{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T18:02:09Z","timestamp":1769536929816,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.102064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T13:16:24Z","timestamp":1769087784000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Continuous Oral Regimen of High-Dose Cromolyn Sodium Is Effective for Some Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME\/CFS) Patients With Mast Cell Activation Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Maritsa E","family":"Christoforou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda C","family":"van Campen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frans C","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlton K","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha L","family":"Lemmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter C","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alba M","family":"Azola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Cromolyn sodium","author":"Minutello K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Minutello K, Gupta V. Cromolyn sodium. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2025."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197407030-00002","article-title":"Sodium cromoglycate (cromolyn sodium): a review of its mode of action, pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and use","volume":"7","author":"Brogden RN","year":"1974","unstructured":"Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Sodium cromoglycate (cromolyn sodium): a review of its mode of action, pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and use. Drugs. 1974, 7:164-282. 10.2165\/00003495-197407030-00002","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Cromolyn sodium. uses, side effects & warnings. Accessed: November 1, 2025: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/cromolyn-sodium.html."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2016.1161231","article-title":"Often seen, rarely recognized: mast cell activation disease--a guide to diagnosis and therapeutic options","volume":"48","author":"Afrin LB","year":"2016","unstructured":"Afrin LB, Butterfield JH, Raithel M, Molderings GJ. Often seen, rarely recognized: mast cell activation disease--a guide to diagnosis and therapeutic options. Ann Med. 2016, 48:190-201. 10.3109\/07853890.2016.1161231","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.02.002","article-title":"Mast cell activation syndrome and mastocytosis: initial treatment options and long-term management","volume":"7","author":"Castells M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castells M, Butterfield J. Mast cell activation syndrome and mastocytosis: initial treatment options and long-term management. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019, 7:1097-106. 10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.02.002","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02545-y","article-title":"A survey of the currently known mast cell mediators with potential relevance for therapy of mast cell-induced symptoms","volume":"396","author":"Molderings GJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molderings GJ, Afrin LB. A survey of the currently known mast cell mediators with potential relevance for therapy of mast cell-induced symptoms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023, 396:2881-91. 10.1007\/s00210-023-02545-y","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1409760","article-title":"Mast cells, mastocytosis, and related disorders","volume":"373","author":"Theoharides TC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Theoharides TC, Valent P, Akin C. Mast cells, mastocytosis, and related disorders. N Engl J Med. 2015, 373:163-72. 10.1056\/NEJMra1409760","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096442","article-title":"Diagnostic and subdiagnostic accumulation of mast cells in the bone marrow of patients with anaphylaxis: monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Sonneck K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sonneck K, Florian S, M\u00fcllauer L, Wimazal F, F\u00f6dinger M, Sperr WR, Valent P. Diagnostic and subdiagnostic accumulation of mast cells in the bone marrow of patients with anaphylaxis: monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2007, 142:158-64. 10.1159\/000096442","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-028100","article-title":"Demonstration of an aberrant mast-cell population with clonal markers in a subset of patients with \"idiopathic\" anaphylaxis","volume":"110","author":"Akin C","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akin C, Scott LM, Kocabas CN, Kushnir-Sukhov N, Brittain E, Noel P, Metcalfe DD. Demonstration of an aberrant mast-cell population with clonal markers in a subset of patients with \"idiopathic\" anaphylaxis. Blood. 2007, 110:2331-3. 10.1182\/blood-2006-06-028100","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328760","article-title":"Definitions, criteria and global classification of mast cell disorders with special reference to mast cell activation syndromes: a consensus proposal","volume":"157","author":"Valent P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Valent P, Akin C, Arock M, et al.. Definitions, criteria and global classification of mast cell disorders with special reference to mast cell activation syndromes: a consensus proposal. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2012, 157:215-25. 10.1159\/000328760","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2020-0005","article-title":"Diagnosis of mast cell activation syndrome: a global \"consensus-2\"","volume":"8","author":"Afrin LB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Afrin LB, Ackerley MB, Bluestein LS, et al.. Diagnosis of mast cell activation syndrome: a global \"consensus-2\". Diagnosis (Berl). 2021, 8:137-52. 10.1515\/dx-2020-0005","journal-title":"Diagnosis (Berl)"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Cromolyn Sodium Oral Solution, Concentrate. (2009). Accessed. November 1, 2025: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2009\/090954s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01132.x","article-title":"Oral sodium cromoglycate: its use in the management of food allergy","volume":"25 Suppl 1","author":"Edwards AM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Edwards AM. Oral sodium cromoglycate: its use in the management of food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995, 25 Suppl 1:31-3. 