{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T20:36:54Z","timestamp":1769891814378,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.102674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:48:03Z","timestamp":1769842083000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic Actions of Natural Compounds for Enhancing Cognitive and Physical Performance: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Raghav","family":"Panda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harvey N","family":"Mayrovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.012","article-title":"AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle during exercise: Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species","volume":"98","author":"Morales-Alamo D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morales-Alamo D, Calbet JA. AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle during exercise: Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016, 98:68-77. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.012","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0265203021000007840","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on human health","volume":"20","author":"Nawrot P","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam. 2003, 20:1-30. 10.1080\/0265203021000007840","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3021-0","article-title":"Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers","volume":"228","author":"Baggott MJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baggott MJ, Childs E, Hart AB, de Bruin E, Palmer AA, Wilkinson JE, de Wit H. Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013, 228:109-18. 10.1007\/s00213-013-3021-0","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2221","article-title":"Sucralose affects glycemic and hormonal responses to an oral glucose load","volume":"36","author":"Pepino MY","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pepino MY, Tiemann CD, Patterson BW, Wice BM, Klein S. Sucralose affects glycemic and hormonal responses to an oral glucose load. Diabetes Care. 2013, 36:2530-5. 10.2337\/dc12-2221","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy152","article-title":"Sucralose decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Romo-Romo A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Romo-Romo A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Brito-C\u00f3rdova GX, G\u00f3mez-D\u00edaz RA, Almeda-Valdes P. Sucralose decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018, 108:485-91. 10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy152","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122814","article-title":"Long-term consumption of sucralose induces hepatic insulin resistance through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2-dependent pathway","volume":"15","author":"Tsai MJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsai MJ, Li CH, Wu HT, et al.. Long-term consumption of sucralose induces hepatic insulin resistance through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2-dependent pathway. Nutrients. 2023, 15:10.3390\/nu15122814","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030323","article-title":"Sucralose: from sweet success to metabolic controversies-unraveling the global health implications of a pervasive non-caloric artificial sweetener","volume":"14","author":"Aguayo-Guerrero JA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aguayo-Guerrero JA, M\u00e9ndez-Garc\u00eda LA, Solleiro-Villavicencio H, Viurcos-Sanabria R, Escobedo G. Sucralose: from sweet success to metabolic controversies-unraveling the global health implications of a pervasive non-caloric artificial sweetener. Life (Basel). 2024, 14:323. 10.3390\/life14030323","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.04.001","article-title":"Effects of sucralose on insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"55-56","author":"Lertrit A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lertrit A, Srimachai S, Saetung S, et al.. Effects of sucralose on insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition. 2018, 55-56:125-30. 10.1016\/j.nut.2018.04.001","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Notice to US Food and Drug Administration of the Conclusion that the Intended Use of Guayusa Leaf Extracts Gyusa.g\u2122 and AmaTea\u00ae are Generally Recognized as Safe.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Notice to US Food and Drug Administration of the Conclusion that the Intended Use of Guayusa Leaf Extracts Gyusa.g\u2122 and AmaTea\u00ae are Generally Recognized as Safe. Applied Food Sciences, Inc., Austin, TX; 2018. https.\/\/www.fda.gov\/files\/food\/published\/GRAS-Notice-GRN-835-Ilex-guayusa-leaf-extract.pdf."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225309","article-title":"Green processing of Ilex guayusa: antioxidant concentration and caffeine reduction using encapsulation by supercritical antisolvent process","volume":"29","author":"Meneses M\u00c1","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meneses M\u00c1, Guzm\u00e1n J, Cabrera J, Magallanes J, Valarezo E, Guam\u00e1n-Balc\u00e1zar MD. Green processing of Ilex guayusa: antioxidant concentration and caffeine reduction using encapsulation by supercritical antisolvent process. Molecules. 2024, 29:10.3390\/molecules29225309","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12060189","article-title":"Evaluation of Ilex guayusa and Piper marginatum extract cytotoxicity on human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Sequeda-Casta\u00f1eda LG","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sequeda-Casta\u00f1eda LG, Su\u00e1rez-Carvajal LF, T\u00e9llez-Corral MA, Guti\u00e9rrez-Prieto SJ, M\u00e9ndez-Pinz\u00f3n HA. Evaluation of Ilex guayusa and Piper marginatum extract cytotoxicity on human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells. Dent J (Basel). 2024, 12:189. 