{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T16:47:30Z","timestamp":1789318050517,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.106250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:42:22Z","timestamp":1775029342000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel Ultrasound-Guided Bilateral Simultaneous Hydrodissection of the Cervical Sympathetic Chain and Vagus Nerves: A Detailed Technical Description With Anatomical Correlation"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"King-Hei Stanley","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teinny","family":"Suryadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Chiung-Jui","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Suhaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah El-Sayed","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01138.x","article-title":"Rethinking inflammation: neural circuits in the regulation of immunity","volume":"248","author":"Olofsson PS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olofsson PS, Rosas-Ballina M, Levine YA, Tracey KJ. Rethinking inflammation: neural circuits in the regulation of immunity. Immunol Rev. 2012, 248:188-204. 10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01138.x","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2021.105149","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"88","author":"Courties A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Courties A, Berenbaum F, Sellam J. Vagus nerve stimulation in musculoskeletal diseases. Joint Bone Spine. 2021, 88:10.1016\/j.jbspin.2021.105149","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci3020021","article-title":"Long COVID and the autonomic nervous system: the journey from dysautonomia to therapeutic neuro-modulation through the retrospective analysis of 152 patients","volume":"3","author":"Colombo J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colombo J, Weintraub MI, Munoz R, et al.. Long COVID and the autonomic nervous system: the journey from dysautonomia to therapeutic neuro-modulation through the retrospective analysis of 152 patients. NeuroSci. 2022, 3:300-10. 10.3390\/neurosci3020021","journal-title":"NeuroSci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0896","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in 'long COVID': rationale, physiology and management strategies","volume":"21","author":"Dani M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dani M, Dirksen A, Taraborrelli P, Torocastro M, Panagopoulos D, Sutton R, Lim PB. Autonomic dysfunction in 'long COVID': rationale, physiology and management strategies. Clin Med (Lond). 2021, 21:e63-7. 10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0896","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000507","article-title":"Do we need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states?","volume":"157","author":"Kosek E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kosek E, Cohen M, Baron R, et al.. Do we need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states?. Pain. 2016, 157:1382-6. 10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000507","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.158.3.1739014","article-title":"MR imaging of the stellate ganglion: normal appearance","volume":"158","author":"Hogan QH","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hogan QH, Erickson SJ. MR imaging of the stellate ganglion: normal appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992, 158:655-9. 10.2214\/ajr.158.3.1739014","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.smj.0000233257.76957.b2","article-title":"Efficacy of stellate ganglion blockade for the management of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Ackerman WE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ackerman WE, Zhang JM. Efficacy of stellate ganglion blockade for the management of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome. South Med J. 2006, 99:1084-8. 10.1097\/01.smj.0000233257.76957.b2","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199809000-00008","article-title":"Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional pain syndrome patients","volume":"14","author":"Price DD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Price DD, Long S, Wilsey B, Rafii A. Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional pain syndrome patients. Clin J Pain. 1998, 14:216-26. 10.1097\/00002508-199809000-00008","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2015.15.1.35","article-title":"The effect of stellate ganglion block on the atypical facial pain","volume":"15","author":"Jeon Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeon Y, Kim D. The effect of stellate ganglion block on the atypical facial pain. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2015, 15:35-7. 10.17245\/jdapm.2015.15.1.35","journal-title":"J Dent Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12179","article-title":"Single paravertebral injection for acute thoracic herpes zoster: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Makharita MY","year":"2015","unstructured":"Makharita MY, Amr YM, El-Bayoumy Y. Single paravertebral injection for acute thoracic herpes zoster: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Pract. 2015, 15:229-35. 10.1111\/papr.12179","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Stellate Ganglion Block for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)","author":"Peterson K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peterson K, Bourne D, Anderson J, Mackey K, Helfand M. Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Stellate Ganglion Block for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Department of Veterans Affairs (US), Washington, DC; 2017."