{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T18:54:52Z","timestamp":1785264892606,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.102078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:48:40Z","timestamp":1769096920000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Associated Factors of Specific Dentofacial Characteristics in Saudi Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Zailai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Mubarki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malak A","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam H","family":"Majrashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alhanouf","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malak M","family":"Alqurayshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najem A","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki N","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atheer A","family":"Abusharha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha A","family":"Adawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude I","family":"Algashesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raseel I","family":"Almajhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussain A","family":"AlSaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid F","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06203-y","article-title":"Morphological dimension of the permanent dentition in various malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Thomas J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thomas J, Kannan A, Kailasam V. Morphological dimension of the permanent dentition in various malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2025, 25:857. 10.1186\/s12903-025-06203-y","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2507","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of orofacial clefts among children from different regions of Saudi Arabia: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Albalawi F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Albalawi F, Alsaeed S, Alalola B, Alotaib GS, Kalagi S. Prevalence and patterns of orofacial clefts among children from different regions of Saudi Arabia: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2023, 16:124-30. 10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2507","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_251_21","article-title":"A nation-wide prevalence of malocclusion traits in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Almotairy N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almotairy N, Almutairi F. A nation-wide prevalence of malocclusion traits in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2022, 12:1-11. 10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_251_21","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50123-5_5","article-title":"Malocclusions","author":"Peres KG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peres KG, Fraz\u00e3o P, Flores-Mir C. Malocclusions. Textbooks in Contemporary Dentistry: Oral Epidemiology. Peres MA, Antunes JLF, Watt RG (ed): Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland; 2021. 79-105. 10.1007\/978-3-030-50123-5_5"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2021.09.005","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among children of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Devanna R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Devanna R, Felemban NH, Althomali Y, Battepati PM, Ali Alfawzan A, Gupta P. Prevalence of malocclusion among children of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Dent J. 2021, 33:826-34. 10.1016\/j.sdentj.2021.09.005","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36811-1_209","article-title":"Craniofacial characteristics of Saudi Adults","author":"Alam MK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alam MK, Siddika A, Rahman SA, Siddiqui AA, Ilyas M. Craniofacial characteristics of Saudi Adults. Handbook of Healthcare. Laher I (ed): Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland; 2021. 3537-52. 10.1007\/978-3-030-36811-1_209"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12232323","article-title":"Dental anomalies in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Aljohani K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aljohani K, Shanab H, Alqarni A, Merdad K. Dental anomalies in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review. Healthcare (Basel). 2024, 12:3. 10.3390\/healthcare12232323","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in Saudi Arabia children: a literature review","volume":"19","author":"Amer AI","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amer AI, Alrasheedi AN, Alharbi MI, et al.. Prevalence of malocclusion in Saudi Arabia children: a literature review. EC Dent Sci. 2020, 19:1-6.","journal-title":"EC Dent Sci"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Classification of malocclusion","volume":"41","author":"Angle EH","year":"1899","unstructured":"Angle EH. Classification of malocclusion. Dent Cosmos. 1899, 41:248-64.","journal-title":"Dent Cosmos"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","article-title":"","author":"Higgins JPT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al.. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK; 2019. 10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen J","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960, 20:37-46. 10.1177\/001316446002000104","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","article-title":"Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data","volume":"13","author":"Munn Z","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015, 13:147-53. 