with microstructural brain damage in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"77","author":"Ammitzb\u00f8ll C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ammitzb\u00f8ll C, Dyrby TB, B\u00f6rnsen L, et al.. NfL and GFAP in serum are associated with microstructural brain damage in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023, 77:104854. 10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104854","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458521993066","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light in MS: the first true blood-based biomarker?","volume":"28","author":"Thebault S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thebault S, Bose G, Booth R, Freedman MS. Serum neurofilament light in MS: the first true blood-based biomarker?. Mult Scler. 2022, 28:1491-7. 10.1177\/1352458521993066","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11507-y","article-title":"Validity of serum neurofilament light chain as a prognostic biomarker of disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"270","author":"Sen MK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sen MK, Hossain MJ, Mahns DA, Brew BJ. Validity of serum neurofilament light chain as a prognostic biomarker of disease activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2023, 270:1908-30. 10.1007\/s00415-022-11507-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint17040056","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain and multiple sclerosis: building a neurofoundational model of biomarkers and diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Aburashed R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aburashed R, Eghzawi A, Long D, Pace R, Madha A, Cote J. Neurofilament light chain and multiple sclerosis: building a neurofoundational model of biomarkers and diagnosis. Neurol Int. 2025, 17:56. 10.3390\/neurolint17040056","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12893","article-title":"Combination therapy of lovastatin and AMP-activated protein kinase activator improves mitochondrial and peroxisomal functions and clinical disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model","volume":"154","author":"Singh I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh I, Samuvel DJ, Choi S, Saxena N, Singh AK, Won J. Combination therapy of lovastatin and AMP-activated protein kinase activator improves mitochondrial and peroxisomal functions and clinical disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Immunology. 2018, 154:434-51. 10.1111\/imm.12893","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07536.x","article-title":"Pathogenic implications of iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"120","author":"Williams R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams R, Buchheit CL, Berman NE, LeVine SM. Pathogenic implications of iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem. 2012, 120:7-25. 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07536.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1604987","article-title":"Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS","volume":"16","author":"Sun X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun X, Zhang F, Wang L, et al.. Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS. Front Immunol. 2025, 16:1604987. 10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1604987","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X22999240710142942","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Zangh\u00ec A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zangh\u00ec A, Filippo PS, Avolio C, D'Amico E. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and multiple sclerosis. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2024, 23:36-57. 10.2174\/1570159X22999240710142942","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200212","article-title":"Complement activation is associated with disease severity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Oechtering J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oechtering J, Stein K, Schaedelin SA, et al.. Complement activation is associated with disease severity in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2024, 11:e200212. 10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200212","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00027-9","article-title":"Clinical trials for progressive multiple sclerosis: progress, new lessons learned, and remaining challenges","volume":"23","author":"Chataway J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chataway J, Williams T, Li V, Marrie RA, Ontaneda D, Fox RJ. Clinical trials for progressive multiple sclerosis: progress, new lessons learned, and remaining challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2024, 23:277-301. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00027-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp400170b","article-title":"Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"10","author":"Khawli LA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khawli LA, Prabhu S. Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Pharm. 2013, 10:1471-2. 10.1021\/mp400170b","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071501","article-title":"Transport mechanisms at the blood-brain barrier and in cellular compartments of the neurovascular unit: focus on CNS delivery of small molecule drugs","volume":"14","author":"Ronaldson PT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Transport mechanisms at the blood-brain barrier and in cellular compartments of the neurovascular unit: focus on CNS delivery of small molecule drugs. Pharmaceutics. 2022, 14:1501. 10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071501","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00244-0","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis and other conditions","volume":"398","author":"McGinley MP","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGinley MP, Cohen JA. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis and other conditions. Lancet. 2021, 398:1184-94. