{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:17:09Z","timestamp":1771589829721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.103958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T11:51:57Z","timestamp":1771588317000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute Rheumatic Fever Beyond Childhood: Case Series of Adult Recurrence and Atypical Manifestations"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sandhya","family":"S","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dany P","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senthilnathan","family":"Pichaipillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul V","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.49.1.7","article-title":"The initial attack of acute rheumatic fever during childhood in North India: a prospective study of the clinical profile","volume":"49","author":"Sanyal SK","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sanyal SK, Thapar MK, Ahmed SH, Hooja V, Tewari P. The initial attack of acute rheumatic fever during childhood in North India: a prospective study of the clinical profile. Circulation. 1974, 49:7-12. 10.1161\/01.cir.49.1.7","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrsc.2016.05.007","article-title":"Rheumatic fever recurrence: risk factors and clinical characteristics","volume":"19","author":"Camara EJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Camara EJ, dos Santos JM, Alves-Silva LS, Latado AL. Rheumatic fever recurrence: risk factors and clinical characteristics. Clin Trials Regul Sci Cardiol. 2016, 19:5-8. 10.1016\/j.ctrsc.2016.05.007","journal-title":"Clin Trials Regul Sci Cardiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.6.992","article-title":"Rheumatic fever prophylaxis using benzathine penicillin G (BPG): two-week versus four-week regimens: comparison of two brands of BPG","volume":"97","author":"Kassem AS","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kassem AS, Zaher SR, Abou Shleib H, el-Kholy AG, Madkour AA, Kaplan EL. Rheumatic fever prophylaxis using benzathine penicillin G (BPG): two-week versus four-week regimens: comparison of two brands of BPG. Pediatrics. 1996, 97:992-5. 10.1542\/peds.97.6.992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.042762","article-title":"Long term follow up of rheumatic fever and predictors of severe rheumatic valvar disease in Brazilian children and adolescents","volume":"91","author":"Meira ZM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meira ZM, Goulart EM, Colosimo EA, Mota CC. Long term follow up of rheumatic fever and predictors of severe rheumatic valvar disease in Brazilian children and adolescents. Heart. 2005, 91:1019-22. 10.1136\/hrt.2004.042762","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15071131","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever in Caucasians: a case report and systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Hasan F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hasan F, Dey M, Nune A. Acute rheumatic fever in Caucasians: a case report and systematic review. Life (Basel). 2025, 15:1131. 10.3390\/life15071131","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1947.02880140011003","article-title":"Atypical features of rheumatic fever in young adults","volume":"133","author":"Sokolow M","year":"1947","unstructured":"Sokolow M, Snell AM. Atypical features of rheumatic fever in young adults. J Am Med Assoc. 1947, 133:981-9. 10.1001\/jama.1947.02880140011003","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-231888","article-title":"Atypical presentation of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in a 25-year-old woman in the Caribbean: a challenging diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Bordes SJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bordes SJ, Murray IV, Sylvester JA. Atypical presentation of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in a 25-year-old woman in the Caribbean: a challenging diagnosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2020, 13:10.1136\/bcr-2019-231888","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Rheumatic fever & rheumatic heart disease: the last 50 years","volume":"137","author":"Kumar RK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar RK, Tandon R. Rheumatic fever & rheumatic heart disease: the last 50 years. Indian J Med Res. 2013, 137:643-58.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2022.034","article-title":"Therapeutics for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease","volume":"45","author":"Ralph AP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ralph AP, Currie BJ. Therapeutics for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Aust Prescr. 2022, 45:104-12. 10.18773\/austprescr.2022.034","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.06.025","article-title":"Contemporary features, risk factors, and prognosis of the post-pericardiotomy syndrome","volume":"108","author":"Imazio M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Imazio M, Brucato A, Rovere ME, et al.. Contemporary features, risk factors, and prognosis of the post-pericardiotomy syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2011, 108:1183-7. 10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.06.025","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002227","article-title":"Penicillin for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever","volume":"3","author":"Manyemba J","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manyemba J, Mayosi BM. Penicillin for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002, 3:2227. 10.1002\/14651858.CD002227","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.141309","article-title":"Incidence of acute rheumatic fever in the world: a systematic review of population-based studies","volume":"94","author":"Tibazarwa KB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tibazarwa KB, Volmink JA, Mayosi BM. Incidence of acute rheumatic fever in the world: a systematic review of population-based studies. Heart. 2008, 94:1534-40. 10.1136\/hrt.2007.141309","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in developing countries","volume":"56","author":"Padmavati S","year":"1978","unstructured":"Padmavati S. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 1978, 56:543-50.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66874-2","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever","volume":"9","author":"Carapetis JR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carapetis JR, McDonald M, Wilson NJ. Acute rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2005, 9:155-68. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66874-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02031613","article-title":"About five cases of acute rheumatic fever in the adult","volume":"4","author":"Peretz A","year":"1985","unstructured":"Peretz A, Van Laethem Y, Famaey JP. About five cases of acute rheumatic fever in the adult. Clin Rheumatol. 1985, 4:308-11. 10.1007\/BF02031613","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Rheumatic fever in the adult: a forgotten diagnosis","volume":"33","author":"Berger B","year":"1987","unstructured":"Berger B, Swanson R, Smith S. Rheumatic fever in the adult: a forgotten diagnosis. Can Fam Physician. 1987, 33:1631-2.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(80)90003-7","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever in adults over the age of 45 years: an analysis of 23 patients together with a review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Ben-Dov I","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ben-Dov I, Berry E. Acute rheumatic fever in adults over the age of 45 years: an analysis of 23 patients together with a review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1980, 10:100-10. 