{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:20:25Z","timestamp":1773933625071,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.105492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:58:26Z","timestamp":1773925106000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Robustness Comparison of the Virtual Bolus Method and Robust Optimization in Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy Using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ryohei","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumihiro","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujiro","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukio","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Tohyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norifumi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ishikura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2016.10.012","article-title":"A new split arc VMAT technique for lymph node positive breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Boman E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boman E, Rossi M, Haltamo M, Skytt\u00e4 T, Kapanen M. A new split arc VMAT technique for lymph node positive breast cancer. Phys Med. 2016, 11:P1428-36. 10.1016\/j.ejmp.2016.10.012","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3598442","article-title":"Planning strategies in volumetric modulated are therapy for breast","volume":"38","author":"Giorgia N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giorgia N, Antonella F, Alessandro C, Eugenio V, Luca C. Planning strategies in volumetric modulated are therapy for breast. Med Phys. 2011, 38:4025-31. 10.1118\/1.3598442","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.05.010","article-title":"Pseudo skin flash on VMAT in breast radiotherapy: optimization of virtual bolus thickness and HU values","volume":"63","author":"Lizondo M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lizondo M, Latorre-Musoll A, Ribas M, Carrasco P, Espinosa N, Coral A, Jornet N. Pseudo skin flash on VMAT in breast radiotherapy: optimization of virtual bolus thickness and HU values. Phys Med. 2019, 63:56-62. 10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.05.010","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.09.024","article-title":"The influence of respiratory motion on dose distribution in accelerated partial breast irradiation using volumetric modulated arc therapy","volume":"80","author":"Yamauchi R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamauchi R, Mizuno N, Itazawa T, Kawamori J. The influence of respiratory motion on dose distribution in accelerated partial breast irradiation using volumetric modulated arc therapy. Phys Med. 2020, 80:23-33. 10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.09.024","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.12.013","article-title":"Accelerated partial breast irradiation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus whole breast irradiation: 5-year survival analysis of a phase 3 randomised controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Livi L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Livi L, Meattini I, Marrazzo L, et al.. Accelerated partial breast irradiation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus whole breast irradiation: 5-year survival analysis of a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2015, 51:451-63. 10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.12.013","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.12.005","article-title":"Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with simultaneously integrated boost shortens treatment time and is noninferior to conventional radiation therapy followed by sequential boost in adjuvant breast cancer treatment: results of a large randomized phase III trial (IMRT-MC2 Trial)","volume":"109","author":"H\u00f6rner-Rieber J","year":"2021","unstructured":"H\u00f6rner-Rieber J, Forster T, Hommertgen A, et al.. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with simultaneously integrated boost shortens treatment time and is noninferior to conventional radiation therapy followed by sequential boost in adjuvant breast cancer treatment: results of a large randomized phase III trial (IMRT-MC2 Trial). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2021, 109:1311-24. 10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.12.005","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.105028","article-title":"The current practice of volumetric modulated arc therapy for breast cancer in Europe - a survey by the EFOMP VMAT breast working group","volume":"136","author":"Koivum\u00e4ki T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koivum\u00e4ki T, Clivio A, Doolan P, et al.. The current practice of volumetric modulated arc therapy for breast cancer in Europe - a survey by the EFOMP VMAT breast working group. Phys Med. 2025, 136:105028. 10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.105028","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.05.038","article-title":"Volumetric modulated arc therapy improves dosimetry and reduces treatment time compared to conventional intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locoregional radiotherapy of left-sided breast cancer and internal mammary nodes","volume":"76","author":"Popescu CC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Popescu CC, Olivotto IA, Beckham WA, et al.. Volumetric modulated arc therapy improves dosimetry and reduces treatment time compared to conventional intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locoregional radiotherapy of left-sided breast cancer and internal mammary nodes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010, 76:287-95. 10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.05.038","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.10.003","article-title":"Three-dimensional intrafractional motion of breast during tangential breast irradiation monitored with high-sampling frequency using a real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy system","volume":"70","author":"Kinoshita R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kinoshita R, Shimizu S, Taguchi H, et al.. Three-dimensional intrafractional motion of breast during tangential breast irradiation monitored with high-sampling frequency using a real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008, 70:931-4. 10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.10.003","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2003.08.005","article-title":"Impact of radiation therapy on acute toxicity in breast conservation therapy for early breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Back M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Back M, Guerrieri M, Wratten C, Steigler A. Impact of radiation therapy on acute toxicity in breast conservation therapy for early breast cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2004, 16:12-6. 