{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:56:45Z","timestamp":1767830205031,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.101030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T22:56:54Z","timestamp":1767826614000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Therapies for Pediatric Steroid-Resistant Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Last Decade"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Torres Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00287","article-title":"Hypertension in childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Shatat IF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shatat IF, Becton LJ, Woroniecki RP. Hypertension in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Front Pediatr. 2019, 7:287. 10.3389\/fped.2019.00287","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.021","article-title":"KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases","volume":"100","author":"Rovin BH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rovin BH, Adler SG, Barratt J, et al.. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int. 2021, 100:S1-S276. 10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30536-1","article-title":"Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"392","author":"Noone DG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noone DG, Iijima K, Parekh R. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. Lancet. 2018, 392:61-74. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30536-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04519-1","article-title":"IPNA clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Trautmann A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trautmann A, Vivarelli M, Samuel S, et al.. IPNA clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020, 35:1529-61. 10.1007\/s00467-020-04519-1","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14184-0","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in childhood","volume":"362","author":"Eddy AA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eddy AA, Symons JM. Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Lancet. 2003, 362:629-39. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14184-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01197-1","article-title":"Oral health conditions in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Kaczmarek U","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaczmarek U, Wrzyszcz-Kowalczyk A, Jankowska K, Pro\u015bciak K, Mysiak-D\u0119bska M, Przywitowska I, Makulska I. Oral health conditions in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2020, 20:213. 10.1186\/s12903-020-01197-1","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00272-5","article-title":"Primary glomerulonephritides","volume":"387","author":"Floege J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Floege J, Amann K. Primary glomerulonephritides. Lancet. 2016, 387:2036-48. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00272-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00226","article-title":"Genes and podocytes - new insights into mechanisms of podocytopathy","volume":"5","author":"Bierzynska A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bierzynska A, Soderquest K, Koziell A. Genes and podocytes - new insights into mechanisms of podocytopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014, 5:226. 10.3389\/fendo.2014.00226","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30283-9","article-title":"Management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Tullus K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tullus K, Webb H, Bagga A. Management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018, 2:880-90. 10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30283-9","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3074-x","article-title":"The impact of disease duration on quality of life in children with nephrotic syndrome: a Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium study","volume":"30","author":"Selewski DT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Selewski DT, Troost JP, Massengill SF, et al.. The impact of disease duration on quality of life in children with nephrotic syndrome: a Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015, 30:1467-76. 10.1007\/s00467-015-3074-x","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.485","article-title":"Clinical trials treating focal segmental glomerulosclerosis should measure patient quality of life","volume":"79","author":"Gipson DS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gipson DS, Trachtman H, Kaskel FJ, et al.. Clinical trials treating focal segmental glomerulosclerosis should measure patient quality of life. Kidney Int. 2011, 79:678-85. 10.1038\/ki.2010.485","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15035","article-title":"Review on long-term non-renal complications of childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Lee JM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee JM, Kronbichler A, Shin JI, Oh J. Review on long-term non-renal complications of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2020, 109:460-70. 10.1111\/apa.15035","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.195","article-title":"Clinical trial of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children and young adults","volume":"80","author":"Gipson DS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gipson DS, Trachtman H, Kaskel FJ, et al.. Clinical trial of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children and young adults. Kidney Int. 2011, 80:868-78. 10.1038\/ki.2011.195","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.57.7.544","article-title":"Long-term outcome of primary nephrotic syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Koskimies O","year":"1982","unstructured":"Koskimies O, Vilska J, Rapola J, Hallman N. Long-term outcome of primary nephrotic syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1982, 57:544-8. 10.1136\/adc.57.7.544","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05691108","article-title":"Long-term outcome of biopsy-proven, frequently relapsing minimal-change nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"4","author":"Kyrieleis HA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kyrieleis HA, L\u00f6wik MM, Pronk I, et al.. Long-term outcome of biopsy-proven, frequently relapsing minimal-change nephrotic syndrome in children. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009, 4:1593-600. 