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64719\/pb.4505","article-title":"Stellate ganglion blocks for post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of mechanisms, efficacy, and complications","volume":"54","author":"Hasoon J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hasoon J, Sultana S, Malik A, et al.. Stellate ganglion blocks for post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of mechanisms, efficacy, and complications. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2024, 54:106-18. 10.64719\/pb.4505","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1807","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block treats posttraumatic stress: an example of precision mental health","volume":"10","author":"Lynch JH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lynch JH. Stellate ganglion block treats posttraumatic stress: an example of precision mental health. Brain Behav. 2020, 10:10.1002\/brb3.1807","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.01.009","article-title":"A unifying theory linking the prolonged efficacy of the stellate ganglion block for the treatment of chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS), hot flashes, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"72","author":"Lipov EG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lipov EG, Joshi JR, Sanders S, Slavin KV. A unifying theory linking the prolonged efficacy of the stellate ganglion block for the treatment of chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS), hot flashes, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Med Hypotheses. 2009, 72:657-61. 10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.01.009","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181b494de","article-title":"Development and validation of a new technique for ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block","volume":"34","author":"Gofeld M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gofeld M, Bhatia A, Abbas S, Ganapathy S, Johnson M. Development and validation of a new technique for ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009, 34:475-9. 10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181b494de","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000265691.02963.a4","article-title":"A new approach of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block","volume":"105","author":"Shibata Y","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shibata Y, Fujiwara Y, Komatsu T. A new approach of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block. Anesth Analg. 2007, 105:550-1. 10.1213\/01.ane.0000265691.02963.a4","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-014-0424-5","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block: safety and efficacy","volume":"18","author":"Narouze S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Narouze S. Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block: safety and efficacy. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014, 18:10.1007\/s11916-014-0424-5","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S247208","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided nerve hydrodissection for pain management: rationale, methods, current literature, and theoretical mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Lam KH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lam KH, Hung CY, Chiang YP, Onishi K, Su DC, Clark TB, Reeves KD. Ultrasound-guided nerve hydrodissection for pain management: rationale, methods, current literature, and theoretical mechanisms. J Pain Res. 2020, 13:1957-68. 10.2147\/JPR.S247208","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14020154","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided perineural hydrodissection as a minimally invasive treatment in carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Sveva V","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sveva V, Far\u00ec G, Fai A, et al.. Safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided perineural hydrodissection as a minimally invasive treatment in carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review. J Pers Med. 2024, 14:10.3390\/jpm14020154","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061138","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"13","author":"Lam KH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lam KH, Wu YT, Reeves KD, Galluccio F, Allam AE, Peng PW. Ultrasound-guided interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023, 13:10.3390\/diagnostics13061138","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11071837","article-title":"The potential of glucose treatment to reduce reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis of inflamed neural cells in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Cherng JH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cherng JH, Chang SJ, Tsai HD, et al.. The potential of glucose treatment to reduce reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis of inflamed neural cells in vitro. Biomedicines. 2023, 11:10.3390\/biomedicines11071837","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12060832","article-title":"Mechanism of glucose water as a neural injection: a perspective on neuroinflammation","volume":"12","author":"Wu YT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu YT, Chen YP, Lam KH, Reeves KD, Lin JA, Kuo CY. Mechanism of glucose water as a neural injection: a perspective on neuroinflammation. Life (Basel). 2022, 12:10.3390\/life12060832","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1140410","article-title":"Local injection therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Zhou T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou T, Wu Z, Gou X, Xia H, Ding J, Ai S. Local injection therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Front Pharmacol. 