{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:12:38Z","timestamp":1791839558437,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.102634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T14:22:58Z","timestamp":1769782978000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Khulood K","family":"Burashed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faten A","family":"AlAbbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"388","author":"Smolen JS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2016, 388:2023-38. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31472-1","article-title":"Pathogenetic insights from the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"389","author":"McInnes IB","year":"2017","unstructured":"McInnes IB, Schett G. Pathogenetic insights from the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2017, 389:2328-37. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31472-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00211-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","year":"2023","unstructured":"Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050. a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023, 5:594-610. 10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00211-4","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.006","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"46","author":"Firestein G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Firestein G, McInnes IB. Immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunity. 2017, 46:183-96. 10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223356","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update","volume":"82","author":"Smolen JS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smolen JS, Landew\u00e9 RB, Bergstra SA, et al.. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023, 82:3-18. 10.1136\/ard-2022-223356","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24596","article-title":"2021 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"73","author":"Fraenkel L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fraenkel L, Bathon JM, England BR, et al.. 2021 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021, 73:924-39. 10.1002\/acr.24596","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/narmme\/ugaf017","article-title":"JAK inhibitors remove innate immune barriers facilitating viral propagation","volume":"2","author":"Ravlo E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ravlo E, Ianevski A, Skipperst\u00f8en MN, et al.. JAK inhibitors remove innate immune barriers facilitating viral propagation. NAR Mol Med. 2025, 2:017. 10.1093\/narmme\/ugaf017","journal-title":"NAR Mol Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202117","article-title":"JAKs and STATs in immunity, immunodeficiency, and cancer","volume":"368","author":"O'Shea JJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"O'Shea JJ, Holland SM, Staudt LM. JAKs and STATs in immunity, immunodeficiency, and cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013, 368:161-70. 10.1056\/NEJMra1202117","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.267","article-title":"JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"17","author":"Schwartz DM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwartz DM, Kanno Y, Villarino A, Ward M, Gadina M, O\u2019Shea JJ. JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017, 17:78. 10.1038\/nrd.2017.267","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"XELJANZ\u00ae. (2013). Accessed. August 30, 2025: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/news-events-human-drugs\/fda-approves-xeljanz-rheumatoid-arthritis."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"OLUMIANT. (2018). Accessed. August 30, 2025: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2022\/207924s006lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"RINVOQ. (2019). Accessed. August 30, 2025: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2023\/211675s015lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Jyseleca. (2025). Accessed. August 30, 2025: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/jyseleca."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10071002","article-title":"JAK-inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a focus on the present and an outlook on the future","volume":"10","author":"Angelini J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angelini J, Talotta R, Roncato R, et al.. JAK-inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a focus on the present and an outlook on the future. Biomolecules. 2020, 10:1002.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24567","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of a JAK inhibitor in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa trial of three dosage levels of CP-690,550 versus placebo","volume":"60","author":"Kremer JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kremer JM, Bloom BJ, Breedveld FC, et al.. The safety and efficacy of a JAK inhibitor in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa trial of three dosage levels of CP-690,550 versus placebo. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60:1895-905. 10.1002\/art.24567","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112072","article-title":"Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"367","author":"van Vollenhoven RF","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al.. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012, 367:508-19. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1112072","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608345","article-title":"Baricitinib versus placebo or adalimumab in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"376","author":"Taylor PC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taylor PC, Keystone EC, van der Heijde D, et al.. Baricitinib versus placebo or adalimumab in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2017, 376:652-62. