{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:13:52Z","timestamp":1768896832487,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.101853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T18:12:15Z","timestamp":1768846335000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ischemic Stroke as the First Manifestation of Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome in a Patient With a Recent Diagnosis of HIV: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Felipe","family":"Esparza Salazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alma Sofia","family":"Mojica L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Fernanda","family":"Bautista Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ericka C","family":"Loza L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Cano Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique de Jes\u00fas","family":"Guzm\u00e1n Arg\u00fcelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Julieta","family":"Ochoa Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria Itzel","family":"Cerda Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Caro Timoteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Trejo V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Francisco","family":"Garc\u00eda Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monserrath","family":"S\u00e1nchez Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16481","article-title":"Global, regional, and national epidemiology of ischemic stroke from 1990 to 2021","volume":"31","author":"Hou S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hou S, Zhang Y, Xia Y, et al.. Global, regional, and national epidemiology of ischemic stroke from 1990 to 2021. Eur J Neurol. 2024, 31:e16481. 10.1111\/ene.16481","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","article-title":"World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"Feigin VL","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, et al.. World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025. Int J Stroke. 2025, 20:132-44. 10.1177\/17474930241308142","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040524","article-title":"Risk factors and causes of ischemic stroke in 1322 young adults","volume":"54","author":"Ekker MS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ekker MS, Verhoeven JI, Schellekens MM, et al.. Risk factors and causes of ischemic stroke in 1322 young adults. Stroke. 2023, 54:439-47. 10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040524","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296211002274","article-title":"Ischemic stroke in the young","volume":"27","author":"Berkman SA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berkman SA, Song SS. Ischemic stroke in the young. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2021, 27:10760296211002274. 10.1177\/10760296211002274","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155306","article-title":"HIV associated risk factors for ischemic stroke and future perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Ismael S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ismael S, Moshahid Khan M, Kumar P, Kodidela S, Mirzahosseini G, Kumar S, Ishrat T. HIV associated risk factors for ischemic stroke and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:10.3390\/ijms21155306","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003632","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of stroke among people with HIV","volume":"37","author":"Du M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du M, Wang Y, Qin C, Mi D, Liu M, Liu J. Prevalence and incidence of stroke among people with HIV. AIDS. 2023, 37:1747-56. 10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003632","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01038-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome in the general population","volume":"23","author":"Dabit JY","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dabit JY, Valenzuela-Almada MO, Vallejo-Ramos S, Duarte-Garc\u00eda A. Epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome in the general population. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2022, 23:85. 10.1007\/s11926-021-01038-2","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40901","article-title":"The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome: a population-based study","volume":"71","author":"Duarte-Garc\u00eda A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duarte-Garc\u00eda A, Pham MM, Crowson CS, et al.. The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019, 71:1545-52. 10.1002\/art.40901","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"The Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the UK, 1990 - 2016. (2019). Accessed. December 21, 2025: https:\/\/acrabstracts.org\/abstract\/the-epidemiology-of-the-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-the-uk-1990-2016\/.."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14720","article-title":"Prevalence of confirmed antiphospholipid syndrome in 18-50 years unselected patients with first unprovoked venous thromboembolism","volume":"18","author":"Miranda S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miranda S, Park J, Le Gal G, Piran S, Kherani S, Rodger MA, Delluc A. Prevalence of confirmed antiphospholipid syndrome in 18-50 years unselected patients with first unprovoked venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2020, 18:926-30. 10.1111\/jth.14720","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antib5030018","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies: from general concepts to its relation with malignancies","volume":"5","author":"G\u00f3mez-Puerta JA","year":"2016","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Puerta JA, Espinosa G, Cervera R. Antiphospholipid antibodies: from general concepts to its relation with malignancies. Antibodies (Basel). 2016, 5:10.3390\/antib5030018","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.11.4120","article-title":"Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H)","volume":"87","author":"McNeil HP","year":"1990","unstructured":"McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA. Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990, 87:4120-4. 10.1073\/pnas.87.11.4120","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection, antiphospholipid antibodies, and the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Asherson RA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Asherson RA, Shoenfeld Y. Human immunodeficiency virus infection, antiphospholipid antibodies, and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2003, 30:214-9.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595013","article-title":"Anticardiolipin antibodies in HIV infection are independently associated with antibodies to the membrane proximal external region of gp41 and with cell-associated HIV DNA and immune activation","volume":"48","author":"Martinez V","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martinez V, Diemert MC, Braibant M, et al.. Anticardiolipin antibodies in HIV infection are independently associated with antibodies to the membrane proximal external region of gp41 and with cell-associated HIV DNA and immune activation. Clin Infect Dis. 2009, 48:123-32. 10.1086\/595013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.090728","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome and acute HIV infection","volume":"16","author":"D\u00edaz JS","year":"2010","unstructured":"D\u00edaz JS, Octavio JG, Guerrero ML. Antiphospholipid syndrome and acute HIV infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010, 16:360-1. 10.3201\/eid1602.090728","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Recurrent cerebral infarcts as the first manifestation of infection with the HIV virus","volume":"43","author":"Gorczyca I","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gorczyca I, Stanek M, Podlasin B, Furmanek M, Pniewski J. Recurrent cerebral infarcts as the first manifestation of infection with the HIV virus. Folia Neuropathol. 2005, 43:45-9.","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-199008000-00012","article-title":"Multiple transient ischaemic attacks and a mild thrombotic stroke in a HIV-positive patient with anticardiolipin antibodies","volume":"1","author":"Keeling DM","year":"1990","unstructured":"Keeling DM, Birley H, Machin SJ. Multiple transient ischaemic attacks and a mild thrombotic stroke in a HIV-positive patient with anticardiolipin antibodies. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1990, 1:333-5. 10.1097\/00001721-199008000-00012","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328300581d","article-title":"Low CD4+ T-cell count as a major atherosclerosis risk factor in HIV-infected women and men","volume":"22","author":"Kaplan RC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaplan RC, Kingsley LA, Gange SJ, et al.. Low CD4+ T-cell count as a major atherosclerosis risk factor in HIV-infected women and men. AIDS. 2008, 22:1615-24. 10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328300581d","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101826","article-title":"Trends of coagulation parameters in human immunodeficiency virus patients","volume":"59","author":"Bashir BA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bashir BA, Mohamed MH, Hussain MA, Osman W, Mothana RA, Hasson S. Trends of coagulation parameters in human immunodeficiency virus patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023, 59:10.3390\/medicina59101826","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/453227-ischemic-stroke-as-the-first-manifestation-of-primary-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-a-patient-with-a-recent-diagnosis-of-hiv-a-case-report","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T18:12:16Z","timestamp":1768846336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/453227-ischemic-stroke-as-the-first-manifestation-of-primary-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-a-patient-with-a-recent-diagnosis-of-hiv-a-case-report"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.101853","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]}}}