10.1016\/j.clon.2003.08.005","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.07.021","article-title":"Breast deformation during the course of radiotherapy: the need for an additional outer margin","volume":"65","author":"Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 J, Vuolukka K, Vir\u00e9n T, et al.. Breast deformation during the course of radiotherapy: the need for an additional outer margin. Phys Med. 2019, 65:1-5. 10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.07.021","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12409","article-title":"Dosimetric effects of anatomical deformations and positioning errors in VMAT breast radiotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Rossi M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rossi M, Boman E, Skytt\u00e4 T, Haltamo M, Laaksomaa M, Kapanen M. Dosimetric effects of anatomical deformations and positioning errors in VMAT breast radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2018, 19:506-16. 10.1002\/acm2.12409","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2018.10.001","article-title":"Optimal selection of optimization bolus thickness in planning of VMAT breast radiotherapy treatments","volume":"44","author":"Rossi M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rossi M, Boman E, Kapanen M. Optimal selection of optimization bolus thickness in planning of VMAT breast radiotherapy treatments. Med Dosim. 2019, 44:266-73. 10.1016\/j.meddos.2018.10.001","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"ICRU Report 83, prescribing, recording, and reporting intensity-modulated photon-beam therapy (IMRT). (2012). Accessed. December 7, 2024: https:\/\/www.icru.org\/report\/prescribing-recording-and-reporting-intensity-modulated-photon-beam-therapy-imrticru-repo...."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3556559","article-title":"Minimax optimization for handling range and setup uncertainties in proton therapy","volume":"38","author":"Fredriksson A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fredriksson A, Forsgren A, H\u00e5rdemark B. Minimax optimization for handling range and setup uncertainties in proton therapy. Med Phys. 2011, 38:1672-84. 10.1118\/1.3556559","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.105001","article-title":"Evaluating robustness for respiratory motion in accelerated partial breast irradiation using virtual bolus and robust optimization methods","volume":"134","author":"Tomita F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tomita F, Yamauchi R, Akiyama S, Masuda T, Uchida N, Ishikura S. Evaluating robustness for respiratory motion in accelerated partial breast irradiation using virtual bolus and robust optimization methods. Phys Med. 2025, 134:105001. 10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.105001","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2024.101535","article-title":"Intensity modulated therapy for patients with breast cancer. Practical guidelines and tips for an effective treatment planning strategy","volume":"9","author":"Fogliata A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fogliata A, Burger H, Groenewald A, Punt L, Parkes J, Cozzi L. Intensity modulated therapy for patients with breast cancer. Practical guidelines and tips for an effective treatment planning strategy. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2024, 9:101535. 10.1016\/j.adro.2024.101535","journal-title":"Adv Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rraf011","article-title":"A robust planning approach for respiratory motion in accelerated partial breast irradiation using volumetric modulated arc therapy","volume":"66","author":"Yamauchi R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yamauchi R, Tomita F, Ishikura S. A robust planning approach for respiratory motion in accelerated partial breast irradiation using volumetric modulated arc therapy. J Radiat Res. 2025, 66:185-95. 10.1093\/jrr\/rraf011","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14217","article-title":"A robust treatment planning approach for chest motion in postmastectomy chest wall intensity modulated radiation therapy","volume":"25","author":"Miyasaka Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miyasaka Y, Ono T, Chai H, et al.. A robust treatment planning approach for chest motion in postmastectomy chest wall intensity modulated radiation therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2024, 25:e14217. 10.1002\/acm2.14217","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2020.09.005","article-title":"The robustness of VMAT radiotherapy for breast cancer with tissue deformations","volume":"46","author":"Rossi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rossi M, Vir\u00e9n T, Heikkil\u00e4 J, Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 J, Boman E. The robustness of VMAT radiotherapy for breast cancer with tissue deformations. Med Dosim. 2021, 46:86-93. 10.1016\/j.meddos.2020.09.005","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280456","article-title":"Robustness of VMAT to setup errors in postmastectomy radiotherapy of left-sided breast cancer: impact of bolus thickness","volume":"18","author":"He Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Y, Chen S, Gao X, et al.. Robustness of VMAT to setup errors in postmastectomy radiotherapy of left-sided breast cancer: impact of bolus thickness. PLoS One. 2023, 18:e0280456. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0280456","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2014.11.030","article-title":"ESTRO consensus guideline on target volume delineation for elective radiation therapy of early stage breast cancer","volume":"114","author":"Offersen BV","year":"2015","unstructured":"Offersen BV, Boersma LJ, Kirkove C, et al.. ESTRO consensus guideline on target volume delineation for elective radiation therapy of early stage breast cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2015, 114:3-10. 10.1016\/j.radonc.2014.11.030","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Breast cancer atlas for radiation therapy planning. consensus definitions. (2009). Accessed: December 7, 2024: http:\/\/www.rtog.org\/."},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Dosimetric advantages of robust optimization combined with flattening filter free in treating cancer of the left breast","volume":"14","author":"Luo H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo H, Lou J, Feng W, et al.. Dosimetric advantages of robust optimization combined with flattening filter free in treating cancer of the left breast. Am J Transl Res. 2022, 14:7985-93.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/469767-robustness-comparison-of-the-virtual-bolus-method-and-robust-optimization-in-postmastectomy-radiation-therapy-using-volumetric-modulated-arc-therapy","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:58:27Z","timestamp":1773925107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/469767-robustness-comparison-of-the-virtual-bolus-method-and-robust-optimization-in-postmastectomy-radiation-therapy-using-volumetric-modulated-arc-therapy"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":24,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.105492","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}