{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T17:55:02Z","timestamp":1774461302798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.105843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T16:07:18Z","timestamp":1774454838000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Experience of Intense Pulse Light Therapy Along With Meibomian Gland Expression in Patients With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Vijay","family":"Shetty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitin S","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prajakta","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jekin","family":"Choubisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akshay","family":"Chavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seeba","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfin","family":"Shaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amruta","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ojas N","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maninder S","family":"Setia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.09.001","article-title":"Latest evidences on meibomian gland dysfunction diagnosis and management","volume":"18","author":"Villani E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villani E, Marelli L, Dellavalle A, Serafino M, Nucci P. Latest evidences on meibomian gland dysfunction diagnosis and management. Ocul Surf. 2020, 18:871-92. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.09.001","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Meibomian gland disease","author":"Kaur K","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kaur K, Stokkermans TJ. Meibomian gland disease. Statpearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2026."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997a","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: executive summary","volume":"52","author":"Nichols KK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nichols KK, Foulks GN, Bron AJ, et al.. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: executive summary. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011, 52:1922-9. 10.1167\/iovs.10-6997a","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1755441","article-title":"Global prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Hassanzadeh S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hassanzadeh S, Varmaghani M, Zarei-Ghanavati S, Heravian Shandiz J, Azimi Khorasani A. Global prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021, 29:66-75. 10.1080\/09273948.2020.1755441","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-03249-w","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction in Central and South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Chen H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen H, McCann P, Lien T, et al.. Prevalence of dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction in Central and South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2024, 24:50. 10.1186\/s12886-023-03249-w","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2021.1958351","article-title":"PREVALENCE OF MEIBOMIAN GLAND DYSFUNCTION IN AFRICA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES","volume":"29","author":"Akowuah PK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akowuah PK, Kobia-Acquah E, Donkor R, et al.. PREVALENCE OF MEIBOMIAN GLAND DYSFUNCTION IN AFRICA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2022, 29:374-83. 10.1080\/09286586.2021.1958351","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2023.2301325","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Mini Review","volume":"49","author":"N\u00f8land ST","year":"2024","unstructured":"N\u00f8land ST, Magn\u00f8 MS, Utheim TP, Chen X. Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Mini Review. Curr Eye Res. 2024, 49:447-57. 10.1080\/02713683.2023.2301325","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.12.214","article-title":"Characterization of Dry Eye Disease and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem CellTransplantation","volume":"23","author":"Rodrigues MV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodrigues MV, Ferrer MMT, Miranda ECM, et al.. Characterization of Dry Eye Disease and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem CellTransplantation. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2017, 23:297. 10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.12.214","journal-title":"Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997e","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on the epidemiology of, and associated risk factors for, MGD","volume":"52","author":"Schaumberg DA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaumberg DA, Nichols JJ, Papas EB, Tong L, Uchino M, Nichols KK. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on the epidemiology of, and associated risk factors for, MGD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011, 52:1994-2005. 10.1167\/iovs.10-6997e","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.07.003","article-title":"Ageing and the natural history of dry eye disease: A prospective registry-based cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Wang MT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang MT, Muntz A, Lim J, Kim JS, Lacerda L, Arora A, Craig JP. Ageing and the natural history of dry eye disease: A prospective registry-based cross-sectional study. Ocul Surf. 2020, 18:736-41. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.07.003","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00291","article-title":"Clinical Analysis: Aqueous-Deficient and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Patients With Primary Sjogren's Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Wang Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Qin Q, Liu B, Fu Y, Lin L, Huang X, Jin X. Clinical Analysis: Aqueous-Deficient and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Patients With Primary Sjogren's Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019, 6:291. 