10.1016\/0049-0172(80)90003-7","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-5273(98)00140-5","article-title":"Does rheumatic fever occur usually between the ages of 5 and 15 years?","volume":"1","author":"Zaman MM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zaman MM, Rouf MA, Haque S, et al.. Does rheumatic fever occur usually between the ages of 5 and 15 years?. Int J Cardiol. 1998, 1:17-21. 10.1016\/s0167-5273(98)00140-5","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braunwald's Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, Braunwald E (ed): Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2021."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.84","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Carapetis JR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carapetis JR, Beaton A, Cunningham MW, et al.. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016, 2:15084. 10.1038\/nrdp.2015.84","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.80133","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever in an adult female patient presenting with chest pain: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Reel M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Reel M, Haidar J, Blanco A, Boccio E. Acute rheumatic fever in an adult female patient presenting with chest pain: a case report. Cureus. 2025, 17:e80133. 10.7759\/cureus.80133","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196003172621101","article-title":"Mimetic features of rheumatic-fever recurrences","volume":"262","author":"Feinstein AR","year":"1960","unstructured":"Feinstein AR, Spagnuolo M. Mimetic features of rheumatic-fever recurrences. N Engl J Med. 1960, 262:533-40. 10.1056\/NEJM196003172621101","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15239","article-title":"Adherence rates and risk factors for suboptimal adherence to secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic fever","volume":"57","author":"Kevat PM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kevat PM, Gunnarsson R, Reeves BM, Ruben AR. Adherence rates and risk factors for suboptimal adherence to secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic fever. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021, 57:419-24. 10.1111\/jpc.15239","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17511\/ijmrr.2016.i03.11","article-title":"Recurrent rheumaticactivity in rheumatic heart disease","volume":"4","author":"Sarkar MK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarkar MK, Mishra R, Pandya P, Chellani AA, Ghosh N. Recurrent rheumaticactivity in rheumatic heart disease. Int J Med Res Rev. 2016, 4:353-6. 10.17511\/ijmrr.2016.i03.11","journal-title":"Int J Med Res Rev"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010223","article-title":"How many doses make a difference? An analysis of secondary prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease","volume":"7","author":"de Dassel JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Dassel JL, de Klerk N, Carapetis JR, Ralph AP. How many doses make a difference? An analysis of secondary prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018, 7:e010223. 10.1161\/JAHA.118.010223","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773214Y.0000000146","article-title":"Low adherence to secondary prophylaxis among clients diagnosed with rheumatic fever, Jamaica","volume":"108","author":"Thompson SB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thompson SB, Brown CH, Edwards AM, Lindo JL. Low adherence to secondary prophylaxis among clients diagnosed with rheumatic fever, Jamaica. Pathog Glob Health. 2014, 108:229-34. 10.1179\/2047773214Y.0000000146","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S238423","article-title":"Adherence to benzathine penicillin G secondary prophylaxis and its determinants in patients with rheumatic heart disease at a cardiac center of an Ethiopian tertiary care teaching hospital","volume":"14","author":"Mekonen KK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mekonen KK, Yismaw MB, Abiye AA, Tadesse TA. Adherence to benzathine penicillin G secondary prophylaxis and its determinants in patients with rheumatic heart disease at a cardiac center of an Ethiopian tertiary care teaching hospital. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2020, 14:343-52. 10.2147\/PPA.S238423","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1056_19","article-title":"Compliance to the secondary prophylaxis and awareness of rheumatic heart disease: a cross-sectional study in low-income province of India","volume":"9","author":"Prasad A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prasad A, Prasad A, Singh BK, Kumar S. Compliance to the secondary prophylaxis and awareness of rheumatic heart disease: a cross-sectional study in low-income province of India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020, 9:1431-5. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1056_19","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.12.007","article-title":"Current status of rheumatic heart disease in India","volume":"71","author":"Negi PC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Negi PC, Sondhi S, Asotra S, Mahajan K, Mehta A. Current status of rheumatic heart disease in India. Indian Heart J. 2019, 71:85-90. 10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.12.007","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JCPC.JCPC_25_17","article-title":"A cross-sectional study to look at the determinants of poor adherence to secondary penicillin prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease at a tertiary care center in South India","volume":"7","author":"Nemani L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nemani L, Maddury J, Barik R. A cross-sectional study to look at the determinants of poor adherence to secondary penicillin prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease at a tertiary care center in South India. J Clin Prev Cardiol. 2018, 7:5. 10.4103\/JCPC.JCPC_25_17","journal-title":"J Clin Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_941_23","article-title":"Treatment adherence and its determinants among the rheumatic fever\/rheumatic heart disease patients during COVID 19 pandemic - a cross sectional study from Chandigarh, India","volume":"12","author":"Ilanchoorian D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ilanchoorian D, Thakur JS, Vijayvergiya R, Jindal AK, Gandhi A, Sagar V. Treatment adherence and its determinants among the rheumatic fever\/rheumatic heart disease patients during COVID 19 pandemic - a cross sectional study from Chandigarh, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2023, 12:3254-61. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_941_23","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/458086-acute-rheumatic-fever-beyond-childhood-case-series-of-adult-recurrence-and-atypical-manifestations","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T11:51:58Z","timestamp":1771588318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/458086-acute-rheumatic-fever-beyond-childhood-case-series-of-adult-recurrence-and-atypical-manifestations"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":31,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.103958","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]}}}