{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T08:02:02Z","timestamp":1771142522302,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.103631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T07:12:57Z","timestamp":1771139577000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Efficacy of Pioglitazone, Saroglitazar, and Silymarin on Biochemical and Histopathological Hepatic Outcomes in a Wistar Rat Model of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Their Correlation With Insulin Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ipshita","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhu","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rishi","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0365","article-title":"Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Teng ML","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teng ML, Ng CH, Huang DQ, et al.. Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023, 29:S32-42. 10.3350\/cmh.2022.0365","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13299","article-title":"The epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Bellentani S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bellentani S. The epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2017, 37:81-4. 10.1111\/liv.13299","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0424","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: definition and subtypes","volume":"29","author":"Han SK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han SK, Baik SK, Kim MY. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: definition and subtypes. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023, 29:S5-16. 10.3350\/cmh.2022.0424","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6613827","article-title":"NAFLD, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2021","author":"Maru\u0161i\u0107 M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maru\u0161i\u0107 M, Pai\u0107 M, Knobloch M, Liberati Pr\u0161o AM. NAFLD, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021, 2021:6613827. 10.1155\/2021\/6613827","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad095","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiological concepts and treatment options","volume":"119","author":"Grander C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grander C, Grabherr F, Tilg H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiological concepts and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res. 2023, 119:1787-98. 10.1093\/cvr\/cvad095","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.038","article-title":"Alterations in adipose tissue and hepatic lipid kinetics in obese men and women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"134","author":"Fabbrini E","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Magkos F, Korenblat KM, Patterson BW, Klein S. Alterations in adipose tissue and hepatic lipid kinetics in obese men and women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2008, 134:424-31. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.038","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1168499","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study based on 31,718 adult Chinese individuals","volume":"10","author":"Wang G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang G, Shen X, Wang Y, Lu H, He H, Wang X. Analysis of risk factors related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study based on 31,718 adult Chinese individuals. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023, 10:1168499. 10.3389\/fmed.2023.1168499","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes22021","article-title":"Recent epidemiology and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"31","author":"Huh Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huh Y, Cho YJ, Nam GE. Recent epidemiology and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2022, 31:17-27. 10.7570\/jomes22021","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020270","article-title":"Mechanisms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the metabolic syndrome. A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Rinaldi L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rinaldi L, Pafundi PC, Galiero R, et al.. Mechanisms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the metabolic syndrome. A narrative review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021, 10:270. 10.3390\/antiox10020270","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010046","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from drivers to targets","volume":"10","author":"Santos-Laso A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santos-Laso A, Guti\u00e9rrez-Larra\u00f1aga M, Alonso-Pe\u00f1a M, et al.. Pathophysiological mechanisms in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from drivers to targets. Biomedicines. 2022, 10:46. 10.3390\/biomedicines10010046","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10568-z","article-title":"Current understanding and future perspectives on the impact of changing NAFLD to MAFLD on global epidemiology and clinical outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Vaz K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vaz K, Clayton-Chubb D, Majeed A, Lubel J, Simmons D, Kemp W, Roberts SK. Current understanding and future perspectives on the impact of changing NAFLD to MAFLD on global epidemiology and clinical outcomes. Hepatol Int. 2023, 17:1082-97. 10.1007\/s12072-023-10568-z","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.09.020","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a precursor of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Lonardo A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Marchesini G, Angulo P, Loria P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a precursor of the metabolic syndrome. Dig Liver Dis. 2015, 47:181-90. 10.1016\/j.dld.2014.09.020","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2023.101174","article-title":"Administration of silymarin in NAFLD\/NASH: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Li S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Duan F, Li S, Lu B. Administration of silymarin in NAFLD\/NASH: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol. 2024, 29:101174. 10.1016\/j.aohep.2023.101174","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020274","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: emerging targets and drug candidates","volume":"10","author":"Prikhodko VA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prikhodko VA, Bezborodkina NN, Okovityi SV. Pharmacotherapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: emerging targets and drug candidates. Biomedicines. 2022, 10:274. 10.3390\/biomedicines10020274","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562951","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"35","author":"Gawrieh S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gawrieh S, Chalasani N. Pharmacotherapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis. 2015, 35:338-48. 