10.2215\/CJN.05691108","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfi059","article-title":"Long-term effects of cyclosporine in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a single-centre experience","volume":"20","author":"El-Husseini A","year":"2005","unstructured":"El-Husseini A, El-Basuony F, Mahmoud I, et al.. Long-term effects of cyclosporine in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a single-centre experience. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005, 20:2433-8. 10.1093\/ndt\/gfi059","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.5.1334","article-title":"Interactions between growth and body composition in children treated with high-dose chronic glucocorticoids","volume":"80","author":"Foster BJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Foster BJ, Shults J, Zemel BS, Leonard MB. Interactions between growth and body composition in children treated with high-dose chronic glucocorticoids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004, 80:1334-41. 10.1093\/ajcn\/80.5.1334","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.191","article-title":"Immunosuppressive treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: lessons from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"80","author":"Deegens JK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deegens JK, Wetzels JF. Immunosuppressive treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: lessons from a randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int. 2011, 80:798-801. 10.1038\/ki.2011.191","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80760-3","article-title":"The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone","volume":"98","author":"International Study of Kidney Disease in Children","year":"1981","unstructured":"International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. J Pediatr. 1981, 98:561-4. 10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80760-3","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03060316","article-title":"Long-term outcome of kidney transplantation in recipients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Francis A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Francis A, Trnka P, McTaggart SJ. Long-term outcome of kidney transplantation in recipients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016, 11:2041-6. 10.2215\/CJN.03060316","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1138-5","article-title":"Long-term outcome of idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a multicenter study","volume":"24","author":"Mekahli D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mekahli D, Liutkus A, Ranchin B, et al.. Long-term outcome of idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a multicenter study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009, 24:1525-32. 10.1007\/s00467-009-1138-5","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1264-0","article-title":"Cyclosporine and steroid therapy in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Hamasaki Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamasaki Y, Yoshikawa N, Hattori S, et al.. Cyclosporine and steroid therapy in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009, 24:2177-85. 10.1007\/s00467-009-1264-0","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm092","article-title":"Steroid-resistant idiopathic childhood nephrosis: overdiagnosed and undertreated","volume":"22","author":"Ehrich JH","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ehrich JH, Geerlings C, Zivicnjak M, Franke D, Geerlings H, Gellermann J. Steroid-resistant idiopathic childhood nephrosis: overdiagnosed and undertreated. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007, 22:2183-93. 10.1093\/ndt\/gfm092","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4166-1","article-title":"Rituximab therapy for refractory steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"35","author":"Kamei K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamei K, Ishikura K, Sako M, Ito S, Nozu K, Iijima K. Rituximab therapy for refractory steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020, 35:17-24. 10.1007\/s00467-018-4166-1","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012121200","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporin A in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Gellermann J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gellermann J, Weber L, Pape L, T\u00f6nshoff B, Hoyer P, Querfeld U. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporin A in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013, 24:1689-97. 10.1681\/ASN.2012121200","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0794-1","article-title":"Cyclosporin A is superior to cyclophosphamide in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome-a randomized controlled multicentre trial by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Nephrologie","volume":"23","author":"Plank C","year":"2008","unstructured":"Plank C, Kalb V, Hinkes B, Hildebrandt F, Gefeller O, Rascher W. Cyclosporin A is superior to cyclophosphamide in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome-a randomized controlled multicentre trial by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Nephrologie. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008, 23:1483-93. 10.1007\/s00467-008-0794-1","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.11.033","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Choudhry S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Choudhry S, Bagga A, Hari P, Sharma S, Kalaivani M, Dinda A. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009, 53:760-9. 10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.11.033","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04476-9","article-title":"Current understandings in treating children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Lee JM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee JM, Kronbichler A, Shin JI, Oh J. Current understandings in treating children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021, 36:747-61. 10.1007\/s00467-020-04476-9","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003594.pub6","article-title":"Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"2019","author":"Liu ID","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu ID, Willis NS, Craig JC, Hodson EM. Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019, 2019:CD003594. 