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00244-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.10.052","article-title":"Innovative drug delivery strategies to the CNS for the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Mwema A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mwema A, Muccioli GG, des Rieux A. Innovative drug delivery strategies to the CNS for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Control Release. 2023, 364:435-57. 10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.10.052","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","article-title":"Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"376","author":"Hauser SL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al.. Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017, 376:221-34. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044397","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"354","author":"Polman CH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al.. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006, 354:899-910. 10.1056\/NEJMoa044397","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909494","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Kappos L","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P, et al.. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010, 362:387-401. 10.1056\/NEJMoa0909494","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468","article-title":"Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"376","author":"Montalban X","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, et al.. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017, 376:209-20. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40940-w","article-title":"Real-world evidence of ocrelizumab-treated relapsing multiple sclerosis cohort shows changes in progression independent of relapse activity mirroring phase 3 trials","volume":"13","author":"Ingwersen J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ingwersen J, Masanneck L, Pawlitzki M, et al.. Real-world evidence of ocrelizumab-treated relapsing multiple sclerosis cohort shows changes in progression independent of relapse activity mirroring phase 3 trials. Sci Rep. 2023, 13:15003. 10.1038\/s41598-023-40940-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10559-w","article-title":"Long-term outcome and predictors of long-term disease activity in natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis: real life data from the Austrian MS Treatment Registry","volume":"268","author":"Guger M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guger M, Enzinger C, Leutmezer F, et al.. Long-term outcome and predictors of long-term disease activity in natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis: real life data from the Austrian MS Treatment Registry. J Neurol. 2021, 268:4303-10. 10.1007\/s00415-021-10559-w","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00950-0","article-title":"Improvements in cognitive processing speed, disability, and patient-reported outcomes in patients with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: results of a 4-year, real-world, open-label study","volume":"36","author":"Perumal J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perumal J, Balabanov R, Su R, et al.. Improvements in cognitive processing speed, disability, and patient-reported outcomes in patients with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: results of a 4-year, real-world, open-label study. CNS Drugs. 2022, 36:977-93. 10.1007\/s40263-022-00950-0","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.807639","article-title":"Molecular pharmacology and novel potential therapeutic applications of fingolimod","volume":"13","author":"Pournajaf S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pournajaf S, Dargahi L, Javan M, Pourgholami MH. Molecular pharmacology and novel potential therapeutic applications of fingolimod. Front Pharmacol. 2022, 13:807639. 10.3389\/fphar.2022.807639","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102416","article-title":"Long-term outcome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with fingolimod","volume":"45","author":"Lattanzi S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lattanzi S, Rocchi C, Danni M, Taffi R, Cerqua R, Carletti S, Silvestrini M. Long-term outcome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with fingolimod. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020, 45:102416. 10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102416","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1086028","article-title":"Switch to ocrelizumab in MS patients treated with natalizumab in extended interval dosing at high risk of PML: a 96-week follow-up pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Santiago-Setien P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santiago-Setien P, Barqu\u00edn-Rego C, Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez P, et al.. Switch to ocrelizumab in MS patients treated with natalizumab in extended interval dosing at high risk of PML: a 96-week follow-up pilot study. Front Immunol. 2023, 14:1086028. 10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1086028","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03060-6","article-title":"CSF CXCL13 and chitinase 3-like-1 levels predict disease course in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Lucchini M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lucchini M, De Arcangelis V, Piro G, et al.. CSF CXCL13 and chitinase 3-like-1 levels predict disease course in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol. 2023, 60:36-50. 10.1007\/s12035-022-03060-6","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217320981396","article-title":"Intrathecally produced CXCL13: a predictive biomarker in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"DiSano KD","year":"2020","unstructured":"DiSano KD, Gilli F, Pachner AR. Intrathecally produced CXCL13: a predictive biomarker in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2020, 6:2055217320981396. 