{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T19:00:17Z","timestamp":1770663617730,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.103239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T05:54:20Z","timestamp":1770616460000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the Efficacy of Two Doses of Intranasal Atomized Dexmedetomidine as Premedication for Parental Separation Anxiety in Children Undergoing Elective Surgery"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Devesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeetendra K","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sapna","family":"Bathla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishika","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07309.x","article-title":"A randomised comparison of two intranasal dexmedetomidine doses for premedication in children","volume":"67","author":"Yuen VM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yuen VM, Hui TW, Irwin MG, et al.. A randomised comparison of two intranasal dexmedetomidine doses for premedication in children. Anaesthesia. 2012, 67:1210-6. 10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07309.x","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.03.030","article-title":"Intraoperative ketamine for prevention of depressive symptoms after major surgery in older adults: an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial","volume":"121","author":"Mashour GA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mashour GA, Ben Abdallah A, Pryor KO, et al.. Intraoperative ketamine for prevention of depressive symptoms after major surgery in older adults: an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. Br J Anaesth. 2018, 121:1075-83. 10.1016\/j.bja.2018.03.030","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000136471.36680.97","article-title":"Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors","volume":"99","author":"Kain ZN","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, et al.. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg. 2004, 99:1648-54. 10.1213\/01.ANE.0000136471.36680.97","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2019.19.2.83","article-title":"Role of dexmedetomidine in pediatric dental sedation","volume":"19","author":"Mohite V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohite V, Baliga S, Thosar N, Rathi N. Role of dexmedetomidine in pediatric dental sedation. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2019, 19:83-90. 10.17245\/jdapm.2019.19.2.83","journal-title":"J Dent Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12998","article-title":"Double-blind randomized controlled trial of intranasal dexmedetomidine versus intranasal midazolam as anxiolysis prior to pediatric laceration repair in the emergency department","volume":"23","author":"Neville DN","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neville DN, Hayes KR, Ivan Y, McDowell ER, Pitetti RD. Double-blind randomized controlled trial of intranasal dexmedetomidine versus intranasal midazolam as anxiolysis prior to pediatric laceration repair in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2016, 23:910-7. 10.1111\/acem.12998","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198812000-00032","article-title":"Preanesthetic sedation of preschool children using intranasal midazolam","volume":"69","author":"Wilton NC","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wilton NC, Leigh J, Rosen DR, Pandit UA. Preanesthetic sedation of preschool children using intranasal midazolam. Anesthesiology. 1988, 69:972-5. 10.1097\/00000542-198812000-00032","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006447.pub2","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children","author":"Yip P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yip P, Middleton P, Cyna AM, Carlyle AV. Non-pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009, CD006447. 10.1002\/14651858.CD006447.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/9624.4946","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine in current anaesthesia practice-a review","volume":"8","author":"Naaz S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Naaz S, Ozair E. Dexmedetomidine in current anaesthesia practice-a review. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014, 8:GE01-4. 10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/9624.4946","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2011.09.002","article-title":"Pharmacology of sedative-analgesic agents: dexmedetomidine, remifentanil, ketamine, volatile anesthetics, and the role of peripheral mu antagonists","volume":"29","author":"Panzer O","year":"2011","unstructured":"Panzer O, Moitra V, Sladen RN. Pharmacology of sedative-analgesic agents: dexmedetomidine, remifentanil, ketamine, volatile anesthetics, and the role of peripheral mu antagonists. Anesthesiol Clin. 2011, 29:587-605, vii. 10.1016\/j.anclin.2011.09.002","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3881\/j.issn.1000-503X.2016.05.013","article-title":"Comparison of sedative effects of two spray administrations of intranasal dexmedetomidine doses for premedication in children","volume":"38","author":"Xu J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu J, Deng XM, Yang D, Wei LX, Zhi J, Xu WL, Liu JH. Comparison of sedative effects of two spray administrations of intranasal dexmedetomidine doses for premedication in children. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2016, 38:563-7. 10.3881\/j.issn.1000-503X.2016.05.013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijca.2023.073","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of intranasal dexmedetomidine dosing as premedication in paediatric surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Agrawal P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agrawal P, Bhuwania P. Comparative effectiveness of intranasal dexmedetomidine dosing as premedication in paediatric surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Clin Anaesth. 2023, 10:345-50. 10.18231\/j.ijca.2023.073","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Anaesth"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2020.02.006","article-title":"Anxiolytic premedication for children","volume":"20","author":"Heikal S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heikal S, Stuart G. Anxiolytic premedication for children. BJA Educ. 2020, 20:220-5. 10.1016\/j.bjae.2020.02.006","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_491_19","article-title":"Premedication and induction of anaesthesia in pediatric patients","volume":"63","author":"Dave NM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dave NM. Premedication and induction of anaesthesia in pediatric patients. Indian J Anaesth. 2019, 63:713-20. 10.4103\/ija.IJA_491_19","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03149-w","article-title":"Melatonin for pre-medication in children: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Mellor K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mellor K, Papaioannou D, Thomason A, Bolt R, Evans C, Wilson M, Deery C. Melatonin for pre-medication in children: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2022, 22:107. 10.1186\/s12887-022-03149-w","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2001.11927725","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine: a novel sedative-analgesic agent","volume":"14","author":"Gertler R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gertler R, Brown HC, Mitchell DH, Silvius EN. Dexmedetomidine: a novel sedative-analgesic agent. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2001, 14:13-21. 