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1608345","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211259","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes from a phase 3 study of baricitinib versus placebo or adalimumab in rheumatoid arthritis: secondary analyses from the RA-BEAM study","volume":"76","author":"Keystone EC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keystone EC, Taylor PC, Tanaka Y, et al.. Patient-reported outcomes from a phase 3 study of baricitinib versus placebo or adalimumab in rheumatoid arthritis: secondary analyses from the RA-BEAM study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017, 76:1853-61. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211259","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1387585","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of five approved Janus kinase inhibitors as monotherapy and combination therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe active rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Cai W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai W, Tong R, Sun Y, Yao Y, Zhang J. Comparative efficacy of five approved Janus kinase inhibitors as monotherapy and combination therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe active rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. 2024, 15:1387585. 10.3389\/fphar.2024.1387585","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S219586","article-title":"JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: an evidence-based review on the emerging clinical data","volume":"13","author":"Harrington R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harrington R, Al Nokhatha SA, Conway R. JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: an evidence-based review on the emerging clinical data. J Inflamm Res. 2020, 13:519-31. 10.2147\/JIR.S219586","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Rheumatoid arthritis treatment guidelines. (2025). Accessed. August 30, 2025: https:\/\/www.arthritis.org\/diseases\/more-about\/rheumatoid-arthritis-treatment-guidelines."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310476","article-title":"Tofacitinib versus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"370","author":"Lee EB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee EB, Fleischmann R, Hall S, et al.. Tofacitinib versus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2014, 370:2377-86. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1310476","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206478","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of baricitinib at 24\u2005weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to methotrexate","volume":"74","author":"Keystone EC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keystone EC, Taylor PC, Drescher E, et al.. Safety and efficacy of baricitinib at 24\u2005weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014, 74:333-40. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206478","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-004007","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of upadacitinib versus adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: 5-year data from the phase 3, randomised SELECT-COMPARE study","volume":"10","author":"Fleischmann R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fleischmann R, Swierkot J, Penn SK, et al.. Long-term safety and efficacy of upadacitinib versus adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: 5-year data from the phase 3, randomised SELECT-COMPARE study. RMD Open. 2024, 10:004007. 10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-004007","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00892-5","article-title":"A review on the safety of using JAK inhibitors in dermatology: clinical and laboratory monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Samuel C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Samuel C, Cornman H, Kambala A, Kwatra SG. A review on the safety of using JAK inhibitors in dermatology: clinical and laboratory monitoring. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2023, 13:729-49. 10.1007\/s13555-023-00892-5","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.11.009","article-title":"Weight gain secondary to the use of oral Janus kinase inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Xiong G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiong G, Yu E, Heung M, Yang J, Lowe M, Abu-Hilal M. Weight gain secondary to the use of oral Janus kinase inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAAD Int. 2024, 19:1-9. 10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.11.009","journal-title":"JAAD Int"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030394","article-title":"Neurological adverse events associated with the use of Janus kinase inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance study based on VigiBase","volume":"18","author":"Park S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park S, Kim MK, Park SB, Kim DH, Byun YJ, Choi SA. Neurological adverse events associated with the use of Janus kinase inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance study based on VigiBase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025, 18:394. 10.3390\/ph18030394","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Concerns, conflicting studies Dog JAK inhibitors. (2023). Accessed. August 30, 2025: https:\/\/www.arthritis.org\/drug-guide\/medication-topics\/jak-inhibitor-safety."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2025.06.003","article-title":"Safety profile of JAK inhibitors in inflammatory or autoimmune diseases","volume":"46","author":"Moreau J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moreau J, Chikhoune L, Poggi C, Stabler S, Letarouilly JG, Hachulla \u00c9, Launay D. Safety profile of JAK inhibitors in inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Rev Med Interne. 2025, 46:386-96. 10.1016\/j.revmed.2025.06.003","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109927","article-title":"Cardiovascular and cancer risk with tofacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"386","author":"Ytterberg SR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ytterberg SR, Bhatt DL, Mikuls TR, et al.. Cardiovascular and cancer risk with tofacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2022, 386:316-26. