{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:30:36Z","timestamp":1792251036123,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.104505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T02:10:05Z","timestamp":1772417405000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of a Short-Term Interactive Biofeedback Therapy Using the Lumbar-Type Hybrid Assistive Limb in Older Adults With Reduced Physical Function"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Mitsutaka","family":"Yakabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Yasunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Zenita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoya","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Hosoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumito","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61464-1","article-title":"Macroeconomic implications of population ageing and selected policy responses","volume":"385","author":"Bloom DE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bloom DE, Chatterji S, Kowal P, et al.. Macroeconomic implications of population ageing and selected policy responses. Lancet. 2015, 385:649-57. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61464-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al.. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010, 39:412-23. 10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","article-title":"Frailty in elderly people","volume":"381","author":"Clegg A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013, 381:752-62. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.22-00300","article-title":"Geriatric symptoms associated with healthy life expectancy in older people in Japan","volume":"28","author":"Hosokawa R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hosokawa R, Ojima T, Myojin T, Kondo K, Kondo N. Geriatric symptoms associated with healthy life expectancy in older people in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med. 2023, 28:44. 10.1265\/ehpm.22-00300","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00192","article-title":"Sarcopenia and physical frailty: two sides of the same coin","volume":"6","author":"Cesari M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cesari M, Landi F, Vellas B, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Sarcopenia and physical frailty: two sides of the same coin. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014, 6:192. 10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00192","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac003","article-title":"Resistance exercise as a treatment for sarcopenia: prescription and delivery","volume":"51","author":"Hurst C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hurst C, Robinson SM, Witham MD, et al.. Resistance exercise as a treatment for sarcopenia: prescription and delivery. Age Ageing. 2022, 51:10.1093\/ageing\/afac003","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2025.105527","article-title":"Association of reversible frailty with all-cause mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults and analysis of factors affecting frailty reversal in older adults","volume":"26","author":"He X","year":"2025","unstructured":"He X, Jing W, Zhu R, et al.. Association of reversible frailty with all-cause mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults and analysis of factors affecting frailty reversal in older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2025, 26:105527. 10.1016\/j.jamda.2025.105527","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01928-9","article-title":"Cybernic treatment with wearable cyborg Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) improves ambulatory function in patients with slowly progressive rare neuromuscular diseases: a multicentre, randomised, controlled crossover trial for efficacy and safety (NCY-3001)","volume":"16","author":"Nakajima T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakajima T, Sankai Y, Takata S, et al.. Cybernic treatment with wearable cyborg Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) improves ambulatory function in patients with slowly progressive rare neuromuscular diseases: a multicentre, randomised, controlled crossover trial for efficacy and safety (NCY-3001). Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021, 16:304. 10.1186\/s13023-021-01928-9","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.st.2016-0094","article-title":"Interactive bio-feedback therapy using hybrid assistive limbs for motor recovery after stroke: current practice and future perspectives","volume":"56","author":"Morishita T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morishita T, Inoue T. Interactive bio-feedback therapy using hybrid assistive limbs for motor recovery after stroke: current practice and future perspectives. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2016, 56:605-12. 10.2176\/nmc.st.2016-0094","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682251343529","article-title":"Actively controlled exoskeletons show improved function and neuroplasticity compared to passive control: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Chiu KI","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chiu KI, Taylor C, Saha P, Geddes J, Bishop T, Bernard J, Lui D. Actively controlled exoskeletons show improved function and neuroplasticity compared to passive control: a systematic review. Global Spine J. 2025, 15:3933-52. 10.1177\/21925682251343529","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-141","article-title":"Pilot study of locomotion improvement using hybrid assistive limb in chronic stroke patients","volume":"13","author":"Kawamoto H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kawamoto H, Kamibayashi K, Nakata Y, et al.. Pilot study of locomotion improvement using hybrid assistive limb in chronic stroke patients. BMC Neurol. 