10.1177\/2055217320981396","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.0017","article-title":"Emerging cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease activity and progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"Cross AH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cross AH, Gelfand JM, Thebault S, et al.. Emerging cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease activity and progression in multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2024, 81:373-83. 10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.0017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001082","article-title":"CSF chitinase 3-like 2 is associated with long-term disability progression in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Comabella M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Comabella M, Sastre-Garriga J, Borras E, et al.. CSF chitinase 3-like 2 is associated with long-term disability progression in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021, 8:e1082. 10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001082","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szab017","article-title":"Effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Petrou P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petrou P, Kassis I, Ginzberg A, Hallimi M, Karussis D. Effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in progressive multiple sclerosis. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2022, 11:55-8. 10.1093\/stcltm\/szab017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-024-00468-4","article-title":"Comparative CNS pharmacology of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor tolebrutinib versus other BTK inhibitor candidates for treating multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Turner TJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Turner TJ, Brun P, Gruber RC, Ofengeim D. Comparative CNS pharmacology of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor tolebrutinib versus other BTK inhibitor candidates for treating multiple sclerosis. Drugs R D. 2024, 24:263-74. 10.1007\/s40268-024-00468-4","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00328-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of evobrutinib in relapsing multiple sclerosis (evolutionRMS1 and evolutionRMS2): two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"23","author":"Montalban X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montalban X, Vermersch P, Arnold DL, et al.. Safety and efficacy of evobrutinib in relapsing multiple sclerosis (evolutionRMS1 and evolutionRMS2): two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Neurol. 2024, 23:1119-32. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00328-4","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35357-4","article-title":"Molecular models of multiple sclerosis severity identify heterogeneity of pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Kosa P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kosa P, Barbour C, Varosanec M, Wichman A, Sandford M, Greenwood M, Bielekova B. Molecular models of multiple sclerosis severity identify heterogeneity of pathogenic mechanisms. Nat Commun. 2022, 13:7670. 10.1038\/s41467-022-35357-4","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03016-8","article-title":"Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction of peripheral immune cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Wang PF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang PF, Jiang F, Zeng QM, Yin WF, Hu YZ, Li Q, Hu ZL. Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction of peripheral immune cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation. 2024, 21:28. 10.1186\/s12974-024-03016-8","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214378","article-title":"The dual PDE7-GSK3\u03b2 inhibitor, VP3.15, as neuroprotective disease-modifying treatment in a model of primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Ben\u00edtez-Fern\u00e1ndez R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ben\u00edtez-Fern\u00e1ndez R, Gil C, Guaza C, Mestre L, Mart\u00ednez A. The dual PDE7-GSK3\u03b2 inhibitor, VP3.15, as neuroprotective disease-modifying treatment in a model of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:14378. 10.3390\/ijms232214378","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.2c00798","article-title":"Synthesis and comprehensive in vivo activity profiling of olean-12-en-28-ol, 3\u03b2-pentacosanoate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a natural remyelinating and anti-inflammatory agent","volume":"86","author":"Senol H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Senol H, Ozgun-Acar O, Da\u011f A, et al.. Synthesis and comprehensive in vivo activity profiling of olean-12-en-28-ol, 3\u03b2-pentacosanoate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a natural remyelinating and anti-inflammatory agent. J Nat Prod. 2023, 86:103-18. 10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.2c00798","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1514-4","article-title":"A co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide\/luteolin composite mitigates clinical score and disease-relevant molecular markers in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"16","author":"Contarini G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Contarini G, Franceschini D, Facci L, Barbierato M, Giusti P, Zusso M. A co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide\/luteolin composite mitigates clinical score and disease-relevant molecular markers in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation. 2019, 16:126. 10.1186\/s12974-019-1514-4","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1036200","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory mechanisms and pharmacological actions of phycocyanobilin in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a therapeutic promise for multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Mar\u00edn-Prida J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn-Prida J, Pav\u00f3n-Fuentes N, Lagumersindez-Denis N, et al.. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms and pharmacological actions of phycocyanobilin in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a therapeutic promise for multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2022, 13:1036200. 