{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T14:46:16Z","timestamp":1772030776352,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.104226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T13:21:54Z","timestamp":1772025714000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Holmes Tremor Secondary to a Brainstem Haemorrhage With Partial Symptomatic Improvement Following Levetiracetam Use"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Neil P","family":"Lodhia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caoilin","family":"Marstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bolaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.011874","article-title":"Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients","volume":"75","author":"Alarc\u00f3n F","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alarc\u00f3n F, Zijlmans JC, Due\u00f1as G, Cevallos N. Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004, 75:1568-74. 10.1136\/jnnp.2003.011874","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)00290-0","article-title":"Hyperkinetic movement disorders after stroke","volume":"152","author":"Ghika-Schmid F","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ghika-Schmid F, Ghika J, Regli F, et al.. Hyperkinetic movement disorders after stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1997, 152:109-16. 10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)00290-0","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.028","article-title":"Post-stroke movement disorders: the clinical, neuroanatomic, and demographic portrait of 284 published cases","volume":"27","author":"Suri R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suri R, Rodriguez-Porcel F, Donohue K, Jesse E, Lovera L, Dwivedi AK, Espay AJ. Post-stroke movement disorders: the clinical, neuroanatomic, and demographic portrait of 284 published cases. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018, 27:2388-97. 10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.028","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-025-00938-9","article-title":"Frequency, phenotypes, and neuroimaging of early post-stroke movement disorders: a prospective study","volume":"61","author":"Samra E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Samra E, Roushdy T, Zaki AS, et al.. Frequency, phenotypes, and neuroimaging of early post-stroke movement disorders: a prospective study. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg. 2025, 61:11. 10.1186\/s41983-025-00938-9","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870131303","article-title":"Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on tremor","volume":"13","author":"Deuschl G","year":"1998","unstructured":"Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on tremor. Mov Disord. 1998, 13:2-23. 10.1002\/mds.870131303","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/27.3.327","article-title":"On certain tremors in organic cerebral lesions","volume":"27","author":"Holmes G","year":"1904","unstructured":"Holmes G. On certain tremors in organic cerebral lesions. Brain. 1904, 27:327-75. 10.1093\/brain\/27.3.327","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13501","article-title":"Clinical features, neuroimaging, and levodopa\u2010responsiveness in Holmes\u2019 tremor: a video\u2010based case series with a review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Mishra A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mishra A, Pandey S. Clinical features, neuroimaging, and levodopa\u2010responsiveness in Holmes\u2019 tremor: a video\u2010based case series with a review of the literature. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022, 9:805-15. 10.1002\/mdc3.13501","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10491-z","article-title":"Thalamic versus midbrain tremor; two distinct types of Holmes' tremor: a review of 17 cases","volume":"268","author":"Nsengiyumva N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nsengiyumva N, Barakat A, Macerollo A, et al.. Thalamic versus midbrain tremor; two distinct types of Holmes' tremor: a review of 17 cases. J Neurol. 2021, 268:4152-62. 10.1007\/s00415-021-10491-z","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002440","article-title":"Holmes tremor: clinical description, lesion localization, and treatment in a series of 29 cases","volume":"86","author":"Raina GB","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raina GB, Cersosimo MG, Folgar SS, et al.. Holmes tremor: clinical description, lesion localization, and treatment in a series of 29 cases. Neurology. 2016, 86:931-8. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002440","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.103275","article-title":"Dramatic response to levetiracetam in post-ischaemic Holmes' tremor","volume":"78","author":"Striano P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Striano P, Elefante A, Coppola A, Tortora F, Zara F, Minetti C, Striano S. Dramatic response to levetiracetam in post-ischaemic Holmes' tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007, 78:438-9. 10.1136\/jnnp.2006.103275","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.683","article-title":"Evolving concepts in our understanding and treatment of Holmes tremor, over 100 years in the making","volume":"12","author":"Hey G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hey G, Hu W, Wong J, Tsuboi T, Burns MR, Ramirez-Zamora A. Evolving concepts in our understanding and treatment of Holmes tremor, over 100 years in the making. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2022, 12:18. 10.5334\/tohm.683","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.110","article-title":"Movement disorders after stroke in adults: a review","volume":"2","author":"Bansil S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bansil S, Prakash N, Kaye J, et al.. Movement disorders after stroke in adults: a review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2012, 2:2. 