10.1002\/14651858.CD003594.pub6","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm688","article-title":"Tacrolimus: a new therapy for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"23","author":"Gulati S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gulati S, Prasad N, Sharma RK, Kumar A, Gupta A, Baburaj VP. Tacrolimus: a new therapy for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008, 23:910-3. 10.1093\/ndt\/gfm688","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013157","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab in childhood-onset, difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome: a multicenter open-label trial in Korea","volume":"97","author":"Ahn YH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahn YH, Kim SH, Han KH, et al.. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in childhood-onset, difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome: a multicenter open-label trial in Korea. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018, 97:e13157. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000013157","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.745444","article-title":"Evaluating the quality of life of 231 children with primary nephrotic syndrome and assessing parental awareness of the disease","volume":"9","author":"Li N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li N, Hao J, Fu T, Du Y. Evaluating the quality of life of 231 children with primary nephrotic syndrome and assessing parental awareness of the disease. Front Pediatr. 2021, 9:745444. 10.3389\/fped.2021.745444","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","article-title":"PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement","volume":"75","author":"McGowan J","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016, 75:40-6. 10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"JBI critical appraisal tools. (2025). https.\/\/jbi.global\/critical-appraisal-tools."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00430","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Barker TH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barker TH, Stone JC, Sears K, et al.. The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials. JBI Evid Synth. 2023, 21:494-506. 10.11124\/JBIES-22-00430","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-23-00268","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for quasi-experimental studies","volume":"22","author":"Barker TH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barker TH, Habibi N, Aromataris E, et al.. The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for quasi-experimental studies. JBI Evid Synth. 2024, 22:378-88. 10.11124\/JBIES-23-00268","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12351","article-title":"Triple immunosuppressive therapy in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome children with tacrolimus resistance or tacrolimus sensitivity but frequently relapsing","volume":"20","author":"Wu B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu B, Mao J, Shen H, et al.. Triple immunosuppressive therapy in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome children with tacrolimus resistance or tacrolimus sensitivity but frequently relapsing. Nephrology (Carlton). 2015, 20:18-24. 10.1111\/nep.12351","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00257-z","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and low-dose prednisone in Chinese children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Chen HX","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen HX, Cheng Q, Li F, He QN, Cao Y, Yi ZW, Wu XC. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and low-dose prednisone in Chinese children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. World J Pediatr. 2020, 16:159-67. 10.1007\/s12519-019-00257-z","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in childhood steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Shah SS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shah SS, Hafeez F. Comparison of efficacy of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in childhood steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2016, 26:589-93.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.01.019","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil is inferior to tacrolimus in\u00a0sustaining remission in children with idiopathic\u00a0steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Sinha A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sinha A, Gupta A, Kalaivani M, Hari P, Dinda AK, Bagga A. Mycophenolate mofetil is inferior to tacrolimus in\u00a0sustaining remission in children with idiopathic\u00a0steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 2017, 92:248-57. 10.1016\/j.kint.2017.01.019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_240_16","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine versus tacrolimus in steroid and cyclophosphamide resistant nephrotic syndrome: A prospective study","volume":"28","author":"Prasad N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prasad N, Manjunath R, Rangaswamy D, et al.. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine versus tacrolimus in steroid and cyclophosphamide resistant nephrotic syndrome: A prospective study. Indian J Nephrol. 2018, 28:46-52. 10.4103\/ijn.IJN_240_16","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04481-y","article-title":"Low-dose of atumumab for multidrug-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Ravani P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ravani P, Pisani I, Bodria M, Caridi G, Degl'Innocenti ML, Ghiggeri GM. Low-dose of atumumab for multidrug-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020, 35:997-1003. 10.1007\/s00467-020-04481-y","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-023-02431-0","article-title":"Rituximab in combination with cyclosporine and steroid pulse therapy for childhood-onset multidrug-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a multicenter single-arm clinical trial (JSKDC11 trial)","volume":"28","author":"Nozu K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nozu K, Sako M, Tanaka S, et al.. Rituximab in combination with cyclosporine and steroid pulse therapy for childhood-onset multidrug-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a multicenter single-arm clinical trial (JSKDC11 trial). Clin Exp Nephrol. 2024, 28:337-48. 10.1007\/s10157-023-02431-0","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2721","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial to compare safety and efficacy of mycophenolate vs. cyclosporine after rituximab in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Assadi F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Assadi F, Mazaheri M, Sadeghi-Bodj S. Randomized controlled trial to compare safety and efficacy of mycophenolate vs. cyclosporine after rituximab in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pharmacotherapy. 