{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:05:53Z","timestamp":1771675553556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.104014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T11:25:09Z","timestamp":1771673109000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Between Deficiency and Excess: The Dual Role of Selected Dietary Supplements in Immune Health"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Skrzypska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Glowacka-Kaminska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Wr\u00f3blewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Wojtczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Zagaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Tarczykowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Stupnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Karminska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystian","family":"Czernikiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63432-0.00004-9","article-title":"Overview of the immune system","volume":"133","author":"Medina KL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Medina KL. Overview of the immune system. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016, 133:61-76. 10.1016\/B978-0-444-63432-0.00004-9","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2019.06.011","article-title":"Innate immunity","volume":"66","author":"Kaur BP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaur BP, Secord E. Innate immunity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019, 66:905-11. 10.1016\/j.pcl.2019.06.011","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.037","article-title":"Principles and therapeutic applications of adaptive immunity","volume":"187","author":"Chi H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chi H, Pepper M, Thomas PG. Principles and therapeutic applications of adaptive immunity. Cell. 2024, 187:2052-78. 10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.037","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040283","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of immune regulation: a review","volume":"14","author":"Arneth B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arneth B. Molecular mechanisms of immune regulation: a review. Cells. 2025, 14:10.3390\/cells14040283","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Importance of dietary supplements to the health","volume":"17","author":"Mishra A","unstructured":"Mishra A, Chandel AKS, Bhalani DV, Shrivastava R. Importance of dietary supplements to the health. Current Nutrition & Food Science. 17:583-600.","journal-title":"Current Nutrition & Food Science"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020545","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of dietary supplements on cognitive performance in healthy young adults and military personnel","volume":"12","author":"Pomeroy DE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pomeroy DE, Tooley KL, Probert B, Wilson A, Kemps E. A systematic review of the effect of dietary supplements on cognitive performance in healthy young adults and military personnel. Nutrients. 2020, 12:545. 10.3390\/nu12020545","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04889-z","article-title":"Insights into dietary supplements as popular product supporting the diet","author":"Starek M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Starek M, B\u0142asiak M, D\u0105browska M. Insights into dietary supplements as popular product supporting the diet. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025, 10.1007\/s00210-025-04889-z","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016333","article-title":"Zinc: a damage signal promoting thymic repair","volume":"139","author":"Perkey E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perkey E, Maillard I. Zinc: a damage signal promoting thymic repair. Blood. 2022, 139:3569-70. 10.1182\/blood.2022016333","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-122019-120635","article-title":"Dietary and physiological effects of zinc on the immune system","volume":"41","author":"Wessels I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wessels I, Fischer HJ, Rink L. Dietary and physiological effects of zinc on the immune system. Annu Rev Nutr. 2021, 41:133-75. 10.1146\/annurev-nutr-122019-120635","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1862048","article-title":"Zinc supplementation and immune factors in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"62","author":"Jafari A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jafari A, Noormohammadi Z, Askari M, Daneshzad E. Zinc supplementation and immune factors in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022, 62:3023-41. 10.1080\/10408398.2020.1862048","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0718","article-title":"Zinc supplementation reduces common cold duration among healthy adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with micronutrients supplementation","volume":"103","author":"Wang MX","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang MX, Win SS, Pang J. Zinc supplementation reduces common cold duration among healthy adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with micronutrients supplementation. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020, 103:86-99. 10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0718","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29133130","article-title":"Zinc toxicity: Understanding the limits","volume":"29","author":"Schoofs H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schoofs H, Schmit J, Rink L. Zinc toxicity: Understanding the limits. Molecules. 2024, 29:3130. 10.3390\/molecules29133130","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572116652252","article-title":"A review of dietary zinc recommendations","volume":"37","author":"Gibson RS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gibson RS, King JC, Lowe N. A review of dietary zinc recommendations. Food Nutr Bull. 2016, 37:443-60. 10.1177\/0379572116652252","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047474","article-title":"Zinc for the prevention or treatment of acute viral respiratory tract infections in adults: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Hunter J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hunter J, Arentz S, Goldenberg J, et al.. Zinc for the prevention or treatment of acute viral respiratory tract infections in adults: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2021, 11:e047474. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047474","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1399S","article-title":"The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status","volume":"130","author":"Fraker PJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fraker PJ, King LE, Laakko T, Vollmer TL. The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status. J Nutr. 2000, 130:1399S-406S. 10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1399S","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417176111","article-title":"Stable expression and function of the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor requires palmitoylation by a DHHC6\/selenoprotein K complex","volume":"111","author":"Fredericks GJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fredericks GJ, Hoffmann FW, Rose AH, Osterheld HJ, Hess FM, Mercier F, Hoffmann PR. Stable expression and function of the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor requires palmitoylation by a DHHC6\/selenoprotein K complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014, 111:16478-83. 10.1073\/pnas.1417176111","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02917222","article-title":"Supplementation with selenium and human immune cell functions. II. Effect on cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells","volume":"41","author":"Kiremidjian-Schumacher L","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kiremidjian-Schumacher L, Roy M, Wishe HI, Cohen MW, Stotzky G. Supplementation with selenium and human immune cell functions. II. Effect on cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1994, 41:115-27. 