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2109927","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003912","article-title":"Risk of extended major adverse cardiovascular event endpoints with tofacitinib versus TNF inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a post hoc analysis of a phase 3b\/4 randomised safety study","volume":"10","author":"Buch MH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buch MH, Bhatt DL, Charles-Schoeman C, et al.. Risk of extended major adverse cardiovascular event endpoints with tofacitinib versus TNF inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a post hoc analysis of a phase 3b\/4 randomised safety study. RMD Open. 2024, 10:003912. 10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003912","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1237234","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety of janus kinase inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wei Q","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei Q, Wang H, Zhao J, et al.. Cardiovascular safety of janus kinase inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023, 14:1237234. 10.3389\/fphar.2023.1237234","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez087","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of infection risk with small molecule JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Bechman K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bechman K, Subesinghe S, Norton S, et al.. A systematic review and meta-analysis of infection risk with small molecule JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019, 58:1755-66. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez087","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38745","article-title":"Herpes zoster and tofacitinib therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"66","author":"Winthrop KL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Winthrop KL, Yamanaka H, Valdez H, et al.. Herpes zoster and tofacitinib therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014, 66:2675-84. 10.1002\/art.38745","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221276","article-title":"Safety of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis over a median of 4.6 and up to 9.3 years of treatment: final results from long-term extension study and integrated database","volume":"81","author":"Taylor PC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taylor PC, Takeuchi T, Burmester GR, et al.. Safety of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis over a median of 4.6 and up to 9.3 years of treatment: final results from long-term extension study and integrated database. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021, 81:335-43. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221276","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220822","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving upadacitinib: a pooled analysis of six phase III clinical trials","volume":"81","author":"Winthrop KL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winthrop KL, Nash P, Yamaoka K, et al.. Incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving upadacitinib: a pooled analysis of six phase III clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022, 81:206-13. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220822","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222543","article-title":"Malignancy risk with tofacitinib versus TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the open-label, randomised controlled ORAL surveillance trial","volume":"82","author":"Curtis JR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Curtis JR, Yamaoka K, Chen YH, et al.. Malignancy risk with tofacitinib versus TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the open-label, randomised controlled ORAL surveillance trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022, 82:331-43. 10.1136\/ard-2022-222543","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224049","article-title":"JAK inhibitors and the risk of malignancy: a meta-analysis across disease indications","volume":"82","author":"Russell MD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Russell MD, Stovin C, Alveyn E, et al.. JAK inhibitors and the risk of malignancy: a meta-analysis across disease indications. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023, 82:1059-67. 10.1136\/ard-2023-224049","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.31204","article-title":"Comparative safety of JAK inhibitors vs TNF antagonists in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Solitano V","year":"2025","unstructured":"Solitano V, Ahuja D, Lee HH, et al.. Comparative safety of JAK inhibitors vs TNF antagonists in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2025, 8:2531204. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.31204","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"9 RINVOQ interactions to be aware of \u2014 from Paxlovid to grapefruit. (2023). Accessed. August 30, 2025: https:\/\/www.goodrx.com\/rinvoq\/interactions."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4fo00626g","article-title":"JAK2 and AMP-kinase inhibition in vitro by food extracts, fractions and purified phytochemicals","volume":"6","author":"Martin H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin H, Burgess EJ, Smith WA, et al.. JAK2 and AMP-kinase inhibition in vitro by food extracts, fractions and purified phytochemicals. Food Funct. 2015, 6:305-12. 10.1039\/c4fo00626g","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8030051","article-title":"Curcumin regulates anti-inflammatory responses by JAK\/STAT\/SoCs signaling pathway in BV-2 microglial cells","volume":"8","author":"Porro C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Porro C, Cianciulli A, Trotta T, Lofrumento DD, Panaro MA. Curcumin regulates anti-inflammatory responses by JAK\/STAT\/SoCs signaling pathway in BV-2 microglial cells. Biology (Basel). 2019, 8:51. 10.3390\/biology8030051","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/421949-janus-kinase-jak-inhibitors-in-rheumatoid-arthritis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T14:23:00Z","timestamp":1769782980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/421949-janus-kinase-jak-inhibitors-in-rheumatoid-arthritis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.102634","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}}}