10.3389\/fmed.2019.00291","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.04.005","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based Lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands","volume":"19","author":"Vehof J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vehof J, Snieder H, Jansonius N, Hammond CJ. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based Lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands. Ocul Surf. 2021, 19:83-93. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.04.005","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.10.001","article-title":"Use of digital displays and ocular surface alterations: A review","volume":"19","author":"Talens-Estarelles C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Talens-Estarelles C, Garc\u00eda-Marqu\u00e9s JV, Cervino A, Garc\u00eda-L\u00e1zaro S. Use of digital displays and ocular surface alterations: A review. Ocul Surf. 2021, 19:252-65. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.10.001","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00669-1","article-title":"Dry Eye Disease Associated with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Focus on Tear Film Characteristics and the Therapeutic Landscape","volume":"12","author":"Sheppard JD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sheppard JD, Nichols KK. Dry Eye Disease Associated with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Focus on Tear Film Characteristics and the Therapeutic Landscape. Ophthalmol Ther. 2023, 12:1397-418. 10.1007\/s40123-023-00669-1","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997g","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on management and treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"52","author":"Geerling G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geerling G, Tauber J, Baudouin C, et al.. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on management and treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011, 52:2050-64. 10.1167\/iovs.10-6997g","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.10.005","article-title":"Randomized double-masked trial of eyelid cleansing treatments for blepharitis","volume":"16","author":"Sung J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sung J, Wang MT, Lee SH, Cheung IM, Ismail S, Sherwin T, Craig JP. Randomized double-masked trial of eyelid cleansing treatments for blepharitis. Ocul Surf. 2018, 16:77-83. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.10.005","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P051185","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in tear fluid lipidome brought about by eyelid-warming treatment in a cohort of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"55","author":"Lam SM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lam SM, Tong L, Duan X, et al.. Longitudinal changes in tear fluid lipidome brought about by eyelid-warming treatment in a cohort of meibomian gland dysfunction. J Lipid Res. 2014, 55:1959-69. 10.1194\/jlr.P051185","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030529","article-title":"How Long to Continue Eyelid Hygiene to Treat Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Ahn H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahn H, Kim BY, Kim J, et al.. How Long to Continue Eyelid Hygiene to Treat Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:10.3390\/jcm11030529","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000258","article-title":"Compliance and Subjective Patient Responses to Eyelid Hygiene","volume":"43","author":"Alghamdi YA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alghamdi YA, Camp A, Feuer W, Karp CL, Wellik S, Galor A. Compliance and Subjective Patient Responses to Eyelid Hygiene. Eye Contact Lens. 2017, 43:213-7. 10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000258","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04322-1","article-title":"Efficacy of azithromycin 1.5% eyedrops vs oral doxycycline in meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized trial","volume":"257","author":"Satitpitakul V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Satitpitakul V, Ratanawongphaibul K, Kasetsuwan N, Reinprayoon U. Efficacy of azithromycin 1.5% eyedrops vs oral doxycycline in meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019, 257:1289-94. 10.1007\/s00417-019-04322-1","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2005.19.4.258","article-title":"The effect of low-dose doxycycline therapy in chronic meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Yoo SE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yoo SE, Lee DC, Chang MH. The effect of low-dose doxycycline therapy in chronic meibomian gland dysfunction. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2005, 19:258-63. 10.3341\/kjo.2005.19.4.258","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305410","article-title":"Oral azithromycin versus doxycycline in meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomised double-masked open-label clinical trial","volume":"99","author":"Kashkouli MB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kashkouli MB, Fazel AJ, Kiavash V, Nojomi M, Ghiasian L. Oral azithromycin versus doxycycline in meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomised double-masked open-label clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015, 99:199-204. 