10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1036200","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244100","article-title":"Treatment with MDL 72527 ameliorated clinical symptoms, retinal ganglion cell loss, optic nerve inflammation, and improved visual acuity in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Liu F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu F, Alfarhan M, Baker L, et al.. Treatment with MDL 72527 ameliorated clinical symptoms, retinal ganglion cell loss, optic nerve inflammation, and improved visual acuity in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Cells. 2022, 11:4100. 10.3390\/cells11244100","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071420","article-title":"Efficacy of vafidemstat in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis highlights the KDM1A\/RCOR1\/HDAC epigenetic axis in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Cavalcanti F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cavalcanti F, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M, et al.. Efficacy of vafidemstat in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis highlights the KDM1A\/RCOR1\/HDAC epigenetic axis in multiple sclerosis. Pharmaceutics. 2022, 14:1420. 10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071420","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30485-5","article-title":"Efficacy of three neuroprotective drugs in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-SMART): a phase 2b, multiarm, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Chataway J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chataway J, De Angelis F, Connick P, et al.. Efficacy of three neuroprotective drugs in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-SMART): a phase 2b, multiarm, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020, 19:214-25. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30485-5","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02784-z","article-title":"Co-modulation of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in an animal model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Fiedler T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fiedler T, Fairless R, Pichi K, et al.. Co-modulation of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation. 2023, 20:100. 10.1186\/s12974-023-02784-z","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413419","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of glatiramer acetate on neurofilament light chain leakage and glutamate excess in an animal model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Aharoni R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aharoni R, Eilam R, Lerner S, Shavit-Stein E, Dori A, Chapman J, Arnon R. Neuroprotective effect of glatiramer acetate on neurofilament light chain leakage and glutamate excess in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021, 22:13419. 10.3390\/ijms222413419","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106567","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of high dose Vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis: sub-analysis of the EVIDIMS trial","volume":"101","author":"Gomez-Figueroa E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gomez-Figueroa E, Moreno-Bernardino C, B\u00e4cker-Koduah P, et al.. Neuroprotective role of high dose Vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis: sub-analysis of the EVIDIMS trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2025, 101:106567. 10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106567","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00805-0","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of ozanimod and dimethyl fumarate for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis using matching-adjusted indirect comparison","volume":"35","author":"Cohan S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohan S, Kumar J, Arndorfer S, Zhu X, Zivkovic M, Tencer T. Comparative efficacy and safety of ozanimod and dimethyl fumarate for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis using matching-adjusted indirect comparison. CNS Drugs. 2021, 35:795-804. 10.1007\/s40263-021-00805-0","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.833186","article-title":"The cellular senescence factor extracellular HMGB1 directly inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and impairs CNS remyelination","volume":"16","author":"Rouillard ME","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rouillard ME, Hu J, Sutter PA, Kim HW, Huang JK, Crocker SJ. The cellular senescence factor extracellular HMGB1 directly inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and impairs CNS remyelination. Front Cell Neurosci. 2022, 16:833186. 10.3389\/fncel.2022.833186","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233768","article-title":"Modulation of the microglial Nogo-A\/NgR signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Nheu D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nheu D, Ellen O, Ye S, et al.. Modulation of the microglial Nogo-A\/NgR signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for multiple sclerosis. Cells. 2022, 11:3768. 10.3390\/cells11233768","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158418","article-title":"Targeting fibronectin to overcome remyelination failure in multiple sclerosis: the need for brain- and lesion-targeted drug delivery","volume":"23","author":"van Schaik PE","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Schaik PE, Zuhorn IS, Baron W. Targeting fibronectin to overcome remyelination failure in multiple sclerosis: the need for brain- and lesion-targeted drug delivery. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:8418. 10.3390\/ijms23158418","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30032-0","article-title":"Versican promotes T helper 17 cytotoxic inflammation and impedes oligodendrocyte precursor cell remyelination","volume":"13","author":"Ghorbani S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghorbani S, Jelinek E, Jain R, et al.. Versican promotes T helper 17 cytotoxic inflammation and impedes oligodendrocyte precursor cell remyelination. Nat Commun. 