{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:03:05Z","timestamp":1772992985974,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.104853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T14:23:54Z","timestamp":1772979834000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrointestinal Tract Mycobacterial Infection in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)\/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA): Case Reports and Patterns of Endoscopic Involvement"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Gabriella Cec\u00edlia","family":"Vanin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Vitor","family":"Santos-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor","family":"Matachon Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose  C","family":"Ardengh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Calanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28007","article-title":"Intestinal Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a kidney transplant patient","volume":"14","author":"Walters C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walters C, Puwar D, Patel C, Eshaghian D, Unnithan Raghuraman V. Intestinal Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a kidney transplant patient. Cureus. 2022, 14:e28007. 10.7759\/cureus.28007","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV","year":"2002","unstructured":"Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. ClinicalInfo.HIV.gov [Internet]. US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville (MD); 2002."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00417-0","article-title":"Protein-losing enteropathy caused by disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient receiving antiretroviral therapy: an autopsy case report","volume":"18","author":"Konishi K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Konishi K, Nakagawa H, Nakahira A, Okuno T, Inoue T, Shirano M. Protein-losing enteropathy caused by disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient receiving antiretroviral therapy: an autopsy case report. AIDS Res Ther. 2021, 18:90. 10.1186\/s12981-021-00417-0","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.185.2.1410332","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tract in the immunocompromised host: opportunistic infections and other complications","volume":"185","author":"Wall SD","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wall SD, Jones B. Gastrointestinal tract in the immunocompromised host: opportunistic infections and other complications. Radiology. 1992, 185:327-35. 10.1148\/radiology.185.2.1410332","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.004","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and abdominal tuberculosis","volume":"50","author":"Eraksoy H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eraksoy H. Gastrointestinal and abdominal tuberculosis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2021, 50:341-60. 10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.004","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-231435","article-title":"Oesophageal tuberculosis with concomitant candidiasis: a rare cause of dysphagia","volume":"12","author":"Morare NM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morare NM, Rose DM, Appels O. Oesophageal tuberculosis with concomitant candidiasis: a rare cause of dysphagia. BMJ Case Rep. 2019, 12:e231435. 10.1136\/bcr-2019-231435","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.117068","article-title":"Molecular detection of intestinal protozoa and microsporidia in HIV\/AIDS patients","volume":"114","author":"Yurekturk S","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yurekturk S, Cak\u0131rca TD, Gurbuz E, Aydemir S, Ekici A. Molecular detection of intestinal protozoa and microsporidia in HIV\/AIDS patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2026, 114:117068. 10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.117068","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182a827d2","article-title":"Opportunistic infections due to inflammatory bowel disease therapy","volume":"20","author":"Dave M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dave M, Purohit T, Razonable R, Loftus EV Jr. Opportunistic infections due to inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014, 20:196-212. 10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182a827d2","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00731-4","article-title":"Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of cryptococcosis: an initiative of the ECMM and ISHAM in cooperation with the ASM","volume":"24","author":"Chang CC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang CC, Harrison TS, Bicanic TA, et al.. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of cryptococcosis: an initiative of the ECMM and ISHAM in cooperation with the ASM. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024, 24:e495-512. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00731-4","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00067","article-title":"Phylogenomics and comparative genomic studies robustly support division of the genus Mycobacterium into an emended genus Mycobacterium and four novel genera","volume":"9","author":"Gupta RS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. Phylogenomics and comparative genomic studies robustly support division of the genus Mycobacterium into an emended genus Mycobacterium and four novel genera. Front Microbiol. 2018, 9:67. 10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00067","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102329","article-title":"The Mycobacterium avium complex: genomics, disease, and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Matos S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Matos S, Portugal I, Perdig\u00e3o J. The Mycobacterium avium complex: genomics, disease, and beyond. Microorganisms. 2025, 13:2329. 10.3390\/microorganisms13102329","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0024-2016","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria-overview","volume":"5","author":"Koh WJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koh WJ. Nontuberculous mycobacteria-overview. Microbiol Spectr. 2017, 5:10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0024-2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaf017","article-title":"Molecular typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a review of current methods, databases, softwares, and analytical tools","volume":"49","author":"Couvin D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Couvin D, Allaguy AS, Ez-Zari A, Jagielski T, Rastogi N. Molecular typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a review of current methods, databases, softwares, and analytical tools. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2025, 49:fuaf017. 