10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"The R Project for Statistical Computing. (2024). Accessed. January 12, 2026: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21416-0","article-title":"","author":"Schwarzer G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwarzer G, Carpenter JR, R\u00fccker G. Meta-Analysis With R. Springer, Cham, Switzerland; 2015. 10.1007\/978-3-319-21416-0"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729756","article-title":"Transformations related to the angular and the square root","volume":"21","author":"Freeman MF","year":"1950","unstructured":"Freeman MF, Tukey JW. Transformations related to the angular and the square root. Ann Math Stat. 1950, 21:607-611.","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian R","year":"1986","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986, 7:177-88. 10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.791","article-title":"On tests of the overall treatment effect in meta-analysis with normally distributed responses","volume":"20","author":"Hartung J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hartung J, Knapp G. On tests of the overall treatment effect in meta-analysis with normally distributed responses. Stat Med. 2001, 20:1771-82. 10.1002\/sim.791","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","article-title":"Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"IntHout J","year":"2016","unstructured":"IntHout J, Ioannidis JP, Rovers MM, Goeman JJ. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016, 6:e010247. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins JP","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003, 327:557-60. 10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","article-title":"","author":"Borenstein M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ; 2021. 10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470870168.ch5","article-title":"The funnel plot","author":"Sterne JAC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Becker BJ, Egger M. The funnel plot. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments. Rothstein HR, Sutton AJ, Borenstein M (ed): John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK; 2005. 75-98. 10.1002\/0470870168.ch5"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997, 315:629-34. 10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg CB","year":"1994","unstructured":"Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994, 50:1088-101. 10.2307\/2533446","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al.. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011, 64:383-94. 10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.03.013","article-title":"Trial sequential analysis may establish when firm evidence is reached in cumulative meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Wetterslev J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wetterslev J, Thorlund K, Brok J, Gluud C. Trial sequential analysis may establish when firm evidence is reached in cumulative meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008, 61:64-75. 10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.03.013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1990.tb00070.x","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and need for orthodontic treatment in Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"Al-Emran S","year":"1990","unstructured":"Al-Emran S, Wisth PJ, B\u00f6e OE. Prevalence of malocclusion and need for orthodontic treatment in Saudi Arabia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1990, 18:253-5. 10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1990.tb00070.x","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Distribution of certain types of occlusal anomalies among Saudi Arabian adolescents in Jeddah city","volume":"27","author":"Murshid ZA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murshid ZA, Amin HE, Al-Nowaiser AM. Distribution of certain types of occlusal anomalies among Saudi Arabian adolescents in Jeddah city. Community Dent Health. 2010, 27:238-41.","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Malocclusion traits in Saudi females seeking orthodontic treatment","volume":"30","author":"AlBarakati SF","year":"2010","unstructured":"AlBarakati SF, Taher S. Malocclusion traits in Saudi females seeking orthodontic treatment. Pak Oral Dental J. 2010, 30:127-32.","journal-title":"Pak Oral Dental J"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Pattern of skeletal and dental malocclusions in Saudi orthodontic patients","volume":"33","author":"Aldrees AM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aldrees AM. Pattern of skeletal and dental malocclusions in Saudi orthodontic patients. Saudi Med J. 2012, 33:315-20.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.JOS_83_18","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among school children of Southern Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Asiry MA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asiry MA, AlShahrani I. Prevalence of malocclusion among school children of Southern Saudi Arabia. J Orthod Sci. 2019, 8:2. 10.4103\/jos.JOS_83_18","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2348-2915.194834","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and its common traits in Saudi males of Aseer region","volume":"3","author":"Meer Z","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meer Z, Sadatullah S, Wahab MA, Mustafa AB, Odusanya SA, Razak PA. Prevalence of malocclusion and its common traits in Saudi males of Aseer region. J Dent Res Rev. 2016, 3:99-102. 10.4103\/2348-2915.194834","journal-title":"J Dent Res Rev"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2005","article-title":"The prevalence of major types of occlusal anomalies among Saudi middle school students","volume":"18","author":"Baeshen H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baeshen H. The prevalence of major types of occlusal anomalies among Saudi middle school students. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2017, 18:142-6. 10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2005","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.207","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among male school children in Riyadh city","volume":"6","author":"Albakri FM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albakri FM, Ingle N, Assery MK. Prevalence of malocclusion among male school children in Riyadh city. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018, 6:1296-9. 10.3889\/oamjms.2018.207","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"The occlusal status of 6 to 12 years old Saudi Arabian children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Abumelha NA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abumelha NA, Alyami RH, AlEdrees NS, et al.. The occlusal status of 6 to 12 years old Saudi Arabian children: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2018, 8:401-3.","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0476-8","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment among adolescents in the northern border region of Saudi Arabia: an epidemiological study","volume":"18","author":"Gudipaneni RK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gudipaneni RK, Aldahmeshi RF, Patil SR, Alam MK. The prevalence of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment among adolescents in the northern border region of Saudi Arabia: an epidemiological study. BMC Oral Health. 2018, 18:16. 10.1186\/s12903-018-0476-8","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.JOS_104_18","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need of school children in Northern Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Alajlan SS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alajlan SS, Alsaleh MK, Alshammari AF, Alharbi SM, Alshammari AK, Alshammari RR. The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need of school children in Northern Saudi Arabia. J Orthod Sci. 2019, 8:10. 10.4103\/jos.JOS_104_18","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_44_19","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusal traits among 6-9-year-old male schoolchildren in Rass, Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Alsughier ZA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alsughier ZA. Prevalence of malocclusal traits among 6-9-year-old male schoolchildren in Rass, Saudi Arabia. J Int Oral Health. 2019, 11:384-7. 10.4103\/jioh.jioh_44_19","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_285_18","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among female schoolchildren aged 12-15 years: Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Al Qahtani A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al Qahtani A, Ingle NA, Assery MK, AIshamrani SS. Prevalence of malocclusion among female schoolchildren aged 12-15 years: Saudi Arabia. J Int Oral Health. 2019, 11:86-91. 10.4103\/jioh.jioh_285_18","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Occlusal status among 12-16-year-old school children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Asiry MA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asiry MA. Occlusal status among 12-16-year-old school children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Int Oral Health. 2015, 7:20-3.","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.188","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in Makkah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Fatani NH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fatani NH, Hammam MB, Oraif H, Taher S, Taju W, Bukhari O. Prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019, 7:856-61. 10.3889\/oamjms.2019.188","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.JOS_44_19","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among young adults in Jeddah city","volume":"9","author":"Alogaibi YA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alogaibi YA, Murshid ZA, Alsulimani FF, et al.. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among young adults in Jeddah city. J Orthod Sci. 2020, 9:3. 10.4103\/jos.JOS_44_19","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_200_19","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion traits in Saudi Arabia 2015-2019: an epidemiological cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Alharbi F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alharbi F. The prevalence of malocclusion traits in Saudi Arabia 2015-2019: an epidemiological cross-sectional study. J Int Oral Health. 2020, 12:129-34. 10.4103\/jioh.jioh_200_19","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2859","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion traits in Saudi males seeking orthodontic treatment in Najran, Saudi Arabia","volume":"21","author":"Alassiry AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alassiry AM. Prevalence of malocclusion traits in Saudi males seeking orthodontic treatment in Najran, Saudi Arabia. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020, 21:686-90. 10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2859","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.68893","article-title":"Characteristic features of bimaxillary proclination: a 5-year review in Najran, a Saudi Arabian sub-population","volume":"16","author":"Alyami B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alyami B. Characteristic features of bimaxillary proclination: a 5-year review in Najran, a Saudi Arabian sub-population. Cureus. 2024, 16:e68893. 10.7759\/cureus.68893","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2021\/165","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in the southern region of Jeddah, KSA, and its impact on quality of life: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Marghalani AH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marghalani AH, Al-Mahmoud AS, Chaar DMN, et al.. Prevalence of malocclusion in the southern region of Jeddah, KSA, and its impact on quality of life: a cross-sectional study. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2021, 10:768-72. 10.14260\/jemds\/2021\/165","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26650\/eor.2021836877","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment need and occlusal traits in the early mixed dentition among 8-9-year old Saudi children","volume":"55","author":"Madiraju GS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madiraju GS, Ahmed Alabd-Rab Alnabi S, Almarzooq AS. Orthodontic treatment need and occlusal traits in the early mixed dentition among 8-9-year old Saudi children. Eur Oral Res. 2021, 55:110-5. 10.26650\/eor.2021836877","journal-title":"Eur Oral Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_159_22","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among Saudi primary school male children aged 6-12 years: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Alwadei SH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alwadei SH, Hattan AA, Faqihi K, et al.. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among Saudi primary school male children aged 6-12 years: a cross-sectional study. J Int Oral Health. 2023, 15:106-12. 10.4103\/jioh.jioh_159_22","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_51_23","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among adolescents in Najran City, Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Alyami D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alyami D, Alharbi A, Hatan Y, Asiri YM, Alharthy H, Alogaibi YA. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among adolescents in Najran City, Saudi Arabia. J Orthod Sci. 2023, 12:60. 10.4103\/jos.jos_51_23","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.09.003","article-title":"Prevalence and risk indicators of primary dentition malocclusion in Riyadh-Saudi Arabia using a new case definition: a cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"Abdellatif HM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdellatif HM, Sawan N, Alabdulmohsen AM, AlKheraif G, AlKhonin H, Ali A, Elkateb MA. Prevalence and risk indicators of primary dentition malocclusion in Riyadh-Saudi Arabia using a new case definition: a cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J. 2024, 36:60-5. 10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.09.003","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06979-z","article-title":"Association between dental anomalies and skeletal malocclusions in different facial patterns in a Saudi subpopulation","volume":"25","author":"Alshammari AK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alshammari AK, Algharbi MA, Alshammary FL, et al.. Association between dental anomalies and skeletal malocclusions in different facial patterns in a Saudi subpopulation. BMC Oral Health. 2025, 25:1616. 10.1186\/s12903-025-06979-z","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/837270","article-title":"The prevalence of dental anomalies in the Western region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"2012","author":"Afify AR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Afify AR, Zawawi KH. The prevalence of dental anomalies in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. ISRN Dent. 2012, 2012:837270. 10.5402\/2012\/837270","journal-title":"ISRN Dent"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9914670","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of nonsyndromic dental anomalies in children in Eastern Saudi Arabia: a radiographic study","volume":"7","author":"Bakhurji EA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bakhurji EA, Aldossary F, Aljarbo J, AlMuhammadi F, Alghamdi M, Nazir MA. Prevalence and distribution of nonsyndromic dental anomalies in children in Eastern Saudi Arabia: a radiographic study. Sci World J. 2021, 7:7. 10.1155\/2021\/9914670","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.02.023","article-title":"Investigating prevalence of dental anomalies in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia through digital orthopantomogram","volume":"28","author":"ALHumaid J","year":"2021","unstructured":"ALHumaid J, Buholayka M, Thapasum A, Alhareky M, Abdelsalam M, Bughsan A. Investigating prevalence of dental anomalies in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia through digital orthopantomogram. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021, 28:2900-6. 10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.02.023","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6624804","article-title":"Infraocclusion: prevalence, characteristics, and associated dental anomalies in Arabian children","volume":"8","author":"Alshaya SI","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alshaya SI, Alanazi AF, Aldawish SS, et al.. Infraocclusion: prevalence, characteristics, and associated dental anomalies in Arabian children. Biomed Res Int. 2022, 8:4. 10.1155\/2022\/6624804","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_65_23","article-title":"Prevalence of canine impaction in the western province of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"12","author":"Aljehani DK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aljehani DK. Prevalence of canine impaction in the western province of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey. J Orthod Sci. 2023, 12:76. 10.4103\/jos.jos_65_23","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children10040759","article-title":"Prevalence of dental anomalies and its role in sex estimation among children of Jazan region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Renugalakshmi A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Renugalakshmi A, Vinothkumar TS, Bokhari AM, et al.. Prevalence of dental anomalies and its role in sex estimation among children of Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Children (Basel). 