{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T11:15:28Z","timestamp":1772190928266,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.104365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:28:27Z","timestamp":1772188107000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Betanin Modulates the Leptin-Adiponectin Axis and Improves Glycemic Control in a High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sagar","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayush","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satyendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarvesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117641","article-title":"Diabetes and the associated complications: the role of antioxidants in diabetes therapy and care","volume":"181","author":"Dilworth L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dilworth L, Stennett D, Facey A, Omoruyi F, Mohansingh S, Omoruyi FO. Diabetes and the associated complications: the role of antioxidants in diabetes therapy and care. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024, 181:117641. 10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117641","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.516","article-title":"Inflammation in diabetes complications: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"5","author":"Zhao L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao L, Hu H, Zhang L, et al.. Inflammation in diabetes complications: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (2020). 2024, 5:e516. 10.1002\/mco2.516","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00037","article-title":"Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance","volume":"4","author":"Cerf ME","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cerf ME. Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013, 4:37. 10.3389\/fendo.2013.00037","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06731-w","article-title":"The role of inflammation in \u03b2-cell dedifferentiation","volume":"7","author":"Nordmann TM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nordmann TM, Dror E, Schulze F, et al.. The role of inflammation in \u03b2-cell dedifferentiation. Sci Rep. 2017, 7:6285. 10.1038\/s41598-017-06731-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01951-9","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Lu X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu X, Xie Q, Pan X, et al.. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024, 9:262. 10.1038\/s41392-024-01951-9","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1","article-title":"The role of inflammation in diabetes: current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Tsalamandris S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsalamandris S, Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou E, et al.. The role of inflammation in diabetes: current concepts and future perspectives. Eur Cardiol. 2019, 14:50-9. 10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1","journal-title":"Eur Cardiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170040","article-title":"Contribution of adipose tissue inflammation to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Burhans MS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burhans MS, Hagman DK, Kuzma JN, Schmidt KA, Kratz M. Contribution of adipose tissue inflammation to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compr Physiol. 2018, 9:1-58. 10.1002\/cphy.c170040","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1207165","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome - adipokine levels and effect of drugs","volume":"33","author":"Farooq R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farooq R, Amin S, Hayat Bhat M, Malik R, Wani HA, Majid S. Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome - adipokine levels and effect of drugs. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2017, 33:75-8. 10.1080\/09513590.2016.1207165","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_491_15","article-title":"Correlation of serum adiponectin and leptin levels in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Diwan AG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Diwan AG, Kuvalekar AA, Dharamsi S, Vora AM, Nikam VA, Ghadge AA. Correlation of serum adiponectin and leptin levels in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018, 22:93-9. 10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_491_15","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3757","article-title":"Leptin revisited: its mechanism of action and potential for treating diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Coppari R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coppari R, Bj\u00f8rb\u00e6k C. Leptin revisited: its mechanism of action and potential for treating diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012, 11:692-708. 10.1038\/nrd3757","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07781-8","article-title":"Betanin alleviates oxidative stress through the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats","volume":"49","author":"Mousavi M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mousavi M, Abedimanesh N, Mohammadnejad K, et al.. Betanin alleviates oxidative stress through the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Mol Biol Rep. 2022, 49:9345-54. 10.1007\/s11033-022-07781-8","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-021-00621-9","article-title":"The anti-diabetic effects of betanin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulating AMPK\/SIRT1\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"18","author":"Abedimanesh N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abedimanesh N, Asghari S, Mohammadnejad K, et al.. The anti-diabetic effects of betanin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulating AMPK\/SIRT1\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2021, 18:92. 10.1186\/s12986-021-00621-9","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.098","article-title":"A practical guide for induction of type-2 diabetes in rat: incorporating a high-fat diet and streptozotocin","volume":"95","author":"Gheibi S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gheibi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. A practical guide for induction of type-2 diabetes in rat: incorporating a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017, 95:605-13. 10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.098","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-023-01277-3","article-title":"Animal models for induction of diabetes and its complications","volume":"22","author":"Qamar F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qamar F, Sultana S, Sharma M. Animal models for induction of diabetes and its complications. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2023, 22:1021-8. 10.1007\/s40200-023-01277-3","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201920180314","article-title":"High-fat diet and streptozotocin in the induction of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a new proposal","volume":"19","author":"Magalh\u00e3es DD","year":"20192026","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es DD, Kume WT, Correia FS, et al.. High-fat diet and streptozotocin in the induction of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a new proposal. An Acad Bras Ci\u00eanc. 20192026, 19:20180314. 10.1590\/0001-3765201920180314","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Ci\u00eanc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03843-y","article-title":"Effects of metformin on the glucose regulation, lipid levels and gut microbiota in high-fat diet with streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes mellitus rats","volume":"86","author":"Zhou X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zhou J, Ban Q, Zhang M, Ban B. Effects of metformin on the glucose regulation, lipid levels and gut microbiota in high-fat diet with streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Endocrine. 2024, 86:163-72. 10.1007\/s12020-024-03843-y","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04208","article-title":"Chemical and antioxidant properties of betalains","volume":"65","author":"Belhadj Slimen I","year":"2017","unstructured":"Belhadj Slimen I, Najar T, Abderrabba M. Chemical and antioxidant properties of betalains. J Agric Food Chem. 2017, 65:675-89. 10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04208","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0119-5","article-title":"Fatty acids stimulate insulin secretion from human pancreatic islets at fasting glucose concentrations via mitochondria-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Cen J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cen J, Sargsyan E, Bergsten P. Fatty acids stimulate insulin secretion from human pancreatic islets at fasting glucose concentrations via mitochondria-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016, 13:59. 10.1186\/s12986-016-0119-5","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091978","article-title":"Short-term betanin intake reduces oxidative stress in Wistar rats","volume":"11","author":"da Silva DV","year":"2019","unstructured":"da Silva DV, Pereira AD, Boaventura GT, et al.. Short-term betanin intake reduces oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Nutrients. 2019, 11:1978. 10.3390\/nu11091978","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.57667","article-title":"Correlation of leptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Manglani K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manglani K, Anika NN, Patel D, et al.. Correlation of leptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cureus. 2024, 16:e57667. 10.7759\/cureus.57667","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27308","article-title":"Adiponectin can be an early predictable marker for type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Ganesh V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ganesh V, M M, Palem SP. Adiponectin can be an early predictable marker for type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. Cureus. 2022, 14:e27308. 10.7759\/cureus.27308","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/466280-betanin-modulates-the-leptin-adiponectin-axis-and-improves-glycemic-control-in-a-high-fat-diet-and-streptozotocin-induced-rat-model-of-type-2-diabetes","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:28:28Z","timestamp":1772188108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/466280-betanin-modulates-the-leptin-adiponectin-axis-and-improves-glycemic-control-in-a-high-fat-diet-and-streptozotocin-induced-rat-model-of-type-2-diabetes"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.104365","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}}}