{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T05:58:27Z","timestamp":1772431107998,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.104515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T05:01:25Z","timestamp":1772427685000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and Anatomical Distribution of Physiologic Gingival Pigmentation and Its Association With Facial Complexion and Lip Tone in a South Indian Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Simran","family":"Chahal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shankar S","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Rajan Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Kurumathur Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.04.001","article-title":"The melanocyte and the epidermal melanin unit: an expanded concept","volume":"25","author":"Nordlund JJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nordlund JJ. The melanocyte and the epidermal melanin unit: an expanded concept. Dermatol Clin. 2007, 25:271-81, vii. 10.1016\/j.det.2007.04.001","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1967.38.5.369","article-title":"Pigmentation of the oral tissues: a review of the literature","volume":"38","author":"Dummett CO","year":"1967","unstructured":"Dummett CO, Barens G. Pigmentation of the oral tissues: a review of the literature. J Periodontol. 1967, 38:369-78. 10.1902\/jop.1967.38.5.369","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Correlating skin color with gingival pigmentation patterns in South Indians - a cross sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Ponnaiyan D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ponnaiyan D, Jegadeesan V, Perumal G, Anusha A. Correlating skin color with gingival pigmentation patterns in South Indians - a cross sectional study. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2014, 13:132-6.","journal-title":"Oral Health Dent Manag"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0403","article-title":"The evolution of human skin coloration","volume":"39","author":"Jablonski NG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The evolution of human skin coloration. J Hum Evol. 2000, 39:57-106. 10.1006\/jhev.2000.0403","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522235","article-title":"A genomewide association study of skin pigmentation in a South Asian population","volume":"81","author":"Stokowski RP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stokowski RP, Pant PV, Dadd T, et al.. A genomewide association study of skin pigmentation in a South Asian population. Am J Hum Genet. 2007, 81:1119-32. 10.1086\/522235","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08365","article-title":"Reconstructing Indian population history","volume":"461","author":"Reich D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reich D, Thangaraj K, Patterson N, Price AL, Singh L. Reconstructing Indian population history. Nature. 2009, 461:489-94. 10.1038\/nature08365","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jnspoi.v5i1.38178","article-title":"Prevalence of gingival pigmentation and its association with gingival biotype and skin colour","volume":"5","author":"Rijal A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rijal A, Dhami B, Pandey N, Aryal D. Prevalence of gingival pigmentation and its association with gingival biotype and skin colour. J Nepal Soc Periodontol Oral Implantol. 2021, 5:19-25. 10.3126\/jnspoi.v5i1.38178","journal-title":"J Nepal Soc Periodontol Oral Implantol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00879.x","article-title":"Oral melanin pigmentation in 467 Thai and Malaysian people with special emphasis on smoker's melanosis","volume":"20","author":"Hedin CA","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hedin CA, Ax\u00e9ll T. Oral melanin pigmentation in 467 Thai and Malaysian people with special emphasis on smoker's melanosis. J Oral Pathol Med. 1991, 20:8-12. 10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00879.x","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.29901","article-title":"Treatment of gingival pigmentation: a case series","volume":"16","author":"Deepak P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deepak P, Sunil S, Mishra R, Sheshadri. Treatment of gingival pigmentation: a case series. Indian J Dent Res. 2005, 16:171-6. 10.4103\/0970-9290.29901","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijd.2012.05.007","article-title":"Development in techniques for gingival depigmentation - an update","volume":"3","author":"Kumar S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar S, Bhat GS, Bhat KM. Development in techniques for gingival depigmentation - an update. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012, 3:213-21. 10.1016\/j.ijd.2012.05.007","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1951.01570110003001","article-title":"Chemical analysis of the intact skin by reflectance spectrophotometry","volume":"64","author":"Goldzieher JW","year":"1951","unstructured":"Goldzieher JW, Roberts IS, Rawls WB, Goldzieher MA. Chemical analysis of the intact skin by reflectance spectrophotometry. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol. 1951, 64:533-48. 10.1001\/archderm.1951.01570110003001","journal-title":"AMA Arch Derm Syphilol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670060015008","article-title":"The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI","volume":"124","author":"Fitzpatrick TB","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick TB. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol. 1988, 124:869-71. 10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670060015008","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/36\/3\/001","article-title":"Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems","volume":"36","author":"Diffey BL","year":"1991","unstructured":"Diffey BL. Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems. Phys Med Biol. 1991, 36:299-328. 10.1088\/0031-9155\/36\/3\/001","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.110801.143233","article-title":"Genetics of hair and skin color","volume":"37","author":"Rees JL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rees JL. Genetics of hair and skin color. Annu Rev Genet. 2003, 37:67-90. 10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.110801.143233","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/467123-prevalence-and-anatomical-distribution-of-physiologic-gingival-pigmentation-and-its-association-with-facial-complexion-and-lip-tone-in-a-south-indian-population-a-cross-sectional-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T05:01:26Z","timestamp":1772427686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/467123-prevalence-and-anatomical-distribution-of-physiologic-gingival-pigmentation-and-its-association-with-facial-complexion-and-lip-tone-in-a-south-indian-population-a-cross-sectional-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.104515","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}