10.1093\/femsre\/fuaf017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70100-2","article-title":"Pulmonary infections associated with non-tuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent patients","volume":"8","author":"Piersimoni C","year":"2008","unstructured":"Piersimoni C, Scarparo C. Pulmonary infections associated with non-tuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent patients. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008, 8:323-34. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70100-2","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","article-title":"Leprosy","volume":"363","author":"Britton WJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Britton WJ, Lockwood DN. Leprosy. Lancet. 2004, 363:1209-19. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00535-2020","article-title":"Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS\/ERS\/ESCMID\/IDSA clinical practice guideline","volume":"56","author":"Daley CL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daley CL, Iaccarino JM, Lange C, et al.. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS\/ERS\/ESCMID\/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020, 56:2000535. 10.1183\/13993003.00535-2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02479-6","article-title":"Tuberculosis","volume":"405","author":"Trajman A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Trajman A, Campbell JR, Kunor T, Ruslami R, Amanullah F, Behr MA, Menzies D. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2025, 405:850-66. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02479-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14831","article-title":"Abdominal tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract: revisited","volume":"20","author":"Debi U","year":"2014","unstructured":"Debi U, Ravisankar V, Prasad KK, Sinha SK, Sharma AK. Abdominal tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract: revisited. World J Gastroenterol. 2014, 20:14831-40. 10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14831","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2025","year":"2025","unstructured":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2025. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2025."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02211-2","article-title":"Esophageal tuberculosis induced dysphagia: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Olson D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olson D, Liu KC, Merza AP, Tilahun E, Aziz Aadam A. Esophageal tuberculosis induced dysphagia: a case report. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022, 22:131. 10.1186\/s12876-022-02211-2","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036954","article-title":"Intestinal nontuberculous mycobacteria infection: a case report","volume":"103","author":"Xu Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Y, Yang J, Cui L, Huang C, Wu C. Intestinal nontuberculous mycobacteria infection: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024, 103:e36954. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000036954","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03014.x","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of nontuberculous mycobacteria infections","volume":"15","author":"Tortoli E","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tortoli E. Clinical manifestations of nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009, 15:906-10. 10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03014.x","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000001033","article-title":"Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient treated with immunosuppressants","volume":"10","author":"Ito Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ito Y, Watanabe D, Ikeda S, et al.. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient treated with immunosuppressants. ACG Case Rep J. 2023, 10:e01033. 10.14309\/crj.0000000000001033","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2022.8845\/2022","article-title":"Gastrointestinal infection by Mycobacterium avium with an unusual endoscopic presentation","volume":"115","author":"de Lima Pi\u00f1a GP","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Lima Pi\u00f1a GP, Carrascosa Gil J, D\u00edaz Galvis LA, Fuertes Jim\u00e9nez C. Gastrointestinal infection by Mycobacterium avium with an unusual endoscopic presentation. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2023, 115:190-1. 10.17235\/reed.2022.8845\/2022","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Manual of Recommendations for the Control of Tuberculosis in Brazil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manual of Recommendations for the Control of Tuberculosis in Brazil. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Bras\u00edlia; 2019."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2308181","article-title":"HIV-associated tuberculosis","volume":"391","author":"Meintjes G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meintjes G, Maartens G. HIV-associated tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2024, 391:343-55. 10.1056\/NEJMra2308181","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"WHO Operational Handbook on Tuberculosis: Module 3: Diagnosis","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO Operational Handbook on Tuberculosis. Module 3: Diagnosis. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2021."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2018.5563\/2018","article-title":"Endoscopic closure of tracheoesophageal fistula for tuberculosis with an over-the-scope-clip","volume":"110","author":"Mosquera Klinger G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mosquera Klinger G, Holgu\u00edn-Cardona A. Endoscopic closure of tracheoesophageal fistula for tuberculosis with an over-the-scope-clip. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2018, 110:594-6. 10.17235\/reed.2018.5563\/2018","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1200894","article-title":"Tuberculosis","volume":"368","author":"Zumla A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zumla A, Raviglione M, Hafner R, von Reyn CF. Tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2013, 368:745-55. 10.1056\/NEJMra1200894","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/469723-gastrointestinal-tract-mycobacterial-infection-in-people-living-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hivacquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-aids-plwha-case-reports-and-patterns-of-endoscopic-involvement","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T14:23:55Z","timestamp":1772979835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/469723-gastrointestinal-tract-mycobacterial-infection-in-people-living-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hivacquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-aids-plwha-case-reports-and-patterns-of-endoscopic-involvement"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.104853","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]}}}