2013, 13:141. 10.1186\/1471-2377-13-141","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112536","article-title":"Efficacy of exercise with the hybrid assistive limb lumbar type on physical function in mobility-limited older adults: a 5-week randomized controlled trial","volume":"195","author":"Saito Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saito Y, Nakamura S, Kasukawa T, Nagasawa M, Oguma Y, Narimatsu H. Efficacy of exercise with the hybrid assistive limb lumbar type on physical function in mobility-limited older adults: a 5-week randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol. 2024, 195:112536. 10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112536","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04421-3","article-title":"Exercise training using hybrid assistive limb (HAL) lumbar type for locomotive syndrome: a pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Miura K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miura K, Koda M, Tamaki K, et al.. Exercise training using hybrid assistive limb (HAL) lumbar type for locomotive syndrome: a pilot study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021, 22:533. 10.1186\/s12891-021-04421-3","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22484","article-title":"Early postoperative rehabilitation using the hybrid assistive limb (HAL) lumbar type in patients with hip fracture: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Fujikawa T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fujikawa T, Takahashi S, Shinohara N, et al.. Early postoperative rehabilitation using the hybrid assistive limb (HAL) lumbar type in patients with hip fracture: a pilot study. Cureus. 2022, 14:e22484. 10.7759\/cureus.22484","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \"Up &amp; Go\": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo D","year":"1991","unstructured":"Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed \"Up &amp;amp; Go\": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991, 39:142-8. 10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2124","article-title":"Effect of acceleration and deceleration distance on the walking speed of people with chronic stroke","volume":"48","author":"Ng SS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ng SS, Au KK, Chan EL, et al.. Effect of acceleration and deceleration distance on the walking speed of people with chronic stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2016, 48:666-70. 10.2340\/16501977-2124","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.103.1.215-222","article-title":"Reference values for the five-repetition sit-to-stand test: a descriptive meta-analysis of data from elders","volume":"103","author":"Bohannon RW","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bohannon RW. Reference values for the five-repetition sit-to-stand test: a descriptive meta-analysis of data from elders. Percept Mot Skills. 2006, 103:215-22. 10.2466\/pms.103.1.215-222","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.26064","article-title":"Validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the fingertip-to-floor test","volume":"82","author":"Perret C","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perret C, Poiraudeau S, Fermanian J, Colau MM, Benhamou MA, Revel M. Validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the fingertip-to-floor test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001, 82:1566-70. 10.1053\/apmr.2001.26064","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333721416637798","article-title":"The prognostic validity of the timed up and go test with a dual task for predicting the risk of falls in the elderly","volume":"2","author":"Hofheinz M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hofheinz M, Mibs M. The prognostic validity of the timed up and go test with a dual task for predicting the risk of falls in the elderly. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2016, 2:2333721416637798. 10.1177\/2333721416637798","journal-title":"Gerontol Geriatr Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-14","article-title":"Is the Timed Up and Go test a useful predictor of risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Barry E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barry E, Galvin R, Keogh C, Horgan F, Fahey T. Is the Timed Up and Go test a useful predictor of risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2014, 14:14. 10.1186\/1471-2318-14-14","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.3915","article-title":"Effectiveness of a therapeutic Tai Ji Quan intervention vs a multimodal exercise intervention to prevent falls among older adults at high risk of falling: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"178","author":"Li F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K, et al.. Effectiveness of a therapeutic Tai Ji Quan intervention vs a multimodal exercise intervention to prevent falls among older adults at high risk of falling: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018, 178:1301-10. 10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.3915","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00701.x","article-title":"Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults","volume":"54","author":"Perera S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006, 54:743-9. 10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00701.x","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2013-0236","article-title":"Walking speed: the functional vital sign","volume":"23","author":"Middleton A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Middleton A, Fritz SL, Lusardi M. Walking speed: the functional vital sign. J Aging Phys Act. 2015, 23:314-22. 