2023, 10:9. 10.3390\/children10040759","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49220","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of ectopic eruption of first permanent molars in pediatric patients in Makkah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Alotaibi RM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alotaibi RM, Alattas SH, Alandanusi BN, Alomiri SS, Nazer TS, Alzahrani AM, Lingawi HS. Prevalence and severity of ectopic eruption of first permanent molars in pediatric patients in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2023, 15:e49220. 10.7759\/cureus.49220","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332958","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital missing permanent teeth and its association with side and gender in a Saudi subpopulation","volume":"20","author":"Alshammari AK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alshammari AK, Algharbi MA, Alshammary FL, et al.. Prevalence of congenital missing permanent teeth and its association with side and gender in a Saudi subpopulation. PLoS One. 2025, 20:8. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0332958","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11030366","article-title":"Dental anomalies in primary dentition among Arabian children: a hospital-based study","volume":"11","author":"Mallineni SK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mallineni SK, Alassaf A, Almulhim B, Alghamdi S. Dental anomalies in primary dentition among Arabian children: a hospital-based study. Children (Basel). 2024, 11:6. 10.3390\/children11030366","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_56_24","article-title":"The prevalence of dental anomalies among Saudi Population in Makkah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Mahjoub DT","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mahjoub DT, Jarwan RK, Filimban LA, et al.. The prevalence of dental anomalies among Saudi Population in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. J Orthod Sci. 2024, 13:46. 10.4103\/jos.jos_56_24","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children12010013","article-title":"Prevalence of dental anomalies in pediatric patients at King Saud University Dental Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia\u2014a radiographic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Aldowsari MK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aldowsari MK, Sulimany AM, Alkhathlan A, et al.. Prevalence of dental anomalies in pediatric patients at King Saud University Dental Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia\u2014a radiographic analysis. Children (Basel). 2024, 12:13. 10.3390\/children12010013","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_142_17","article-title":"Malocclusion and craniofacial characteristics in Saudi adolescents with sickle cell disease","volume":"6","author":"Basyouni A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Basyouni A, Almasoud NN, Al-Khalifa KS, Al-Jandan BA, Al Sulaiman OA, Nazir MA. Malocclusion and craniofacial characteristics in Saudi adolescents with sickle cell disease. Saudi J Med Med Sci. 2018, 6:149-54. 10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_142_17","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4197\/Med.24-3.1","article-title":"Non-syndromic orofacial cleft malformations in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"24","author":"Moshref SS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moshref SS, Jamal YS, Fakiha M, et al.. Non-syndromic orofacial cleft malformations in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. JKAU Med Sci. 2017, 24:1-11.","journal-title":"JKAU Med Sci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32362","article-title":"Prevalence of mandibular asymmetries in the pediatric population of Jazan: a radiographic analytical study","volume":"10","author":"Bakri MM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bakri MM, Vishvnathaiah S, Bakmani HF, et al.. Prevalence of mandibular asymmetries in the pediatric population of Jazan: a radiographic analytical study. Heliyon. 2024, 10:e32362. 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32362","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1237137","article-title":"Evaluation of the anterior and overall tooth ratios in the Saudi population versus Bolton's standards","volume":"11","author":"Awawdeh M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awawdeh M, Alsaadi W, Alraddadi FA, Alshunaiber R, Alessa J, Alsaeed S. Evaluation of the anterior and overall tooth ratios in the Saudi population versus Bolton's standards. Front Pediatr. 2023, 11:7. 10.3389\/fped.2023.1237137","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2024.02.002","article-title":"Associations between maxillary labial frenum morphology, attachment, and patient-related clinical factors in Saudi Arabian adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"Madi M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Madi M, Alamri A, Aleisa D, Omar Almusallam M, Saeed AlQahtani S, Al-Aql ZS, Alagl AS. Associations between maxillary labial frenum morphology, attachment, and patient-related clinical factors in Saudi Arabian adults: a cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J. 2024, 36:615-20. 10.1016\/j.sdentj.2024.02.002","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_1819_21","article-title":"Skeleto-dental features among a sample of Saudi female children compared to British standards: a cephalometric study","volume":"25","author":"AlShayea EI","year":"2022","unstructured":"AlShayea EI, Almoammar K, Alsultan M, Albarakati SF. Skeleto-dental features among a sample of Saudi female children compared to British standards: a cephalometric study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2022, 25:454-65. 