10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305410","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000176611.88579.0a","article-title":"Efficacy of commercially available topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"Perry HD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perry HD, Doshi-Carnevale S, Donnenfeld ED, Solomon R, Biser SA, Bloom AH. Efficacy of commercially available topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea. 2006, 25:171-5. 10.1097\/01.ico.0000176611.88579.0a","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13161992","article-title":"A short-term comparative evaluation of multiple treatment modalities for meibomian gland dysfunction: a prospective clinical study","volume":"13","author":"Bulut M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bulut M, Reyhan AH, Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 G. A short-term comparative evaluation of multiple treatment modalities for meibomian gland dysfunction: a prospective clinical study. Healthcare (Basel). 2025, 13:10.3390\/healthcare13161992","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002235","article-title":"A 6-week, prospective, randomized, single-masked study of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5% versus thermal pulsation procedure for treatment of inflammatory meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"39","author":"Tauber J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tauber J. A 6-week, prospective, randomized, single-masked study of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5% versus thermal pulsation procedure for treatment of inflammatory meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea. 2020, 39:403-7. 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002235","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.08.015","article-title":"Effects of topical loteprednol etabonate on tear cytokines and clinical outcomes in moderate and severe meibomian gland dysfunction: randomized clinical trial","volume":"158","author":"Lee H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee H, Chung B, Kim KS, Seo KY, Choi BJ, Kim TI. Effects of topical loteprednol etabonate on tear cytokines and clinical outcomes in moderate and severe meibomian gland dysfunction: randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014, 158:1172-1183.e1. 10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.08.015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S148167","article-title":"Effect of topical 3% diquafosol sodium on eyes with dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Amano S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amano S, Inoue K. Effect of topical 3% diquafosol sodium on eyes with dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017, 11:1677-82. 10.2147\/OPTH.S148167","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001682","article-title":"Effect of the meibomian gland squeezer for treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"Wang DH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang DH, Liu XQ, Hao XJ, Zhang YJ, Zhu HY, Dong ZG. Effect of the meibomian gland squeezer for treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea. 2018, 37:1270-8. 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001682","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003090","article-title":"Randomized prospective evaluation of microblepharoexfoliation Blephex as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of chalazia","volume":"42","author":"Zhu D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu D, Gupta RR, Stein RL, Quintero J, Morcos MM, Link TJ, Perry HD. Randomized prospective evaluation of microblepharoexfoliation Blephex as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of chalazia. Cornea. 2023, 42:172-5. 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003090","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05363-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a vectored thermal pulsation system (Lipiflow\u00ae) in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"260","author":"Hu J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu J, Zhu S, Liu X. Efficacy and safety of a vectored thermal pulsation system (Lipiflow\u00ae) in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022, 260:25-39. 10.1007\/s00417-021-05363-1","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S109663","article-title":"The sustained effect (12 months) of a single-dose vectored thermal pulsation procedure for meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye","volume":"10","author":"Blackie CA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blackie CA, Coleman CA, Holland EJ. The sustained effect (12 months) of a single-dose vectored thermal pulsation procedure for meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016, 10:1385-96. 10.2147\/OPTH.S109663","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000777","article-title":"Efficacy of intraductal meibomian gland probing on tear function in patients with obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Ma X","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma X, Lu Y. Efficacy of intraductal meibomian gland probing on tear function in patients with obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea. 2016, 35:725-30. 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000777","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.08.009","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a new intense pulsed light, thermaeye plus, in the treatment of dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Verg\u00e9s C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verg\u00e9s C, Salgado-Borges J, Ribot FM. Prospective evaluation of a new intense pulsed light, thermaeye plus, in the treatment of dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction. J Optom. 2021, 14:103-13. 