10.1080\/08998280.2001.11927725","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Comparative study between intraoperative low-dose ketamine and dexmedetomidine as anesthetic adjuvants in lumbar spine surgery","volume":"4","author":"Mitra R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitra R, Prabhakar H, Rath GP, Bithal PK, Khandelwal A. Comparative study between intraoperative low-dose ketamine and dexmedetomidine as anesthetic adjuvants in lumbar spine surgery. J Neuroanaesthesiol Crit Care. 2017, 4:91-8.","journal-title":"J Neuroanaesthesiol Crit Care"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.02185.x","article-title":"Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children","volume":"17","author":"Schmidt AP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmidt AP, Valinetti EA, Bandeira D, Bertacchi MF, Sim\u00f5es CM, Auler JO Jr. Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007, 17:667-74. 10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.02185.x","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000269488.06546.7c","article-title":"A double-blind, crossover assessment of the sedative and analgesic effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine","volume":"105","author":"Yuen VM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yuen VM, Irwin MG, Hui TW, Yuen MK, Lee LH. A double-blind, crossover assessment of the sedative and analgesic effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine. Anesth Analg. 2007, 105:374-80. 10.1213\/01.ane.0000269488.06546.7c","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31816c8929","article-title":"A comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric anesthesia: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Yuen VM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yuen VM, Hui TW, Irwin MG, Yuen MK. A comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric anesthesia: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2008, 106:1715-21. 10.1213\/ane.0b013e31816c8929","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine as a pediatric anesthetic premedication to reduce anxiety and to deter emergence delirium","volume":"79","author":"Mountain BW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mountain BW, Smithson L, Cramolini M, Wyatt TH, Newman M. Dexmedetomidine as a pediatric anesthetic premedication to reduce anxiety and to deter emergence delirium. AANA J. 2011, 79:219-24.","journal-title":"AANA J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22201181.2015.1075937","article-title":"Comparison of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for intranasal premedication in children posted for elective surgery","volume":"21","author":"Singla D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singla D, Chaudhary G, Dureja J, Mangla M. Comparison of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for intranasal premedication in children posted for elective surgery. S Afr J Anaesth Analg. 2015, 21:154-7. 10.1080\/22201181.2015.1075937","journal-title":"S Afr J Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42077-020-00104-8","article-title":"Comparative study between intranasal dexmedetomidine and intranasal ketamine as premedication before pediatric general anesthesia","volume":"12","author":"Elshafeey AEA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elshafeey AEA, Youssef GFK, Elsalam EHA, Saleh M, Mahrose R. Comparative study between intranasal dexmedetomidine and intranasal ketamine as premedication before pediatric general anesthesia. Ain-Shams J Anesthesiol. 2020, 12:51. 10.1186\/s42077-020-00104-8","journal-title":"Ain-Shams J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-019-0816-5","article-title":"Premedication with dexmedetomidine to reduce emergence agitation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Kim JC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim JC, Kim J, Kwak H, Ahn SW. Premedication with dexmedetomidine to reduce emergence agitation: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019, 19:144. 10.1186\/s12871-019-0816-5","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_931_21","article-title":"Role of nebulised dexmedetomidine, midazolam or ketamine as premedication in preschool children undergoing general anaesthesia-a prospective, double-blind, randomised study","volume":"66","author":"Shereef KM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shereef KM, Chaitali B, Swapnadeep S, Gauri M. Role of nebulised dexmedetomidine, midazolam or ketamine as premedication in preschool children undergoing general anaesthesia-a prospective, double-blind, randomised study. Indian J Anaesth. 2022, 66:S200-6. 10.4103\/ija.ija_931_21","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5920.656","article-title":"Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone","volume":"2","author":"Ramsay MA","year":"1974","unstructured":"Ramsay MA, Savege TM, Simpson BR, Goodwin R. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Br Med J. 1974, 2:656-9. 10.1136\/bmj.2.5920.656","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5142913","article-title":"Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric dental patients under general anesthesia: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"2020","author":"Wang L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang L, Huang L, Zhang T, Peng W. Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric dental patients under general anesthesia: a randomised clinical trial. Biomed Res Int. 2020, 2020:5142913. 10.1155\/2020\/5142913","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/1061-3749.16.1.61","article-title":"Development and testing of a scale to measure separation anxiety of parents of adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Dashiff CJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dashiff CJ, Weaver M. Development and testing of a scale to measure separation anxiety of parents of adolescents. J Nurs Meas. 2008, 16:61-80. 10.1891\/1061-3749.16.1.61","journal-title":"J Nurs Meas"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03008224","article-title":"Perioperative effects of oral ketorolac and acetaminophen in children undergoing bilateral myringotomy","volume":"39","author":"Watcha MF","year":"1992","unstructured":"Watcha MF, Ramirez-Ruiz M, White PF, Jones MB, Lagueruela RG, Terkonda RP. Perioperative effects of oral ketorolac and acetaminophen in children undergoing bilateral myringotomy. Can J Anaesth. 1992, 39:649-54. 10.1007\/BF03008224","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children","volume":"23","author":"Merkel SI","year":"1997","unstructured":"Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997, 23:293-7.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001452","article-title":"Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration","volume":"126","year":"2017","unstructured":"Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Anesthesiology. 2017, 126:376-93. 10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001452","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/463434-comparison-of-the-efficacy-of-two-doses-of-intranasal-atomized-dexmedetomidine-as-premedication-for-parental-separation-anxiety-in-children-undergoing-elective-surgery","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T05:54:22Z","timestamp":1770616462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/463434-comparison-of-the-efficacy-of-two-doses-of-intranasal-atomized-dexmedetomidine-as-premedication-for-parental-separation-anxiety-in-children-undergoing-elective-surgery"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.103239","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]}}}