2022, 42:690-6. 10.1002\/phar.2721","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_201_16","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of intravenous versus oral cyclophosphamide in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"27","author":"Shah KM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shah KM, Ohri AJ, Ali US. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous versus oral cyclophosphamide in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children. Indian J Nephrol. 2017, 27:430-4. 10.4103\/ijn.IJN_201_16","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002231","article-title":"Rituximab targets podocytes in recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Fornoni A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fornoni A, Sageshima J, Wei C, et al.. Rituximab targets podocytes in recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Sci Transl Med. 2011, 3:85ra46. 10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002231","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-186999","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project","volume":"113","author":"Carson KR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, et al.. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood. 2009, 113:4834-40. 10.1182\/blood-2008-10-186999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1308488","article-title":"Ofatumumab for rituximab-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"370","author":"Basu B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Basu B. Ofatumumab for rituximab-resistant nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2014, 370:1268-70. 10.1056\/NEJMc1308488","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1195-9","article-title":"Fatal pulmonary fibrosis after rituximab administration","volume":"24","author":"Chaumais MC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaumais MC, Garnier A, Chalard F, Peuchmaur M, Dauger S, Jacqz-Agrain E, Desch\u00eanes G. Fatal pulmonary fibrosis after rituximab administration. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009, 24:1753-5. 10.1007\/s00467-009-1195-9","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011080775","article-title":"Rituximab in children with resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Magnasco A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magnasco A, Ravani P, Edefonti A, et al.. Rituximab in children with resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012, 23:1117-24. 10.1681\/ASN.2011080775","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3205-4","article-title":"Rituximab treatment for refractory steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Kamei K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kamei K, Ishikura K. Rituximab treatment for refractory steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016, 31:337-8. 10.1007\/s00467-015-3205-4","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13548","article-title":"Adverse events linked with the use of chimeric and humanized anti-CD20 antibodies in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Bonanni A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonanni A, Calatroni M, D'Alessandro M, et al.. Adverse events linked with the use of chimeric and humanized anti-CD20 antibodies in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018, 84:1238-49. 10.1111\/bcp.13548","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2228-3","article-title":"Treatment of tacrolimus or cyclosporine A in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Wang W","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang W, Xia Y, Mao J, et al.. Treatment of tacrolimus or cyclosporine A in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012, 27:2073-9. 10.1007\/s00467-012-2228-3","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20377","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive medications for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Li S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li S, Yang H, Guo P, Ao X, Wan J, Li Q, Tan L. Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive medications for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017, 8:73050-62. 10.18632\/oncotarget.20377","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3641-4","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome receiving long-term cyclosporine treatment","volume":"32","author":"Hamasaki Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamasaki Y, Komaki F, Ishikura K, et al.. Nephrotoxicity in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome receiving long-term cyclosporine treatment. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017, 32:1383-90. 10.1007\/s00467-017-3641-4","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.107197","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitor induced nephrotoxicity in steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Sinha A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sinha A, Sharma A, Mehta A, et al.. Calcineurin inhibitor induced nephrotoxicity in steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. Indian J Nephrol. 2013, 23:41-6. 10.4103\/0971-4065.107197","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04343-2","article-title":"Infrequent tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity in French patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Delbet JD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Delbet JD, Aoun B, Buob D, Degheili J, Brocheriou I, Ulinski T. Infrequent tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity in French patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019, 34:2605-8. 10.1007\/s00467-019-04343-2","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03470410","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with rituximab for difficult steroid-resistant and -dependent nephrotic syndrome: multicentric report","volume":"5","author":"Gulati A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gulati A, Sinha A, Jordan SC, et al.. Efficacy and safety of treatment with rituximab for difficult steroid-resistant and -dependent nephrotic syndrome: multicentric report. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010, 5:2207-12. 