10.1016\/j.optom.2020.08.009","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S217639","article-title":"Intense pulsed light therapy in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction: current perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Giannaccare G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Giannaccare G, Taroni L, Senni C, Scorcia V. Intense pulsed light therapy in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction: current perspectives. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2019, 11:113-26. 10.2147\/OPTO.S217639","journal-title":"Clin Optom (Auckl)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12541","article-title":"Intense pulsed light treatment and meibomian gland expression for moderate to advanced meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"101","author":"Albietz JM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albietz JM, Schmid KL. Intense pulsed light treatment and meibomian gland expression for moderate to advanced meibomian gland dysfunction. Clin Exp Optom. 2018, 101:23-33. 10.1111\/cxo.12541","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2018.4499","article-title":"Long-term effects of intense pulsed light combined with meibomian gland expression in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"36","author":"Rong B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rong B, Tang Y, Liu R, Tu P, Qiao J, Song W, Yan X. Long-term effects of intense pulsed light combined with meibomian gland expression in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Photomed Laser Surg. 2018, 36:562-7. 10.1089\/pho.2018.4499","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/618206","article-title":"Unconventional use of intense pulsed light","volume":"2014","author":"Piccolo D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Piccolo D, Di Marcantonio D, Crisman G, Cannarozzo G, Sannino M, Chiricozzi A, Chimenti S. Unconventional use of intense pulsed light. Biomed Res Int. 2014, 2014:618206. 10.1155\/2014\/618206","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20408","article-title":"The effects of intense pulsed light (IPL) on blood vessels investigated by mathematical modeling","volume":"39","author":"B\u00e4umler W","year":"2007","unstructured":"B\u00e4umler W, Vural E, Landthaler M, Muzzi F, Shafirstein G. The effects of intense pulsed light (IPL) on blood vessels investigated by mathematical modeling. Lasers Surg Med. 2007, 39:132-9. 10.1002\/lsm.20408","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-4835(03)00197-0","article-title":"The influence of eyelid temperature on the delivery of meibomian oil","volume":"78","author":"Nagymihalyi A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nagymihalyi A, Dikstein S, Tiffany JM. The influence of eyelid temperature on the delivery of meibomian oil. Exp Eye Res. 2004, 78:367-70. 10.1016\/s0014-4835(03)00197-0","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.02.005","article-title":"The optimum temperature for the heat therapy for meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"Borchman D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borchman D. The optimum temperature for the heat therapy for meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf. 2019, 17:360-4. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.02.005","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.827544","article-title":"Lipidomics profiles revealed alterations in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction after exposure to intense pulsed light","volume":"13","author":"Zhao H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wu SN, Shao Y, Xiao D, Tang LY, Cheng Z, Peng J. Lipidomics profiles revealed alterations in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction after exposure to intense pulsed light. Front Neurol. 2022, 13:827544. 10.3389\/fneur.2022.827544","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(98)00219-X","article-title":"Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells","volume":"49","author":"Karu T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Karu T. Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1999, 49:1-17. 10.1016\/S1011-1344(98)00219-X","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Biological effects of low level laser therapy","volume":"5","author":"Farivar S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farivar S, Malekshahabi T, Shiari R. Biological effects of low level laser therapy. J Lasers Med Sci. 2014, 5:58-62.","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2014.11.005","article-title":"Increased fibroblast proliferation and activity after applying intense pulsed light 800-1200 nm","volume":"198","author":"Cuerda-Galindo E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cuerda-Galindo E, D\u00edaz-Gil G, Palomar-Gallego MA, Linares-Garc\u00edaValdecasas R. Increased fibroblast proliferation and activity after applying intense pulsed light 800-1200 nm. Ann Anat. 2015, 198:66-72. 10.1016\/j.aanat.2014.11.005","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-010-0870-1","article-title":"IPL irradiation rejuvenates skin collagen via the bidirectional regulation of MMP-1 and TGF-\u03b21 mediated by MAPKs in fibroblasts","volume":"26","author":"Huang J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang J, Luo X, Lu J, et al.. IPL irradiation rejuvenates skin collagen via the bidirectional regulation of MMP-1 and TGF-\u03b21 mediated by MAPKs in fibroblasts. Lasers Med Sci. 2011, 26:381-7. 10.1007\/s10103-010-0870-1","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14764172.2013.864198","article-title":"Intense pulsed light may improve inflammatory acne through TNF-\u03b1 down-regulation","volume":"16","author":"Taylor M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor M, Porter R, Gonzalez M. Intense pulsed light may improve inflammatory acne through TNF-\u03b1 down-regulation. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2014, 16:96-103. 10.3109\/14764172.2013.864198","journal-title":"J Cosmet Laser Ther"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.08.021","article-title":"Analysis of cytokine levels in tears and clinical correlations after intense pulsed light treating meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"183","author":"Liu R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu R, Rong B, Tu P, et al.. Analysis of cytokine levels in tears and clinical correlations after intense pulsed light treating meibomian gland dysfunction. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017, 183:81-90. 10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.08.021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00164671","article-title":"Oxidative reactions in the tear fluid of patients suffering from dry eyes","volume":"233","author":"Augustin AJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Augustin AJ, Spitznas M, Kaviani N, Meller D, Koch FH, Grus F, G\u00f6bbels MJ. Oxidative reactions in the tear fluid of patients suffering from dry eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1995, 233:694-8. 10.1007\/BF00164671","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2019.03.009","article-title":"Intense pulsed light therapy: a promising complementary treatment for dry eye disease","volume":"94","author":"Mej\u00eda LF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mej\u00eda LF, Gil JC, Jaramillo M. Intense pulsed light therapy: a promising complementary treatment for dry eye disease. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed). 2019, 94:331-6. 10.1016\/j.oftal.2019.03.009","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2017.4402","article-title":"Intense pulsed light applied directly on eyelids combined with meibomian gland expression to treat meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"36","author":"Rong B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rong B, Tang Y, Tu P, et al.. Intense pulsed light applied directly on eyelids combined with meibomian gland expression to treat meibomian gland dysfunction. Photomed Laser Surg. 2018, 36:326-32. 10.1089\/pho.2017.4402","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2014.3819","article-title":"Intense pulsed light treatment for dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction; a 3-year retrospective study","volume":"33","author":"Toyos R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Toyos R, McGill W, Briscoe D. Intense pulsed light treatment for dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction; a 3-year retrospective study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2015, 33:41-6. 10.1089\/pho.2014.3819","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2016.12.018","article-title":"Effect of pulsed laser light in patients with dry eye syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Guilloto Caballero S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guilloto Caballero S, Garc\u00eda Madrona JL, Colmenero Reina E. Effect of pulsed laser light in patients with dry eye syndrome. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2017, 92:509-15. 10.1016\/j.oftal.2016.12.018","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2018.4509","article-title":"Intense pulsed light treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction in skin types III\/IV","volume":"37","author":"Li D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li D, Lin SB, Cheng B. Intense pulsed light treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction in skin types III\/IV. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019, 37:70-6. 10.1089\/photob.2018.4509","journal-title":"Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000934","article-title":"Effect of intense pulsed light therapy in dry eye disease caused by meibomian gland dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Miao S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miao S, Yan R, Jia Y, Pan Z. Effect of intense pulsed light therapy in dry eye disease caused by meibomian gland dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye Contact Lens. 2022, 48:424-9. 10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000934","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04834-1","article-title":"Intense pulsed light for meibomian gland dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"259","author":"Leng X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leng X, Shi M, Liu X, Cui J, Sun H, Lu X. Intense pulsed light for meibomian gland dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021, 259:1-10. 10.1007\/s00417-020-04834-1","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2012.08.007","article-title":"Meibography: a review of techniques and technologies","volume":"26","author":"Wise RJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wise RJ, Sobel RK, Allen RC. Meibography: a review of techniques and technologies. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2012, 26:349-56. 10.1016\/j.sjopt.2012.08.007","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61336\/jccp\/25-11-102","article-title":"Comparison of clinical grades of meibomian gland dysfunction with meibography degrees of gland loss","volume":"11","author":"Ashwini KG","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashwini KG, Nuthan Babu B, Niranjan V, Thimmasamudram V. Comparison of clinical grades of meibomian gland dysfunction with meibography degrees of gland loss. J Contemp Clin Pract. 2025, 11:763-9. 10.61336\/jccp\/25-11-102","journal-title":"J Contemp Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51329\/mehdiophthal1510","article-title":"Ocular surface disease Index questionnaire in different languages","volume":"13","author":"Aljarousha M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aljarousha M, Alghamdi WM, Attaallah S, Alhoot MA. Ocular surface disease Index questionnaire in different languages. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol. 2024, 13:190-200. 10.51329\/mehdiophthal1510","journal-title":"Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcor.jcor_149_23","article-title":"Comparative analysis of dry eye questionnaire 5 and ocular surface disease index in assessing dry eye symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Kadiri B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kadiri B, Vivekanand U, Lobo SR. Comparative analysis of dry eye questionnaire 5 and ocular surface disease index in assessing dry eye symptoms. J Clin Ophthalmol Res. 2024, 12:130-32. 10.4103\/jcor.jcor_149_23","journal-title":"J Clin Ophthalmol Res"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.2788.4963","article-title":"Screening, diagnosis and management of dry eye disease: practical guidelines for Canadian optometrists","volume":"76","author":"Langis Michaud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Langis Michaud. Screening, diagnosis and management of dry eye disease: practical guidelines for Canadian optometrists. Can J Optom. 2014, 76:1-31. 10.13140\/RG.2.1.2788.4963","journal-title":"Can J Optom"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Ocular Surface Disease Index","volume":"118","author":"Schiffman RM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schiffman RM, Christianson MD, Jacobsen G, Hirsch JD, Reis BL. Reliability and validity of the Ocular Surface Disease Index. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000, 118:615-21. 10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Evaluating the functional impact of dry eye: the Ocular Surface Disease Index","volume":"31","author":"Walt J","year":"1997","unstructured":"Walt J, Rowe M, Stern K. Evaluating the functional impact of dry eye: the Ocular Surface Disease Index. Drug Inf J. 1997, 31:b5.","journal-title":"Drug Inf J"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2052105","article-title":"Statistical evaluation of correlated measurement data in longitudinal setting based on bilateral corneal cross-linking","volume":"47","author":"Herber R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herber R, Graehlert X, Raiskup F, Vesel\u00e1 M, Pillunat LE, Spoerl E. Statistical evaluation of correlated measurement data in longitudinal setting based on bilateral corneal cross-linking. Curr Eye Res. 2022, 47:995-1002. 10.1080\/02713683.2022.2052105","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2016.1259636","article-title":"Tutorial on biostatistics: linear regression analysis of continuous correlated eye data","volume":"24","author":"Ying GS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ying GS, Maguire MG, Glynn R, Rosner B. Tutorial on biostatistics: linear regression analysis of continuous correlated eye data. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017, 24:130-40. 10.1080\/09286586.2016.1259636","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike H","year":"1974","unstructured":"Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Autom Control. 1974, 19:716-23. 10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Control"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.199","article-title":"The Bayesian information criterion: background, derivation, and applications","volume":"4","author":"Neath A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neath A, Cavanaugh J. The Bayesian information criterion: background, derivation, and applications. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat. 2012, 4:199-203. 10.1002\/wics.199","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1979.tb01084.x","article-title":"Comments on model selection criteria of Akaike and Schwarz","volume":"41","author":"Stone M","year":"1979","unstructured":"Stone M. Comments on model selection criteria of Akaike and Schwarz. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol. 1979, 41:276-8. 10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1979.tb01084.x","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3684963","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of intense pulsed light (IPL) combined with meibomian gland expression (MgX) on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD)","volume":"2020","author":"Wei S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei S, Ren X, Wang Y, Chou Y, Li X. Therapeutic effect of intense pulsed light (IPL) combined with meibomian gland expression (MgX) on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD). J Ophthalmol. 2020, 2020:3684963. 10.1155\/2020\/3684963","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028166","article-title":"Factors influencing the clinical outcomes of intense pulsed light for meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"100","author":"Chen C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen C, Chen D, Chou YY, Long Q. Factors influencing the clinical outcomes of intense pulsed light for meibomian gland dysfunction. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021, 100:e28166. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000028166","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2016.01.005","article-title":"Outcomes of intense pulsed light therapy for treatment of evaporative dry eye disease","volume":"51","author":"Gupta PK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gupta PK, Vora GK, Matossian C, Kim M, Stinnett S. Outcomes of intense pulsed light therapy for treatment of evaporative dry eye disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 2016, 51:249-53. 