10.3390\/dj12060189","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2017.1342576","article-title":"Effect of Alpinia galanga on mental alertness and sustained attention with or without caffeine: a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"36","author":"Srivastava S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Srivastava S, Mennemeier M, Pimple S. Effect of Alpinia galanga on mental alertness and sustained attention with or without caffeine: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2017, 36:631-9. 10.1080\/07315724.2017.1342576","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJCT.S164450","article-title":"Selective enhancement of focused attention by Alpinia galanga","volume":"10","author":"Srivastava S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Srivastava S. Selective enhancement of focused attention by Alpinia galanga. Open Access J Clin Trials. 2018, 10:43-9. 10.2147\/OAJCT.S164450","journal-title":"Open Access J Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29011\/2577-2201.100209","article-title":"Alpinia galanga extract improves alertness, focus, and energy while reducing fatigue: a randomized double-blind study","volume":"7","author":"Eraiah MM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eraiah MM, Kundapur M, Joshua L, Thoma JV. Alpinia galanga extract improves alertness, focus, and energy while reducing fatigue: a randomized double-blind study. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 2023, 7:1-12. 10.29011\/2577-2201.100209","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Biopharm"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.048","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of Alpinia galanga (L.) fractions on A\u03b2(25-35) induced amnesia in mice","volume":"138","author":"Hanish Singh JC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hanish Singh JC, Alagarsamy V, Diwan PV, Sathesh Kumar S, Nisha JC, Narsimha Reddy Y. Neuroprotective effect of Alpinia galanga (L.) fractions on A\u03b2(25-35) induced amnesia in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 138:85-91. 10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.048","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2016.1203386","article-title":"Cordyceps militaris improves tolerance to high-intensity exercise after acute and chronic supplementation","volume":"14","author":"Hirsch KR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hirsch KR, Smith-Ryan AE, Roelofs EJ, Trexler ET, Mock MG. Cordyceps militaris improves tolerance to high-intensity exercise after acute and chronic supplementation. J Diet Suppl. 2017, 14:42-53. 10.1080\/19390211.2016.1203386","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002470","article-title":"Dietary nitrate and nitric oxide metabolism: mouth, circulation, skeletal muscle, and exercise performance","volume":"53","author":"Jones AM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones AM, Vanhatalo A, Seals DR, Rossman MJ, Piknova B, Jonvik KL. Dietary nitrate and nitric oxide metabolism: mouth, circulation, skeletal muscle, and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2021, 53:280-94. 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002470","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/12298093.2020.1831135","article-title":"Beneficial effect of Cordyceps militaris on exercise performance via promoting cellular energy production","volume":"48","author":"Choi E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi E, Oh J, Sung GH. Beneficial effect of Cordyceps militaris on exercise performance via promoting cellular energy production. Mycobiology. 2020, 48:512-7. 10.1080\/12298093.2020.1831135","journal-title":"Mycobiology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0226","article-title":"Effect of Cs-4 (Cordyceps sinensis) on exercise performance in healthy older subjects: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Chen S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen S, Li Z, Krochmal R, Abrazado M, Kim W, Cooper CB. Effect of Cs-4 (Cordyceps sinensis) on exercise performance in healthy older subjects: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2010, 16:585-90. 10.1089\/acm.2009.0226","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238.2015.1028612","article-title":"The human NAD metabolome: functions, metabolism and compartmentalization","volume":"50","author":"Nikiforov A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nikiforov A, Kulikova V, Ziegler M. The human NAD metabolome: functions, metabolism and compartmentalization. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2015, 50:284-97. 10.3109\/10409238.2015.1028612","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v67.10299","article-title":"Niacin - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023","volume":"67","author":"Freese R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Freese R, Lysne V. Niacin - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res. 2023, 67:10.29219\/fnr.v67.10299","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79986-9","article-title":"Association of dietary niacin intake with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018","volume":"14","author":"Lin L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin L, Chen S, Zhang C, et al.. Association of dietary niacin intake with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:28313. 10.1038\/s41598-024-79986-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-024-00812-0","article-title":"Changes in glucose metabolism, C-reactive protein, and liver enzymes following intake of NAD\u2009+\u2009precursor supplementation: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"21","author":"Sohouli MH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sohouli MH, Tavakoli S, Reis MG, Hekmatdoost A, Guimar\u00e3es NS. Changes in glucose metabolism, C-reactive protein, and liver enzymes following intake of NAD\u2009+\u2009precursor supplementation: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2024, 21:35. 