10.1055\/s-0035-1562951","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1138078","article-title":"Vitamin D improves hepatic steatosis in NAFLD via regulation of fatty acid uptake and \u03b2-oxidation","volume":"14","author":"Du T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du T, Xiang L, Zhang J, et al.. Vitamin D improves hepatic steatosis in NAFLD via regulation of fatty acid uptake and \u03b2-oxidation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023, 14:1138078. 10.3389\/fendo.2023.1138078","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2006.B0627","article-title":"Research on the protection effect of pioglitazone for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats","volume":"7","author":"Xu P","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu P, Zhang XG, Li YM, Yu CH, Xu L, Xu GY. Research on the protection effect of pioglitazone for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2006, 7:627-33. 10.1631\/jzus.2006.B0627","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-00967-6","article-title":"Saroglitazar deactivates the hepatic LPS\/TLR4 signaling pathway and ameliorates adipocyte dysfunction in rats with high-fat emulsion\/LPS model-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"42","author":"Hassan NF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hassan NF, Nada SA, Hassan A, El-Ansary MR, Al-Shorbagy MY, Abdelsalam RM. Saroglitazar deactivates the hepatic LPS\/TLR4 signaling pathway and ameliorates adipocyte dysfunction in rats with high-fat emulsion\/LPS model-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Inflammation. 2019, 42:1056-70. 10.1007\/s10753-019-00967-6","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03275-5","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin on fructose induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in male albino wistar rats","volume":"21","author":"Mengesha T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mengesha T, Gnanasekaran N, Mehare T. Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin on fructose induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in male albino wistar rats. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021, 21:104. 10.1186\/s12906-021-03275-5","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.15-143","article-title":"Relationship between homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta cell function and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in non-diabetic Korean adults","volume":"59","author":"Yoon H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoon H, Jeon DJ, Park CE, You HS, Moon AE. Relationship between homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta cell function and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in non-diabetic Korean adults. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2016, 59:139-44. 10.3164\/jcbn.15-143","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/431750","article-title":"Comparison of histochemical stainings in evaluation of liver fibrosis and correlation with transient elastography in chronic hepatitis","volume":"2015","author":"Cabibi D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cabibi D, Bronte F, Porcasi R, et al.. Comparison of histochemical stainings in evaluation of liver fibrosis and correlation with transient elastography in chronic hepatitis. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2015, 2015:431750. 10.1155\/2015\/431750","journal-title":"Anal Cell Pathol (Amst)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i42.15539","article-title":"Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"20","author":"Takahashi Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takahashi Y, Fukusato T. Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014, 20:15539-48. 10.3748\/wjg.v20.i42.15539","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-021-00524-8","article-title":"Saroglitazar improved hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by modulating inflammatory cytokines and adiponectin in an animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Akbari R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akbari R, Behdarvand T, Afarin R, Yaghooti H, Jalali MT, Mohammadtaghvaei N. Saroglitazar improved hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by modulating inflammatory cytokines and adiponectin in an animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2021, 22:53. 10.1186\/s40360-021-00524-8","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00671.x","article-title":"Pioglitazone improves lipid and insulin levels in overweight rats on a high cholesterol and fructose diet by decreasing hepatic inflammation","volume":"160","author":"Collino M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collino M, Aragno M, Castiglia S, et al.. Pioglitazone improves lipid and insulin levels in overweight rats on a high cholesterol and fructose diet by decreasing hepatic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol. 2010, 160:1892-902. 10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00671.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66458-z","article-title":"The PPAR\u03b1\/\u03b3 agonist saroglitazar improves insulin resistance and steatohepatitis in a diet-induced animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Kumar DP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar DP, Caffrey R, Marioneaux J, et al.. The PPAR\u03b1\/\u03b3 agonist saroglitazar improves insulin resistance and steatohepatitis in a diet-induced animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep. 2020, 10:9334. 10.1038\/s41598-020-66458-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/IJBMS.2024.74490.16179","article-title":"Protective effects of silymarin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in the diet-induced hyperlipidemia rat model","volume":"27","author":"Akheratdoost V","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akheratdoost V, Panahi N, Safi S, Mojab F, Akbari G. Protective effects of silymarin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in the diet-induced hyperlipidemia rat model. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2024, 27:725-32. 10.22038\/IJBMS.2024.74490.16179","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/457951-comparative-efficacy-of-pioglitazone-saroglitazar-and-silymarin-on-biochemical-and-histopathological-hepatic-outcomes-in-a-wistar-rat-model-of-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-and-their-correlation-with-insulin-sensitivity","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T07:12:58Z","timestamp":1771139578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/457951-comparative-efficacy-of-pioglitazone-saroglitazar-and-silymarin-on-biochemical-and-histopathological-hepatic-outcomes-in-a-wistar-rat-model-of-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-and-their-correlation-with-insulin-sensitivity"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.103631","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]}}}