10.1016\/j.jcjo.2016.01.005","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S307020","article-title":"Combined intense pulsed light and low-level light therapy for the treatment of dry eye: a retrospective before-after study with one-year follow-up","volume":"15","author":"P\u00e9rez-Silguero MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Silguero MA, P\u00e9rez-Silguero D, Rivero-Santana A, Bernal-Blasco MI, Encinas-Pisa P. Combined intense pulsed light and low-level light therapy for the treatment of dry eye: a retrospective before-after study with one-year follow-up. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021, 15:2133-40. 10.2147\/OPTH.S307020","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jovr.jovr_12_18","article-title":"Effect of intense pulsed light therapy on tear proteins and lipids in meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed SA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed SA, Taher IM, Ghoneim DF, Safwat AE. Effect of intense pulsed light therapy on tear proteins and lipids in meibomian gland dysfunction. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2019, 14:3-10. 10.4103\/jovr.jovr_12_18","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.11.004","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of intense pulsed light in patients with refractory meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"Arita R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arita R, Fukuoka S, Morishige N. Therapeutic efficacy of intense pulsed light in patients with refractory meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf. 2019, 17:104-10. 10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.11.004","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001687","article-title":"Multicenter study of intense pulsed light therapy for patients with refractory meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"Arita R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arita R, Mizoguchi T, Fukuoka S, Morishige N. Multicenter study of intense pulsed light therapy for patients with refractory meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea. 2018, 37:1566-71. 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001687","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000704","article-title":"A retrospective study of treatment outcomes and prognostic factors of intense pulsed light therapy combined with meibomian gland expression in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"47","author":"Tang Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang Y, Liu R, Tu P, Song W, Qiao J, Yan X, Rong B. A retrospective study of treatment outcomes and prognostic factors of intense pulsed light therapy combined with meibomian gland expression in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction. Eye Contact Lens. 2021, 47:38-44. 10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000704","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246245","article-title":"Intense pulsed light plus meibomian gland expression versus intense pulsed light alone for meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized crossover study","volume":"16","author":"Shin KY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin KY, Lim DH, Moon CH, Kim BJ, Chung TY. Intense pulsed light plus meibomian gland expression versus intense pulsed light alone for meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized crossover study. PLoS One. 2021, 16:e0246245. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0246245","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2266763","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy and safety of intense pulsed light for meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease","volume":"32","author":"Song X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song X, Chen Z, Li J, Wu S, Liang L. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of intense pulsed light for meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2024, 32:1599-608. 10.1080\/09273948.2023.2266763","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000735","article-title":"Combination therapy of intense pulsed light therapy and meibomian gland expression (IPL\/MGX) can improve dry eye symptoms and meibomian gland function in patients with refractory dry eye: a retrospective analysis","volume":"35","author":"Vegunta S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vegunta S, Patel D, Shen JF. Combination therapy of intense pulsed light therapy and meibomian gland expression (IPL\/MGX) can improve dry eye symptoms and meibomian gland function in patients with refractory dry eye: a retrospective analysis. Cornea. 2016, 35:318-22. 10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000735","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1406525","article-title":"Changes in the meibomian gland after exposure to intense pulsed light in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) patients","volume":"43","author":"Yin Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yin Y, Liu N, Gong L, Song N. Changes in the meibomian gland after exposure to intense pulsed light in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) patients. Curr Eye Res. 2018, 43:308-13. 10.1080\/02713683.2017.1406525","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/471732-clinical-experience-of-intense-pulse-light-therapy-along-with-meibomian-gland-expression-in-patients-with-meibomian-gland-dysfunction-a-retrospective-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T16:07:20Z","timestamp":1774454840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/471732-clinical-experience-of-intense-pulse-light-therapy-along-with-meibomian-gland-expression-in-patients-with-meibomian-gland-dysfunction-a-retrospective-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":79,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.105843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}}}