10.1186\/s12986-024-00812-0","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-016-0117-z","article-title":"Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study","volume":"13","author":"Suzuki T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Morita M, Kobayashi Y, Kamimura A. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016, 13:6. 10.1186\/s12970-016-0117-z","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01091-z","article-title":"Acute effects of citrulline supplementation on high-intensity strength and power performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Trexler ET","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trexler ET, Persky AM, Ryan ED, Schwartz TA, Stoner L, Smith-Ryan AE. Acute effects of citrulline supplementation on high-intensity strength and power performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2019, 49:707-18. 10.1007\/s40279-019-01091-z","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00192.2014","article-title":"l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans","volume":"119","author":"Bailey SJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Lord T, Vanhatalo A, Winyard PG, Jones AM. l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015, 119:385-95. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00192.2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cb28e0","article-title":"Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness","volume":"24","author":"P\u00e9rez-Guisado J","year":"2010","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. J Strength Cond Res. 2010, 24:1215-22. 10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cb28e0","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0149-y","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance","volume":"44 Suppl 1","author":"Jones AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. Sports Med. 2014, 44 Suppl 1:S35-45. 10.1007\/s40279-014-0149-y","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821597b4","article-title":"Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves cycling time trial performance","volume":"43","author":"Lansley KE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lansley KE, Winyard PG, Bailey SJ, et al.. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves cycling time trial performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011, 43:1125-31. 10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821597b4","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270844","article-title":"Beetroot juice supplementation reduces whole body oxygen consumption but does not improve indices of mitochondrial efficiency in human skeletal muscle","volume":"594","author":"Whitfield J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whitfield J, Ludzki A, Heigenhauser GJ, et al.. Beetroot juice supplementation reduces whole body oxygen consumption but does not improve indices of mitochondrial efficiency in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2016, 594:421-35. 10.1113\/JP270844","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091433","article-title":"Monk fruit extract and sustainable health: a PRISMA-guided systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Kaim U","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaim U, Labus K. Monk fruit extract and sustainable health: a PRISMA-guided systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2025, 17:1433. 10.3390\/nu17091433","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-03-2023-0051","article-title":"Herb Stevia rebaudiana\u2019s functionalities, safety and applications: a review","volume":"53","author":"Li J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Thaker P, Jiang D, Huang Q, Ho CT.\r\n. Herb Stevia rebaudiana\u2019s functionalities, safety and applications: a review. J Food Sci. 2023, 53:1373-405. 10.1108\/NFS-03-2023-0051","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581815625594","article-title":"General and genetic toxicology of guayusa concentrate (Ilex guayusa)","volume":"35","author":"Kapp RW Jr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kapp RW Jr, Mendes O, Roy S, McQuate RS, Kraska R. General and genetic toxicology of guayusa concentrate (Ilex guayusa). Int J Toxicol. 2016, 35:222-42. 10.1177\/1091581815625594","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1364404","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation does not improve cycling time-trial performance in the heat","volume":"36","author":"Kent GL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kent GL, Dawson B, Cox GR, Burke LM, Eastwood A, Croft KD, Peeling P. Dietary nitrate supplementation does not improve cycling time-trial performance in the heat. J Sports Sci. 2018, 36:1204-11. 10.1080\/02640414.2017.1364404","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2917-4","article-title":"Caffeine as an attention enhancer: reviewing existing assumptions","volume":"225","author":"Ein\u00f6ther SJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ein\u00f6ther SJ, Giesbrecht T. Caffeine as an attention enhancer: reviewing existing assumptions. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013, 225:251-74. 10.1007\/s00213-012-2917-4","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0325","article-title":"Methodologies for investigating performance changes with supplement use","volume":"28","author":"Burke LM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burke LM, Peeling P. Methodologies for investigating performance changes with supplement use. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018, 28:159-69. 10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0325","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/450271-synergistic-actions-of-natural-compounds-for-enhancing-cognitive-and-physical-performance-a-narrative-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:48:03Z","timestamp":1769842083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/450271-synergistic-actions-of-natural-compounds-for-enhancing-cognitive-and-physical-performance-a-narrative-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.102674","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}}}