10.2215\/CJN.03470410","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4145-6","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after early treatment with rituximab for Japanese children with cyclosporine- and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Fujinaga S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fujinaga S, Nishino T, Umeda C, Tomii Y, Watanabe Y, Sakuraya K. Long-term outcomes after early treatment with rituximab for Japanese children with cyclosporine- and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019, 34:353-7. 10.1007\/s00467-018-4145-6","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3621-8","article-title":"Ofatumumab for the treatment of childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Wang CS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang CS, Liverman RS, Garro R, et al.. Ofatumumab for the treatment of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017, 32:835-41. 10.1007\/s00467-017-3621-8","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518782017","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide versus cyclosporine A therapy in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a retrospective study with a mean 5-year follow-up","volume":"46","author":"Liu Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yang R, Yang C, et al.. Cyclophosphamide versus cyclosporine A therapy in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a retrospective study with a mean 5-year follow-up. J Int Med Res. 2018, 46:4506-17. 10.1177\/0300060518782017","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0860-8","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide treatment versus combination of intravenous dexamethasone and oral cyclophosphamide treatment in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Mantan M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mantan M, Sriram CS, Hari P, Dinda A, Bagga A. Efficacy of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide treatment versus combination of intravenous dexamethasone and oral cyclophosphamide treatment in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008, 23:1495-502. 10.1007\/s00467-008-0860-8","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0486","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil following rituximab in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Basu B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basu B, Mahapatra TK, Mondal N. Mycophenolate mofetil following rituximab in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatrics. 2015, 136:e132-9. 10.1542\/peds.2015-0486","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2017.03.010","article-title":"New biologics in the treatment of rare glomerular diseases of childhood","volume":"33","author":"Cravedi P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cravedi P, Angeletti A, Remuzzi G. New biologics in the treatment of rare glomerular diseases of childhood. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2017, 33:27-33. 10.1016\/j.coph.2017.03.010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1213203","article-title":"Biologics in steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome in childhood: review and new hypothesis-driven treatment","volume":"14","author":"Angeletti A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angeletti A, Bruschi M, Kajana X, et al.. Biologics in steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome in childhood: review and new hypothesis-driven treatment. Front Immunol. 2023, 14:1213203. 10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1213203","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.10.018","article-title":"Refractory minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis treated with anakinra","volume":"7","author":"Angeletti A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Angeletti A, Magnasco A, AntonellaTrivelli, et al.. Refractory minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis treated with anakinra. Kidney Int Rep. 2022, 7:121-4. 10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.10.018","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.08.019","article-title":"Phase 1 trial of adalimumab in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): II. Report of the FONT (novel therapies for resistant FSGS) study group","volume":"55","author":"Joy MS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joy MS, Gipson DS, Powell L, et al.. Phase 1 trial of adalimumab in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): II. Report of the FONT (novel therapies for resistant FSGS) study group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010, 55:50-60. 10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.08.019","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05549-7","article-title":"Benefit of B7-1 staining and abatacept for treatment-resistant post-transplant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a predominantly pediatric cohort: time for a reappraisal","volume":"38","author":"Burke GW 3rd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burke GW 3rd, Chandar J, Sageshima J, et al.. Benefit of B7-1 staining and abatacept for treatment-resistant post-transplant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a predominantly pediatric cohort: time for a reappraisal. Pediatr Nephrol. 2023, 38:145-59. 10.1007\/s00467-022-05549-7","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.03.011","article-title":"A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of fresolimumab in patients with steroid-resistant primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Vincenti F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vincenti F, Fervenza FC, Campbell KN, et al.. A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of fresolimumab in patients with steroid-resistant primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int Rep. 2017, 2:800-10. 10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.03.011","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/436171-efficacy-and-safety-of-therapies-for-pediatric-steroid-resistant-idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome-a-systematic-review-of-the-last-decade","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T22:56:55Z","timestamp":1767826615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/436171-efficacy-and-safety-of-therapies-for-pediatric-steroid-resistant-idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome-a-systematic-review-of-the-last-decade"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":70,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.101030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}