2022, 13:2445. 10.1038\/s41467-022-30032-0","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250228","article-title":"Emerging imaging and liquid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis","volume":"53","author":"Gill AJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gill AJ, Schorr EM, Gadani SP, Calabresi PA. Emerging imaging and liquid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol. 2023, 53:e2250228. 10.1002\/eji.202250228","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15091178","article-title":"Neurodegenerative biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: at the interface between research and clinical practice","volume":"15","author":"Ciubotaru A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ciubotaru A, Smihor MI, Grosu C, et al.. Neurodegenerative biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: at the interface between research and clinical practice. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025, 15:1178. 10.3390\/diagnostics15091178","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104766","article-title":"Effects of baseline age and disease duration on the efficacy and safety of siponimod in patients with active SPMS: post hoc analyses from the EXPAND study","volume":"75","author":"Hua LH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hua LH, Bar-Or A, Cohan SL, et al.. Effects of baseline age and disease duration on the efficacy and safety of siponimod in patients with active SPMS: post hoc analyses from the EXPAND study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023, 75:104766. 10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104766","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221076717","article-title":"Effect of siponimod on magnetic resonance imaging measures of neurodegeneration and myelination in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: gray matter atrophy and magnetization transfer ratio analyses from the EXPAND phase 3 trial","volume":"28","author":"Arnold DL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arnold DL, Piani-Meier D, Bar-Or A, et al.. Effect of siponimod on magnetic resonance imaging measures of neurodegeneration and myelination in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: gray matter atrophy and magnetization transfer ratio analyses from the EXPAND phase 3 trial. Mult Scler. 2022, 28:1526-40. 10.1177\/13524585221076717","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221083194","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of siponimod in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: analysis of EXPAND core and extension data up to >5\u2009years","volume":"28","author":"Cree BA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cree BA, Arnold DL, Fox RJ, et al.. Long-term efficacy and safety of siponimod in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: analysis of EXPAND core and extension data up to >5\u2009years. Mult Scler. 2022, 28:1591-605. 10.1177\/13524585221083194","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000964","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate in progressive MS: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Rust R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rust R, Chien C, Scheel M, et al.. Epigallocatechin gallate in progressive MS: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021, 8:964. 10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000964","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091430","article-title":"A scoping review on body fluid biomarkers for prognosis and disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Barizzone N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barizzone N, Leone M, Pizzino A, Kockum I, Martinelli-Boneschi F, D'Alfonso S. A scoping review on body fluid biomarkers for prognosis and disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Pers Med. 2022, 12:1430. 10.3390\/jpm12091430","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010894","article-title":"Myelin basic protein in oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Agliardi C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agliardi C, Guerini FR, Zanzottera M, et al.. Myelin basic protein in oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Int J Mol Sci. 2023, 24:894. 10.3390\/ijms24010894","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200420","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-derived microRNAs as a biomarker for therapeutic response in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Torres-Iglesias G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Torres-Iglesias G, L\u00f3pez-Molina M, Ayala-Su\u00e1rez R, et al.. Extracellular vesicle-derived microRNAs as a biomarker for therapeutic response in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2025, 12:e200420. 10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200420","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11193-w","article-title":"Early use of high-efficacy disease\u2011modifying therapies makes the difference in people with multiple sclerosis: an expert opinion","volume":"269","author":"Filippi M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Filippi M, Amato MP, Centonze D, et al.. Early use of high-efficacy disease\u2011modifying therapies makes the difference in people with multiple sclerosis: an expert opinion. J Neurol. 2022, 269:5382-94. 10.1007\/s00415-022-11193-w","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/449865-bridging-inflammation-and-neurodegeneration-in-multiple-sclerosis-mechanisms-and-emerging-therapies","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T19:09:26Z","timestamp":1767726566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/449865-bridging-inflammation-and-neurodegeneration-in-multiple-sclerosis-mechanisms-and-emerging-therapies"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":86,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.100941","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]}}}