10.4103\/njcp.njcp_1819_21","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0642-9","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed temporomandibular disorders among Saudi Arabian children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Al-Khotani A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Khotani A, Naimi-Akbar A, Albadawi E, Ernberg M, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, Christidis N. Prevalence of diagnosed temporomandibular disorders among Saudi Arabian children and adolescents. J Headache Pain. 2016, 17:41. 10.1186\/s10194-016-0642-9","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05117-5","article-title":"Obesity and dental caries in Saudi Arabia: a correlated study","volume":"24","author":"Alonazi MA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alonazi MA, Algarni HA, Alqarni MNS, Almaeen SH, Khattak O, Iqbal A. Obesity and dental caries in Saudi Arabia: a correlated study. BMC Oral Health. 2024, 24:122.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2415-0","article-title":"Prevalence of C-shaped canal system in mandibular first and second molars in a Saudi population assessed via cone beam computed tomography: a retrospective study","volume":"23","author":"Alfawaz H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alfawaz H, Alqedairi A, Alkhayyal AK, Almobarak AA, Alhusain MF, Martins JN. Prevalence of C-shaped canal system in mandibular first and second molars in a Saudi population assessed via cone beam computed tomography: a retrospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2019, 23:107-12. 10.1007\/s00784-018-2415-0","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.23.6.40.e1-10.onl","article-title":"Global distribution of malocclusion traits: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Alhammadi MS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alhammadi MS, Halboub E, Fayed MS, Labib A, El-Saaidi C. Global distribution of malocclusion traits: a systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2018, 23:40.e1-10. 10.1590\/2177-6709.23.6.40.e1-10.onl","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1391","article-title":"Prevalence of dental anomalies in Saudi orthodontic patients","volume":"14","author":"Al-Jabaa AH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al-Jabaa AH, Aldrees AM. Prevalence of dental anomalies in Saudi orthodontic patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2013, 14:724-30. 10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1391","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49893","article-title":"Prevalence of dental anomalies among orthodontic patients: a retrospective study in Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"AlHudaithi FS","year":"2023","unstructured":"AlHudaithi FS, AlDuhayan NA, AlJohani LN, AlJohani SN, AlQarni HS, AlSawadi MH. Prevalence of dental anomalies among orthodontic patients: a retrospective study in Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2023, 15:e49893. 10.7759\/cureus.49893","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-2-2","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment needs in the western region of Saudi Arabia: a research report","volume":"2","author":"Hassan AH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hassan AH. Orthodontic treatment needs in the western region of Saudi Arabia: a research report. Head Face Med. 2006, 2:2. 10.1186\/1746-160X-2-2","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and treatment needs in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)","volume":"6","author":"Nashashibi I","year":"1983","unstructured":"Nashashibi I, Darwish SK, Khalifa El R. Prevalence of malocclusion and treatment needs in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Odontostomatol Trop. 1983, 6:209-14.","journal-title":"Odontostomatol Trop"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"The pattern of malocclusions in Saudi Arabian patients attending for orthodontic treatment at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh","volume":"6","author":"Al-Balkhi KM","year":"1994","unstructured":"Al-Balkhi KM, Al-Zahrani AA. The pattern of malocclusions in Saudi Arabian patients attending for orthodontic treatment at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh. Saudi Dent J. 1994, 6:138-44.","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2010.10.002","article-title":"Dental practitioner's knowledge, opinions and methods of management of oral premalignancy and malignancy","volume":"23","author":"Abdullah Jaber M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abdullah Jaber M. Dental practitioner's knowledge, opinions and methods of management of oral premalignancy and malignancy. Saudi Dent J. 2011, 23:29-36. 10.1016\/j.sdentj.2010.10.002","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.52870","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of selected dental anomalies among saudi children in Abha, Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Yassin SM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yassin SM. Prevalence and distribution of selected dental anomalies among saudi children in Abha, Saudi Arabia. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016, 8:e485-90. 10.4317\/jced.52870","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/458489-prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-specific-dentofacial-characteristics-in-saudi-populations-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:48:43Z","timestamp":1769096923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/458489-prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-specific-dentofacial-characteristics-in-saudi-populations-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":79,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.102078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}