{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:15:34Z","timestamp":1773922534054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.105476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:56:26Z","timestamp":1773906986000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adverse Drug Reactions to Antihypertensive Therapy: A Prospective Evaluation of Causality and Severity Using the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) and Hartwig-Siegel Scales"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Karan","family":"Suneja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shalini","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarvesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K K","family":"Sawlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambuj","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Bhagchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.943595","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adult patients attending the outpatient department at the primary hospitals of Wolkait tegedie zone, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Belay DG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belay DG, Fekadu Wolde H, Molla MD, et al.. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adult patients attending the outpatient department at the primary hospitals of Wolkait tegedie zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Front Neurol. 2022, 13:943595. 10.3389\/fneur.2022.943595","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"A global brief on hypertension. silent killer, global public health crisis: World Health Day 2013. (2013). Accessed: 17 March 2026: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/a-global-brief-on-hypertension-silent-killer-global-public-health-crisis-worl...."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260403","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension, and related factors among adults in Wolaita, southern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Kumma WP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumma WP, Lindtj\u00f8rn B, Loha E. Prevalence of hypertension, and related factors among adults in Wolaita, southern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021, 16:e0260403. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0260403","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17741-1","article-title":"Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data","volume":"365","author":"Kearney PM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005, 365:217-223. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17741-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04538-6","article-title":"The link between adherence to antihypertensive medications and mortality rates in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"25","author":"Peng X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peng X, Wan L, Yu B, Zhang J. The link between adherence to antihypertensive medications and mortality rates in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2025, 25:145. 10.1186\/s12872-025-04538-6","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67343-6","article-title":"Responding to the threat of chronic diseases in India","volume":"366","author":"Srinath Reddy K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Srinath Reddy K, Shah B, Varghese C, Ramadoss A. Responding to the threat of chronic diseases in India. Lancet. 2005, 366:1744-1749. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67343-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2019.09.012","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension among Indian adults: results from the Great India Blood Pressure Survey","volume":"71","author":"Ramakrishnan S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan S, Zachariah G, Gupta K, et al.. Prevalence of hypertension among Indian adults: results from the Great India Blood Pressure Survey. Indian Heart J. 2019, 71:309-313. 10.1016\/j.ihj.2019.09.012","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_6_17","article-title":"A profile of adverse effects of antihypertensive medicines in a tertiary care clinic in Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Olowofela AO","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olowofela AO, Isah AO. A profile of adverse effects of antihypertensive medicines in a tertiary care clinic in Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2017, 16:114-119. 10.4103\/aam.aam_6_17","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_3096_21","article-title":"The Indian registry on current patient profiles & treatment trends in hypertension (RECORD): one year interim analysis","volume":"158","author":"Rajadhyaksha GC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rajadhyaksha GC, Reddy H, Singh AK, Oomman A, Adhyapak SM. The Indian registry on current patient profiles & treatment trends in hypertension (RECORD): one year interim analysis. Indian J Med Res. 2023, 158:244-255. 10.4103\/ijmr.ijmr_3096_21","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-024-01832-9","article-title":"Exploring the association of adverse drug reactions with medication adherence and quality of life among hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"47","author":"Insani WN","year":"2025","unstructured":"Insani WN, Wei L, Abdulah R, et al.. Exploring the association of adverse drug reactions with medication adherence and quality of life among hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2025, 47:354-364. 10.1007\/s11096-024-01832-9","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054602","article-title":"Harmonization of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology\/European Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure\/Hypertension guidelines: comparisons, reflections, and recommendations","volume":"146","author":"Whelton PK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whelton PK, Carey RM, Mancia G, Kreutz R, Bundy JD, Williams B. Harmonization of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology\/European Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure\/Hypertension guidelines: comparisons, reflections, and recommendations. Circulation. 2022, 146:868-877. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054602","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12237","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Weber MA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, et al.. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014, 16:14-26. 10.1111\/jch.12237","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000597","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"138","author":"Whelton PK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2018, 138:e426-483. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000597","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001309","article-title":"2025 ACC\/AHA\/ACEP\/NAEMSP\/SCAI Guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"151","author":"Rao SV","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rao SV, O'Donoghue ML, Ruel M, et al.. 2025 ACC\/AHA\/ACEP\/NAEMSP\/SCAI Guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2025, 151:e771-862. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001309","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_901_20","article-title":"Adverse event reporting tools and regulatory measures in India through outcome of Pharmacovigilance Programme of India","volume":"53","author":"Prakash J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prakash J, Sachdeva R, Shrivastava TP, Jayachandran CV, Sahu A. Adverse event reporting tools and regulatory measures in India through outcome of Pharmacovigilance Programme of India. Indian J Pharmacol. 