10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01132.x","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S44646","article-title":"Impact of reducing dosing frequency on adherence to oral therapies: a literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Srivastava K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Srivastava K, Arora A, Kataria A, Cappelleri JC, Sadosky A, Peterson AM. Impact of reducing dosing frequency on adherence to oral therapies: a literature review and meta-analysis. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2013, 7:419-34. 10.2147\/PPA.S44646","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530120053041","article-title":"The relationship between neurally mediated hypotension and the chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"274","author":"Bou-Holaigah I","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bou-Holaigah I, Rowe PC, Kan J, Calkins H. The relationship between neurally mediated hypotension and the chronic fatigue syndrome. JAMA. 1995, 274:961-7.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812293192602","article-title":"Acyclovir treatment of the chronic fatigue syndrome. Lack of efficacy in a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"319","author":"Straus SE","year":"1988","unstructured":"Straus SE, Dale JK, Tobi M, et al.. Acyclovir treatment of the chronic fatigue syndrome. Lack of efficacy in a placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1988, 319:1692-8. 10.1056\/NEJM198812293192602","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.12.1061","article-title":"Low-dose hydrocortisone for treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"280","author":"McKenzie R","year":"1998","unstructured":"McKenzie R, O'Fallon A, Dale J, et al.. Low-dose hydrocortisone for treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998, 280:1061-6. 10.1001\/jama.280.12.1061","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/19012","article-title":"Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness","author":"Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","year":"2015","unstructured":"Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. National Academies Press, Washington, DC; 2015. 10.17226\/19012"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.016","article-title":"Covid-19 hyperinflammation and post-Covid-19 illness may be rooted in mast cell activation syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Afrin LB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afrin LB, Weinstock LB, Molderings GJ. Covid-19 hyperinflammation and post-Covid-19 illness may be rooted in mast cell activation syndrome. Int J Infect Dis. 2020, 100:327-32. 10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.09.043","article-title":"Mast cell activation symptoms are prevalent in long-COVID","volume":"112","author":"Weinstock LB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weinstock LB, Brook JB, Walters AS, Goris A, Afrin LB, Molderings GJ. Mast cell activation symptoms are prevalent in long-COVID. Int J Infect Dis. 2021, 112:217-26. 10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.09.043","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060865","article-title":"A case study of successful application of the principles of ME\/CFS care to an individual with long COVID","volume":"11","author":"Petracek LS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petracek LS, Broussard CA, Swope RL, Rowe PC. A case study of successful application of the principles of ME\/CFS care to an individual with long COVID. Healthcare (Basel). 2023, 11:10.3390\/healthcare11060865","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2018.1550475","article-title":"Successful mast-cell-targeted treatment of chronic dyspareunia, vaginitis, and dysfunctional uterine bleeding","volume":"39","author":"Afrin LB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afrin LB, Dempsey TT, Rosenthal LS, Dorff SR. Successful mast-cell-targeted treatment of chronic dyspareunia, vaginitis, and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019, 39:664-9. 10.1080\/01443615.2018.1550475","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1985.tb03412.x","article-title":"Cromolyn sodium: a review","volume":"5","author":"Shapiro GG","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shapiro GG, K\u00f6nig P. Cromolyn sodium: a review. Pharmacotherapy. 1985, 5:156-70. 10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1985.tb03412.x","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000158259.68614.40","article-title":"Hyperadrenergic postural tachycardia syndrome in mast cell activation disorders","volume":"45","author":"Shibao C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shibao C, Arzubiaga C, Roberts LJ 2nd, Raj S, Black B, Harris P, Biaggioni I. Hyperadrenergic postural tachycardia syndrome in mast cell activation disorders. Hypertension. 2005, 45:385-90. 10.1161\/01.HYP.0000158259.68614.40","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15222828","article-title":"The clinical relevance of mast cell activation in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Rohrhofer J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rohrhofer J, Ebner L, Schweighardt J, Stingl M, Untersmayr E. The clinical relevance of mast cell activation in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025, 15:10.3390\/diagnostics15222828","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000156969.76986.e0","article-title":"The placebo response in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Cho HJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cho HJ, Hotopf M, Wessely S. The placebo response in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2005, 67:301-13. 10.1097\/01.psy.0000156969.76986.e0","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/437606-a-continuous-oral-regimen-of-high-dose-cromolyn-sodium-is-effective-for-some-myalgic-encephalomyelitischronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-patients-with-mast-cell-activation-syndrome","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T13:16:26Z","timestamp":1769087786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/437606-a-continuous-oral-regimen-of-high-dose-cromolyn-sodium-is-effective-for-some-myalgic-encephalomyelitischronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-patients-with-mast-cell-activation-syndrome"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.102064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}