10.5334\/tohm.110","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22394","article-title":"Development of Holmes' tremor in a patient with Parkinson's disease following acute cerebellar infarction","volume":"24","author":"Kim DG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim DG, Koo YH, Kim OJ, Oh SH. Development of Holmes' tremor in a patient with Parkinson's disease following acute cerebellar infarction. Mov Disord. 2009, 24:463-4. 10.1002\/mds.22394","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06352-w","article-title":"Holmes tremor: an updated review","volume":"43","author":"Pyrgelis ES","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pyrgelis ES, Agapiou E, Angelopoulou E. Holmes tremor: an updated review. Neurol Sci. 2022, 43:6731-40. 10.1007\/s10072-022-06352-w","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Holmes tremor","author":"Rocha Cabrero F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rocha Cabrero F, De Jesus O. Holmes tremor. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1322549","article-title":"Unilateral thalamic Vim and GPi stimulation for the treatment of Holmes' tremor caused by midbrain cavernoma: case report and review of the literature","volume":"74","author":"Aydin S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aydin S, Abuzayed B, Kiziltan G, et al.. Unilateral thalamic Vim and GPi stimulation for the treatment of Holmes' tremor caused by midbrain cavernoma: case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2013, 74:271-6. 10.1055\/s-0032-1322549","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.JNS141098","article-title":"Pallidal stimulation for Holmes tremor: clinical outcomes and single-unit recordings in 4 cases","volume":"122","author":"Kilbane C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kilbane C, Ramirez-Zamora A, Ryapolova-Webb E, Qasim S, Glass GA, Starr PA, Ostrem JL. Pallidal stimulation for Holmes tremor: clinical outcomes and single-unit recordings in 4 cases. J Neurosurg. 2015, 122:1306-14. 10.3171\/2015.2.JNS141098","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2015.00066","article-title":"Editorial: the Olivo-Cerebellar system","volume":"9","author":"D'Angelo E","year":"2015","unstructured":"D'Angelo E, Galliano E, De Zeeuw CI. Editorial: the Olivo-Cerebellar system. Front Neural Circuits. 2015, 9:66. 10.3389\/fncir.2015.00066","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25618","article-title":"Mapping holmes tremor circuit using the human brain connectome","volume":"86","author":"Joutsa J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joutsa J, Shih LC, Fox MD. Mapping holmes tremor circuit using the human brain connectome. Ann Neurol. 2019, 86:812-20. 10.1002\/ana.25618","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13220","article-title":"Therapeutic advances in the treatment of Holmes tremor: systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Wang KL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang KL, Wong JK, Eisinger RS, et al.. Therapeutic advances in the treatment of Holmes tremor: systematic review. Neuromodulation. 2022, 25:796-803. 10.1111\/ner.13220","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.40.1.62","article-title":"Post-traumatic midbrain tremors","volume":"40","author":"Samie MR","year":"1990","unstructured":"Samie MR, Selhorst JB, Koller WC. Post-traumatic midbrain tremors. Neurology. 1990, 40:62-6. 10.1212\/wnl.40.1.62","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.08.2008.0643","article-title":"Dramatic response to levetiracetam in post-ischaemic Holmes' tremor","volume":"2009","author":"Striano P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Striano P, Elefante A, Coppola A, Tortora F, Zara F, Minetti C. Dramatic response to levetiracetam in post-ischaemic Holmes' tremor. BMJ Case Rep. 2009, 2009:10.1136\/bcr.08.2008.0643","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Levetiracetam","author":"Kumar A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar A, Maini K, Kadian R. Levetiracetam. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2025."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.03.017","article-title":"Levetiracetam, from broad-spectrum use to precision prescription: a narrative review and expert opinion","volume":"107","author":"Celdran de Castro A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Celdran de Castro A, Nascimento FA, Beltran-Corbellini \u00c1, Toledano R, Garcia-Morales I, Gil-Nagel A, Aledo-Serrano \u00c1. Levetiracetam, from broad-spectrum use to precision prescription: a narrative review and expert opinion. Seizure. 2023, 107:121-31. 10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.03.017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000154596.21335.2E","article-title":"The effect of levetiracetam on essential tremor","volume":"64","author":"Bushara KO","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bushara KO, Malik T, Exconde RE. The effect of levetiracetam on essential tremor. Neurology. 2005, 64:1078-80. 10.1212\/01.WNL.0000154596.21335.2E","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/462339-holmes-tremor-secondary-to-a-brainstem-haemorrhage-with-partial-symptomatic-improvement-following-levetiracetam-use","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T13:21:54Z","timestamp":1772025714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/462339-holmes-tremor-secondary-to-a-brainstem-haemorrhage-with-partial-symptomatic-improvement-following-levetiracetam-use"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.104226","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]}}}