10.1007\/BF02917222","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168532","article-title":"Selenium deficiency due to diet, pregnancy, severe illness, or COVID-19-a preventable trigger for autoimmune disease","volume":"22","author":"Schomburg L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schomburg L. Selenium deficiency due to diet, pregnancy, severe illness, or COVID-19-a preventable trigger for autoimmune disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021, 22:8532. 10.3390\/ijms22168532","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665122002658","article-title":"Selenium status and immunity","volume":"82","author":"Fairweather-Tait SJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fairweather-Tait SJ, Filippini T, Vinceti M. Selenium status and immunity. Proc Nutr Soc. 2023, 82:32-8. 10.1017\/S0029665122002658","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00175","article-title":"Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial","volume":"147","author":"Stranges S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stranges S, Marshall JR, Natarajan R, et al.. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007, 147:217-23. 10.7326\/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00175","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01717.x","article-title":"Vitamin C regulates keratinocyte viability, epidermal barrier, and basement membrane in vitro, and reduces wound contraction after grafting of cultured skin substitutes","volume":"118","author":"Boyce ST","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boyce ST, Supp AP, Swope VB, Warden GD. Vitamin C regulates keratinocyte viability, epidermal barrier, and basement membrane in vitro, and reduces wound contraction after grafting of cultured skin substitutes. J Invest Dermatol. 2002, 118:565-72. 10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01717.x","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.01.006","article-title":"Immune functions of the skin","volume":"29","author":"Bangert C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bangert C, Brunner PM, Stingl G. Immune functions of the skin. Clin Dermatol. 2011, 29:360-76. 10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.01.006","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061363","article-title":"The role of physiological vitamin C concentrations on key functions of neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals","volume":"11","author":"Bozonet SM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bozonet SM, Carr AC. The role of physiological vitamin C concentrations on key functions of neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals. Nutrients. 2019, 11:1363. 10.3390\/nu11061363","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042574","article-title":"Enhanced human neutrophil vitamin C status, chemotaxis and oxidant generation following dietary supplementation with vitamin C-rich SunGold kiwifruit","volume":"7","author":"Bozonet SM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bozonet SM, Carr AC, Pullar JM, Vissers MC. Enhanced human neutrophil vitamin C status, chemotaxis and oxidant generation following dietary supplementation with vitamin C-rich SunGold kiwifruit. Nutrients. 2015, 7:2574-88. 10.3390\/nu7042574","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107664200","article-title":"Regulation of apoptosis by vitamin C. Specific protection of the apoptotic machinery against exposure to chlorinated oxidants","volume":"276","author":"Vissers MC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vissers MC, Lee WG, Hampton MB. Regulation of apoptosis by vitamin C. Specific protection of the apoptotic machinery against exposure to chlorinated oxidants. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276:46835-40. 10.1074\/jbc.M107664200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.6.1347S","article-title":"Determination of optimal vitamin C requirements in humans","volume":"62","author":"Levine M","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levine M, Dhariwal KR, Welch RW, Wang Y, Park JB. Determination of optimal vitamin C requirements in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995, 62:1347S-56S. 10.1093\/ajcn\/62.6.1347S","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27016","article-title":"Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)","volume":"90","author":"Schleicher RL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schleicher RL, Carroll MD, Ford ES, Lacher DA. Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Am J Clin Nutr. 2009, 90:1252-63. 10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.09.005","article-title":"Total, dietary, and supplemental vitamin C intake and risk of incident kidney stones","volume":"67","author":"Ferraro PM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferraro PM, Curhan GC, Gambaro G, Taylor EN. Total, dietary, and supplemental vitamin C intake and risk of incident kidney stones. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016, 67:400-7. 10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.09.005","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.154","article-title":"An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status","volume":"80","author":"Broome CS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Broome CS, McArdle F, Kyle JA, et al.. An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004, 80:154-62. 10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.154","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.4.743","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on copper status in adult man","volume":"40","author":"Fischer PW","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fischer PW, Giroux A, L'Abb\u00e9 MR. Effect of zinc supplementation on copper status in adult man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984, 40:743-6. 10.1093\/ajcn\/40.4.743","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1437","article-title":"Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"306","author":"Klein EA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, et al.. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011, 306:1549-56. 10.1001\/jama.2011.1437","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611416253","article-title":"Ironic effects of dietary supplementation: illusory invulnerability created by taking dietary supplements licenses health-risk behaviors","volume":"22","author":"Chiou WB","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiou WB, Yang CC, Wan CS. Ironic effects of dietary supplementation: illusory invulnerability created by taking dietary supplements licenses health-risk behaviors. Psychol Sci. 2011, 22:1081-6. 10.1177\/0956797611416253","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1504267","article-title":"Emergency department visits for adverse events related to dietary supplements","volume":"373","author":"Geller AI","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geller AI, Shehab N, Weidle NJ, et al.. Emergency department visits for adverse events related to dietary supplements. N Engl J Med. 2015, 373:1531-40. 10.1056\/NEJMsa1504267","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3337","article-title":"Unapproved pharmaceutical ingredients included in dietary supplements associated with US Food and Drug Administration warnings","volume":"1","author":"Tucker J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tucker J, Fischer T, Upjohn L, Mazzera D, Kumar M. Unapproved pharmaceutical ingredients included in dietary supplements associated with US Food and Drug Administration warnings. JAMA Netw Open. 2018, 1:e183337. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3337","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/462596-between-deficiency-and-excess-the-dual-role-of-selected-dietary-supplements-in-immune-health","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T11:25:10Z","timestamp":1771673110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/462596-between-deficiency-and-excess-the-dual-role-of-selected-dietary-supplements-in-immune-health"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.104014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]}}}