2021, 53:143-152. 10.4103\/ijp.ijp_901_20","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20191570","article-title":"The study of adverse drug reactions of antihypertensive medicines in essential hypertension patients in Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","volume":"8","author":"Roy B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roy B, Mohanty S, Prasad A, Pattanayak C, Palit R, Chouhan AS. The study of adverse drug reactions of antihypertensive medicines in essential hypertension patients in Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2019, 8:886-891. 10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20191570","journal-title":"Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"The use of the WHO-UMC system for standardised case causality assessment. (2013). Accessed. 17 March 2026: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/WHO-causality-assessment."},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Preventability and severity assessment in reporting adverse drug reactions","volume":"49","author":"Hartwig SC","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hartwig SC, Siegel J, Schneider PJ. Preventability and severity assessment in reporting adverse drug reactions. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1992, 49:2229-2232.","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcsop.2023.100315","article-title":"Prescribing patterns of antihypertensive medications: a systematic review of literature between 2010 and 2020","volume":"11","author":"Abdelkader NN","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelkader NN, Awaisu A, Elewa H, El Hajj MS. Prescribing patterns of antihypertensive medications: a systematic review of literature between 2010 and 2020. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2023, 11:100315. 10.1016\/j.rcsop.2023.100315","journal-title":"Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539520965280","article-title":"Prescribing patterns of antihypertensive medications in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Arshad V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arshad V, Samad Z, Das J, et al.. Prescribing patterns of antihypertensive medications in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2021, 33:14-22. 10.1177\/1010539520965280","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2162113","article-title":"Analysis of prescription status of antihypertensive drugs in Chinese patients with hypertension based on real-world study","volume":"55","author":"Yang R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang R, Tang J, Kuang M, Liu H. Analysis of prescription status of antihypertensive drugs in Chinese patients with hypertension based on real-world study. Ann Med. 2023, 55:276-284. 10.1080\/07853890.2022.2162113","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001418","article-title":"Long-term persistence with antihypertensive drugs in new patients","volume":"16","author":"Degli Esposti E","year":"2002","unstructured":"Degli Esposti E, Sturani A, Di Martino M, et al.. Long-term persistence with antihypertensive drugs in new patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2002, 16:439-444. 10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001418","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.11.940.34520","article-title":"Discontinuation of antihypertensive drugs due to adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Ross SD","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ross SD, Akhras KS, Zhang S, Rozinsky M, Nalysnyk L. Discontinuation of antihypertensive drugs due to adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2001, 21:940-953. 10.1592\/phco.21.11.940.34520","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2008-2231-20-34","article-title":"Monitoring of adverse drug reactions associated with antihypertensive medicines at a university teaching hospital in New Delhi","volume":"20","author":"Khurshid F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khurshid F, Aqil M, Alam MS, Kapur P, Pillai KK. Monitoring of adverse drug reactions associated with antihypertensive medicines at a university teaching hospital in New Delhi. Daru. 2012, 20:34. 10.1186\/2008-2231-20-34","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JRS-180025","article-title":"Reporting of adverse drug reactions in India: a review of the current scenario, obstacles and possible solutions","volume":"30","author":"Mulchandani R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mulchandani R, Kakkar AK. Reporting of adverse drug reactions in India: a review of the current scenario, obstacles and possible solutions. Int J Risk Saf Med. 2019, 30:33-44. 10.3233\/JRS-180025","journal-title":"Int J Risk Saf Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030395","article-title":"Digital technology applications in the management of adverse drug reactions: bibliometric analysis","volume":"17","author":"Litvinova O","year":"2024","unstructured":"Litvinova O, Yeung AW, Hammerle FP, et al.. Digital technology applications in the management of adverse drug reactions: bibliometric analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024, 17:395. 10.3390\/ph17030395","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-025-01975-3","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in pharmacovigilance: a narrative review and practical experience with an expert-defined Bayesian network tool","volume":"47","author":"Algarvio RC","year":"2025","unstructured":"Algarvio RC, Concei\u00e7\u00e3o J, Rodrigues PP, Ribeiro I, Ferreira-da-Silva R. Artificial intelligence in pharmacovigilance: a narrative review and practical experience with an expert-defined Bayesian network tool. Int J Clin Pharm. 2025, 47:932-944. 10.1007\/s11096-025-01975-3","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986251361435","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in pharmacovigilance: advancing drug safety monitoring and regulatory integration","volume":"16","author":"Nagar A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nagar A, Gobburu J, Chakravarty A. Artificial intelligence in pharmacovigilance: advancing drug safety monitoring and regulatory integration. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2025, 16:20420986251361435. 10.1177\/20420986251361435","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2025.02.008","article-title":"Artificial intelligence\u00a0(AI) in pharmacovigilance: a systematic review on predicting adverse drug reactions\u00a0(ADR) in hospitalized patients","volume":"21","author":"Dsouza VS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dsouza VS, Leyens L, Kurian JR, Brand A, Brand H. Artificial intelligence\u00a0(AI) in pharmacovigilance: a systematic review on predicting adverse drug reactions\u00a0(ADR) in hospitalized patients. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2025, 21:453-462. 10.1016\/j.sapharm.2025.02.008","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/473026-adverse-drug-reactions-to-antihypertensive-therapy-a-prospective-evaluation-of-causality-and-severity-using-the-world-health-organization-uppsala-monitoring-centre-who-umc-and-hartwig-siegel-scales","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:56:28Z","timestamp":1773906988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/473026-adverse-drug-reactions-to-antihypertensive-therapy-a-prospective-evaluation-of-causality-and-severity-using-the-world-health-organization-uppsala-monitoring-centre-who-umc-and-hartwig-siegel-scales"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.105476","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}