{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:02:12Z","timestamp":1772748132172,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.104727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T21:02:50Z","timestamp":1772744570000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in Non-diabetic Conditions Beyond Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease: Emerging Evidence, Mechanisms, and Practical Considerations"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Digantkumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tejas","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpae092","article-title":"State-of-the-art-review: mechanisms of action of SGLT2 inhibitors and clinical implications","volume":"37","author":"Vallon V","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vallon V. State-of-the-art-review: mechanisms of action of SGLT2 inhibitors and clinical implications. Am J Hypertens. 2024, 37:841-52. 10.1093\/ajh\/hpae092","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2023.1764","article-title":"Intrarenal mechanisms of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on tubuloglomerular feedback and natriuresis","volume":"38","author":"Koh ES","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koh ES, Kim GH, Chung S. Intrarenal mechanisms of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on tubuloglomerular feedback and natriuresis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2023, 38:359-72. 10.3803\/EnM.2023.1764","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00384.2017","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic agents as novel natriuretic therapies in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"315","author":"Le\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D, Cherney DZ, Bjornstad P, Castilla-Guerra L, Miramontes Gonz\u00e1lez JP. Antihyperglycemic agents as novel natriuretic therapies in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2018, 315:F1406-15. 10.1152\/ajprenal.00384.2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.11684","article-title":"Antihypertensive and renal mechanisms of SGLT2 (sodium-glucose linked transporter 2) inhibitors","volume":"75","author":"Wilcox CS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilcox CS. Antihypertensive and renal mechanisms of SGLT2 (sodium-glucose linked transporter 2) inhibitors. Hypertension. 2020, 75:894-901. 10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.11684","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000425","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors and kidney protection: mechanisms beyond tubuloglomerular feedback","volume":"5","author":"Upadhyay A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Upadhyay A. SGLT2 inhibitors and kidney protection: mechanisms beyond tubuloglomerular feedback. Kidney360. 2024, 5:771-82. 10.34067\/KID.0000000000000425","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70378","article-title":"Blood pressure effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: mechanisms, trial evidence and real-world data","author":"Belan\u010di\u0107 A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Belan\u010di\u0107 A, Sener YZ, Vu\u010dkovi\u0107 M, et al.. Blood pressure effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: mechanisms, trial evidence and real-world data. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2025, 10.1002\/bcp.70378","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12954","article-title":"Dapagliflozin once daily plus exenatide once weekly in obese adults without diabetes: sustained reductions in body weight, glycaemia and blood pressure over 1\u2009year","volume":"19","author":"Lundkvist P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lundkvist P, Pereira MJ, Katsogiannos P, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m CD, Johnsson E, Eriksson JW. Dapagliflozin once daily plus exenatide once weekly in obese adults without diabetes: sustained reductions in body weight, glycaemia and blood pressure over 1\u2009year. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017, 19:1276-88. 10.1111\/dom.12954","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1694808","article-title":"Effectiveness of GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors in preventing T2DM in high-risk patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Tsironikos GI","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsironikos GI, Tsolaki V, Zakynthinos GE, et al.. Effectiveness of GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors in preventing T2DM in high-risk patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc. 2025, 6:1694808. 10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1694808","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1646","article-title":"Empagliflozin reduces liver fat in individuals with and without diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Abdelgani S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelgani S, Khattab A, Adams J, et al.. Empagliflozin reduces liver fat in individuals with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2024, 47:668-75. 10.2337\/dc23-1646","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.10.030","article-title":"Hyperuricemia and gout reduction by SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetes and heart failure: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"83","author":"Packer M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Packer M. Hyperuricemia and gout reduction by SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetes and heart failure: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024, 83:371-81. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.10.030","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1551390","article-title":"Serum uric acid reduction through SGLT2 inhibitors: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Yang S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang S, Hu Q, Liu K, Xiao B, Zhang B, Su N. Serum uric acid reduction through SGLT2 inhibitors: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2025, 16:1551390. 10.3389\/fphar.2025.1551390","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2024.04.013","article-title":"Newer glucose-lowering drugs and risk of gout: a network meta-analysis of randomized outcomes trials","volume":"46","author":"Wang A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang A, Shi W, Zhang N, Tang H, Feng X. Newer glucose-lowering drugs and risk of gout: a network meta-analysis of randomized outcomes trials. Clin Ther. 2024, 46:851-4. 10.1016\/j.clinthera.2024.04.013","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52603-5","article-title":"Efficacy of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on hepatic fibrosis and steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ong Lopez AM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ong Lopez AM, Pajimna JA. Efficacy of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on hepatic fibrosis and steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:2122. 10.1038\/s41598-024-52603-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01797-0","article-title":"\"Efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in non-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis\"","volume":"24","author":"Abbas MS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abbas MS, Dandamudi M, Rehman T, et al.. \"Efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in non-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis\". J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2025, 24:285. 10.1007\/s40200-025-01797-0","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107647","article-title":"The efficacy of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"213","author":"Li H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Hou Y, Xin W, et al.. The efficacy of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2025, 213:107647. 10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107647","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003658","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors on lipid profiles in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a comprehensive Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Khalil I","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khalil I, Hossain MI, Akter M, Al-Badri SG. Comparative efficacy of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors on lipid profiles in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a comprehensive Bayesian network meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2025, 87:6008-22. 