10.1123\/japa.2013-0236","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1923","article-title":"Gait speed and survival in older adults","volume":"305","author":"Studenski S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al.. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011, 305:50-8. 10.1001\/jama.2010.1923","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146.","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried LP","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al.. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001, 56:146-156. 10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10060510","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of five times sit to stand test (FTSST) in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Bermejo L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Bermejo L, Adsuar JC, Mendoza-Mu\u00f1oz M, Barrios-Fern\u00e1ndez S, Garcia-Gordillo MA, P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez J, Carlos-Vivas J. Test-retest reliability of five times sit to stand test (FTSST) in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biology (Basel). 2021, 10:10.3390\/biology10060510","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01777.x.","article-title":"Five times sit to stand test is a predictor of recurrent falls in healthy community-living subjects aged 65 and older","volume":"56","author":"Buatois S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buatois S, Miljkovic D, Manckoundia P, et al.. Five times sit to stand test is a predictor of recurrent falls in healthy community-living subjects aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008, 56:1575-1577. 10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01777.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23475","article-title":"Biofeedback physical therapy with the hybrid assistive limb (HAL) lumbar type for chronic low back pain: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Yasunaga Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yasunaga Y, Koizumi R, Toyoda T, et al.. Biofeedback physical therapy with the hybrid assistive limb (HAL) lumbar type for chronic low back pain: a pilot study. Cureus. 2022, 14:e23475. 10.7759\/cureus.23475","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00215","article-title":"Biofeedback core exercise using hybrid assistive limb for physical frailty patients with or without Parkinson's disease","volume":"11","author":"Kotani N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kotani N, Morishita T, Yatsugi A, et al.. Biofeedback core exercise using hybrid assistive limb for physical frailty patients with or without Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol. 2020, 11:215. 10.3389\/fneur.2020.00215","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac303","article-title":"Effects of a 12-week Vivifrail exercise program on intrinsic capacity among frail cognitively impaired community-dwelling older adults: secondary analysis of a multicentre randomised clinical trial","volume":"51","author":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez JL","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez JL, de Souto Barreto P, Ant\u00f3n-Rodrigo I, et al.. Effects of a 12-week Vivifrail exercise program on intrinsic capacity among frail cognitively impaired community-dwelling older adults: secondary analysis of a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Age Ageing. 2022, 51:10.1093\/ageing\/afac303","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13359","article-title":"Dose-response effects of resistance training on physical function in frail older Chinese adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Lai X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai X, Zhu H, Wu Z, Chen B, Jiang Q, Du H, Huo X. Dose-response effects of resistance training on physical function in frail older Chinese adults: A randomized controlled trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023, 14:2824-34. 10.1002\/jcsm.13359","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-21-0381","article-title":"Effects of cardiac rehabilitation with lumbar-type hybrid assistive limb on muscle strength in patients with chronic heart failure - a randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Kato H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kato H, Watanabe H, Koike A, et al.. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation with lumbar-type hybrid assistive limb on muscle strength in patients with chronic heart failure - a randomized controlled trial. Circ J. 2021, 86:60-7. 10.1253\/circj.CJ-21-0381","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.207","article-title":"Immediate effects of a single session of robot-assisted gait training using Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) for cerebral palsy","volume":"30","author":"Matsuda M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matsuda M, Mataki Y, Mutsuzaki H, et al.. Immediate effects of a single session of robot-assisted gait training using Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) for cerebral palsy. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018, 30:207-12. 10.1589\/jpts.30.207","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/453825-effects-of-a-short-term-interactive-biofeedback-therapy-using-the-lumbar-type-hybrid-assistive-limb-in-older-adults-with-reduced-physical-function","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T02:10:07Z","timestamp":1772417407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/453825-effects-of-a-short-term-interactive-biofeedback-therapy-using-the-lumbar-type-hybrid-assistive-limb-in-older-adults-with-reduced-physical-function"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.104505","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}