{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T16:01:56Z","timestamp":1771344116452,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.103774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:16:21Z","timestamp":1771341381000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ketamine Use for ED Sedation: Pharmacologic Basis, Clinical Applications, and Safety Considerations"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Montoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian Andr\u00e9s","family":"Soto Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elia  L","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Chavarr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Alvarez Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.03.074","article-title":"Characterization of ketamine usage in a large tertiary-care emergency department","volume":"47","author":"McKinley K","year":"2021","unstructured":"McKinley K, Panakos P, Yousef D. Characterization of ketamine usage in a large tertiary-care emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2021, 47:149-53. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.03.074","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000908972.43680.39","article-title":"Evaluation of subdissociative-dose ketamine for procedural sedation in the emergency department","volume":"15","author":"Dehne L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dehne L, Foertsch M, Bradshaw P, et al.. Evaluation of subdissociative-dose ketamine for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Crit Care Med. 2022, 15:397. 10.1097\/01.ccm.0000908972.43680.39","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharma.2021.04.005","article-title":"History of ketamine: an ancient molecule that is still popular today [Article in French]","volume":"80","author":"Le Dar\u00e9 B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Le Dar\u00e9 B, Pelletier R, Morel I, Gicquel T. History of ketamine: an ancient molecule that is still popular today [Article in French]. Ann Pharm Fr. 2022, 80:1-8. 10.1016\/j.pharma.2021.04.005","journal-title":"Ann Pharm Fr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000908772.52749.21","article-title":"Kalmed: ketamine for severe agitation management in the emergency department","volume":"15","author":"Stambolic L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stambolic L, McDowell M, Desai D, et al.. Kalmed: ketamine for severe agitation management in the emergency department. Criti Care Med. 2022, 15:370. 10.1097\/01.ccm.0000908772.52749.21","journal-title":"Criti Care Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000910128.39777.c9","article-title":"Medication use evaluation of ketamine for sedation and analgesia in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"15","author":"Daniell J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daniell J, Cheung C, McGill B, et al.. Medication use evaluation of ketamine for sedation and analgesia in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2022, 15:546. 10.1097\/01.ccm.0000910128.39777.c9","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20240378","article-title":"Redefining ketamine pharmacology for antidepressant action: synergistic NMDA and opioid receptor interactions?","volume":"182","author":"Levinstein MR","year":"2025","unstructured":"Levinstein MR, Budinich RC, Bonaventura J, Schatzberg AF, Zarate CA Jr, Michaelides M. Redefining ketamine pharmacology for antidepressant action: synergistic NMDA and opioid receptor interactions?. Am J Psychiatry. 2025, 182:247-58. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.20240378","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2402732121","article-title":"Ketamine can produce oscillatory dynamics by engaging mechanisms dependent on the kinetics of NMDA receptors","volume":"121","author":"Adam E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adam E, Kowalski M, Akeju O, Miller EK, Brown EN, McCarthy MM, Kopell N. Ketamine can produce oscillatory dynamics by engaging mechanisms dependent on the kinetics of NMDA receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024, 121:e2402732121. 10.1073\/pnas.2402732121","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120959644","article-title":"Ketamine: a tale of two enantiomers","volume":"35","author":"Jelen LA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jelen LA, Young AH, Stone JM. Ketamine: a tale of two enantiomers. J Psychopharmacol. 2021, 35:109-23. 10.1177\/0269881120959644","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102283","article-title":"Ketamine, esketamine, and arketamine: their mechanisms of action and applications in the treatment of depression and alleviation of depressive symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Kawczak P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kawczak P, Feszak I, B\u0105czek T. Ketamine, esketamine, and arketamine: their mechanisms of action and applications in the treatment of depression and alleviation of depressive symptoms. Biomedicines. 2024, 12:2283. 10.3390\/biomedicines12102283","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3391","article-title":"A phase 1 assessment of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in healthy volunteers","volume":"116","author":"Raja SM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raja SM, Guptill JT, Mack M, et al.. A phase 1 assessment of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2024, 116:1314-24. 10.1002\/cpt.3391","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.122.001278","article-title":"Antinociceptive and analgesic effects of (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine","volume":"382","author":"Yost JG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yost JG, Wulf HA, Browne CA, Lucki I. Antinociceptive and analgesic effects of (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2022, 382:256-65. 10.1124\/jpet.122.001278","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.03.030","article-title":"Is ketamine sedation without local anesthesia sufficient for pediatric laceration repair? A double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Kwon H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kwon H, Lee JH, Choi YJ, Jung JY. Is ketamine sedation without local anesthesia sufficient for pediatric laceration repair? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2021, 44:208-12. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.03.030","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.08.004","article-title":"The effectiveness of ketamine compared to opioid analgesics for management of acute pain in children in the emergency department: systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Alanazi E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alanazi E. The effectiveness of ketamine compared to opioid analgesics for management of acute pain in children in the emergency department: systematic review. Am J Emerg Med. 2022, 61:143-51. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.08.004","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038134","article-title":"Ketamine for the treatment of prehospital acute pain: a systematic review of benefit and harm","volume":"10","author":"Sandberg M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sandberg M, Hyldmo PK, Kongstad P, et al.. Ketamine for the treatment of prehospital acute pain: a systematic review of benefit and harm. BMJ Open. 2020, 10:e038134. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038134","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.11.056","article-title":"Low-dose ketamine versus morphine in the treatment of acute pain in the emergency department: a meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Guo J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo J, Zhao F, Bian J, Hu Y, Tan J. Low-dose ketamine versus morphine in the treatment of acute pain in the emergency department: a meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Am J Emerg Med. 2024, 76:140-9. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.11.056","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14159","article-title":"Low-dose ketamine for acute pain control in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Balzer N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balzer N, McLeod SL, Walsh C, Grewal K. Low-dose ketamine for acute pain control in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2021, 28:444-54. 10.1111\/acem.14159","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.11.007","article-title":"Ketamine for emergency sedation of agitated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Sullivan N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sullivan N, Chen C, Siegel R, Ma Y, Pourmand A, Montano N, Meltzer A. Ketamine for emergency sedation of agitated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020, 38:655-61. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.11.007","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004967","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the combination of propofol and ketamine for procedural sedation\/anesthesia in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Hayes JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayes JA, Aljuhani T, De Oliveira K, Johnston BC. Safety and efficacy of the combination of propofol and ketamine for procedural sedation\/anesthesia in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021, 132:979-92. 10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004967","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.11.016","article-title":"Association of ketamine use during procedural sedation with oxygen desaturation and healthcare utilisation: a multicentre retrospective hospital registry study","volume":"132","author":"Salloum E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salloum E, Lotte Seibold E, Azimaraghi O, et al.. Association of ketamine use during procedural sedation with oxygen desaturation and healthcare utilisation: a multicentre retrospective hospital registry study. Br J Anaesth. 2024, 132:779-88. 10.1016\/j.bja.2023.11.016","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000908868.36131.d8","article-title":"Evaluation of ketamine for chemical restraint in the emergency department","volume":"15","author":"Galant A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Galant A, Lauer B, Gray C. Evaluation of ketamine for chemical restraint in the emergency department. Crit Care Med. 2022, 15:383. 10.1097\/01.ccm.0000908868.36131.d8","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14063","article-title":"Ketamine versus etomidate and peri-intubation hypotension: a National Emergency Airway Registry study","volume":"27","author":"April MD","year":"2020","unstructured":"April MD, Arana A, Schauer SG, et al.. Ketamine versus etomidate and peri-intubation hypotension: a National Emergency Airway Registry study. Acad Emerg Med. 2020, 27:1106-15. 10.1111\/acem.14063","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14200","article-title":"A randomized, noninferiority, controlled trial of two doses of intravenous subdissociative ketamine for analgesia in the emergency department","volume":"28","author":"Lovett S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lovett S, Reed T, Riggs R, Lew G, Koch E, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Rech MA. A randomized, noninferiority, controlled trial of two doses of intravenous subdissociative ketamine for analgesia in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2021, 28:647-54. 10.1111\/acem.14200","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2025-215080","article-title":"In adult patients presenting to ED with severe acute pain, is intranasal ketamine as effective as intravenous opiates for pain reduction?","volume":"42","author":"Santilal K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Santilal K, Saldanha R. In adult patients presenting to ED with severe acute pain, is intranasal ketamine as effective as intravenous opiates for pain reduction?. Emerg Med J. 2025, 42:683-5. 10.1136\/emermed-2025-215080","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-024-01100-z","article-title":"Can ketamine administration prevent intubation in patients who cannot comply with NIV due to agitation?","volume":"24","author":"Nuho\u011flu \u00c7","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nuho\u011flu \u00c7, Solako\u011flu GA, Arslan F, G\u00fclsoy \u00d6F, D\u00f6ker KO. Can ketamine administration prevent intubation in patients who cannot comply with NIV due to agitation?. BMC Emerg Med. 2024, 24:187. 10.1186\/s12873-024-01100-z","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006515","article-title":"Ketamine versus etomidate for rapid sequence intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"53","author":"Greer A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Greer A, Hewitt M, Khazaneh PT, et al.. Ketamine versus etomidate for rapid sequence intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2025, 53:e374-83. 10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006515","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04831-4","article-title":"Ketamine versus etomidate as an induction agent for tracheal intubation in critically ill adults: a Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Koroki T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koroki T, Kotani Y, Yaguchi T, et al.. Ketamine versus etomidate as an induction agent for tracheal intubation in critically ill adults: a Bayesian meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2024, 28:48. 10.1186\/s13054-024-04831-4","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.08.090","article-title":"Procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department and intensive care unit: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Sharif S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharif S, Sadeghirad B, Fernando S, et al.. Procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department and intensive care unit: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2023, 27:82. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.08.090","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33679-x","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after a single induction dose of etomidate versus ketamine for emergency department sepsis intubation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Srivilaithon W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Srivilaithon W, Bumrungphanithaworn A, Daorattanachai K, et al.. Clinical outcomes after a single induction dose of etomidate versus ketamine for emergency department sepsis intubation: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2023, 13:6362. 10.1038\/s41598-023-33679-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/465673-ketamine-use-for-ed-sedation-pharmacologic-basis-clinical-applications-and-safety-considerations","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:16:47Z","timestamp":1771341407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/465673-ketamine-use-for-ed-sedation-pharmacologic-basis-clinical-applications-and-safety-considerations"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.103774","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}