10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003658","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019090944","article-title":"A randomized trial of empagliflozin to increase plasma sodium levels in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis","volume":"31","author":"Refardt J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Refardt J, Imber C, Sailer CO, et al.. A randomized trial of empagliflozin to increase plasma sodium levels in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020, 31:615-24. 10.1681\/ASN.2019090944","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1453159","article-title":"Empagliflozin: a wonder drug for the treatment of SIAD?","volume":"15","author":"Tzoulis P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tzoulis P. Empagliflozin: a wonder drug for the treatment of SIAD?. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024, 15:1453159. 10.3389\/fendo.2024.1453159","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf130","article-title":"The effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on blood pressure in relation to baseline kidney function: a systematic literature review and data analysis","volume":"39","author":"M\u00f8ller CA","year":"2026","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller CA, Nielsen SF, Mose FH. The effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on blood pressure in relation to baseline kidney function: a systematic literature review and data analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2026, 39:122-33. 10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf130","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031623","article-title":"Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on stroke and atrial fibrillation in diabetic kidney disease: results from the CREDENCE trial and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Zhou Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Jardine MJ, Li Q, et al.. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on stroke and atrial fibrillation in diabetic kidney disease: results from the CREDENCE trial and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2021, 52:1545-56. 10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031623","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101582","article-title":"The effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on stroke and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Fatima K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fatima K, Suri A, Rija A, et al.. The effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on stroke and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023, 48:101582. 10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101582","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-022-02606-1","article-title":"Potential use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in obstructive sleep apnea: a new treatment on the horizon","volume":"27","author":"Tanriover C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanriover C, Ucku D, Akyol M, et al.. Potential use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in obstructive sleep apnea: a new treatment on the horizon. Sleep Breath. 2023, 27:77-89. 10.1007\/s11325-022-02606-1","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.108708","article-title":"Sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor for obstructive sleep apnea in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Yang R","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yang R, Zhao Q, Guo J, Wu L, Qin L, Liu T. Sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor for obstructive sleep apnea in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2026, 138:108708. 10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.108708","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.830401","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effect of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on metabolic parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Sinha B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinha B, Ghosal S. A meta-analysis of the effect of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on metabolic parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022, 13:830401. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.830401","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al.. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015, 373:2117-28. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611925","article-title":"Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Neal B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al.. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017, 377:644-57. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1611925","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"380","author":"Wiviott SD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al.. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019, 380:347-57. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1515920","article-title":"Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Wanner C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al.. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:323-34. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1515920","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000280","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibition and tubular sodium handling","volume":"35","author":"Palmer BF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. SGLT2 inhibition and tubular sodium handling. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024, 35:131-3. 10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000280","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cont.2025.102299","article-title":"Nocturia and SGLT2 inhibitors: a review of pathophysiology, clinical evidence, and therapeutic implications","volume":"16","author":"Antonellis M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Antonellis M, Adler R, Kozlov M, Lazar J, Weiss JP. Nocturia and SGLT2 inhibitors: a review of pathophysiology, clinical evidence, and therapeutic implications. Continence. 2025, 16:10.1016\/j.cont.2025.102299","journal-title":"Continence"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aed.2025.09.013","article-title":"Treatment of refractory syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor","volume":"13","author":"Chan N","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chan N, Gosmanov AR. Treatment of refractory syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor. AACE Endocrinol Diabetes. 2026, 13:37-40. 10.1016\/j.aed.2025.09.013","journal-title":"AACE Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","article-title":"Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"380","author":"Perkovic V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al.. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019, 380:2295-306. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044775","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and cardiac, kidney, and limb outcomes in patients with and without peripheral artery disease in DECLARE-TIMI 58","volume":"142","author":"Bonaca MP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonaca MP, Wiviott SD, Zelniker TA, et al.. Dapagliflozin and cardiac, kidney, and limb outcomes in patients with and without peripheral artery disease in DECLARE-TIMI 58. Circulation. 2020, 142:734-47. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044775","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/466286-sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-sglt2-inhibitors-in-non-diabetic-conditions-beyond-heart-failure-and-chronic-kidney-disease-emerging-evidence-mechanisms-and-practical-considerations","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T21:02:51Z","timestamp":1772744571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/466286-sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-sglt2-inhibitors-in-non-diabetic-conditions-beyond-heart-failure-and-chronic-kidney-disease-emerging-evidence-mechanisms-and-practical-considerations"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.104727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}}}