2023, 14:10.3389\/fphar.2023.1140410","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26358","article-title":"Nerve hydrodissection for carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Wu YT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu YT, Chen SR, Li TY, Ho TY, Shen YP, Tsai CK, Chen LC. Nerve hydrodissection for carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Muscle Nerve. 2019, 59:174-80. 10.1002\/mus.26358","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-022-00664-5","article-title":"Comment on the safety of the ultrasound-guided hydrodissection technique for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Lam KH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lam KH, Lai WW, Ngai HY, Wu WK, Wu YT. Comment on the safety of the ultrasound-guided hydrodissection technique for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Ultrasound. 2023, 26:285-7. 10.1007\/s40477-022-00664-5","journal-title":"J Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2023.152137","article-title":"Ultrasound morphometry of the cervical vagus nerve for daily clinical practice: reference values for cross sectional area and fascicle count","volume":"250","author":"Drakonaki E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Drakonaki E, Konschake M, Chlouverakis G, Tsiaoussis J. Ultrasound morphometry of the cervical vagus nerve for daily clinical practice: reference values for cross sectional area and fascicle count. Ann Anat. 2023, 250:10.1016\/j.aanat.2023.152137","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7920438","article-title":"Transition from deep regional blocks toward deep nerve hydrodissection in the upper body and torso: method description and results from a retrospective chart review of the analgesic effect of 5% dextrose water as the primary hydrodissection injectate to enhance safety","volume":"2017","author":"Lam SK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lam SK, Reeves KD, Cheng AL. Transition from deep regional blocks toward deep nerve hydrodissection in the upper body and torso: method description and results from a retrospective chart review of the analgesic effect of 5% dextrose water as the primary hydrodissection injectate to enhance safety. Biomed Res Int. 2017, 2017:10.1155\/2017\/7920438","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23909","article-title":"A novel somatic treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: a case report of hydrodissection of the cervical plexus using 5% dextrose","volume":"14","author":"Reeves KD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reeves KD, Shaw J, McAdam R, Lam KH, Mulvaney SW, Rabago D. A novel somatic treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: a case report of hydrodissection of the cervical plexus using 5% dextrose. Cureus. 2022, 14:10.7759\/cureus.23909","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aap.0b013e3181e82f42","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures in pain medicine: a review of anatomy, sonoanatomy, and procedures. Part II: axial structures","volume":"35","author":"Narouze S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Narouze S, Peng PW. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures in pain medicine: a review of anatomy, sonoanatomy, and procedures. Part II: axial structures. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010, 35:386-96. 10.1097\/aap.0b013e3181e82f42","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipej.2021.06.008","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided imaging for vagus nerve stimulation to facilitate cardioneuroablation for the treatment of functional advanced atrioventricular block","volume":"21","author":"Wileczek A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wileczek A, Polewczyk A, Kluk M, Kutarski A, Stec S. Ultrasound-guided imaging for vagus nerve stimulation to facilitate cardioneuroablation for the treatment of functional advanced atrioventricular block. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2021, 21:403-6. 10.1016\/j.ipej.2021.06.008","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S264033","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided cervical intradiscal injection with platelet-rich plasma with fluoroscopic validation for the treatment of cervical discogenic pain: a case presentation and technical illustration","volume":"13","author":"Lam KH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lam KH, Hung CY, Wu TJ. Ultrasound-guided cervical intradiscal injection with platelet-rich plasma with fluoroscopic validation for the treatment of cervical discogenic pain: a case presentation and technical illustration. J Pain Res. 2020, 13:2125-9. 10.2147\/JPR.S264033","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab277","article-title":"Practical considerations for ultrasound-guided hydrodissection in pronator teres syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Lam KH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lam KH, Lai WW, Ngai HY, Wu WK. Practical considerations for ultrasound-guided hydrodissection in pronator teres syndrome. Pain Med. 2022, 23:221-3. 10.1093\/pm\/pnab277","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2006.11.013","article-title":"Comparison of different injectate volumes for stellate ganglion block: an anatomic and radiologic study","volume":"32","author":"Feigl GC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feigl GC, Rosmarin W, Stelzl A, Weninger B, Likar R. Comparison of different injectate volumes for stellate ganglion block: an anatomic and radiologic study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007, 32:203-8. 10.1016\/j.rapm.2006.11.013","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10081427","article-title":"Novel ultrasound-guided cervical intervertebral disc injection of platelet-rich plasma for cervicodiscogenic pain: a case report and technical note","volume":"10","author":"Lam KH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lam KH, Hung CY, Wu TJ, et al.. Novel ultrasound-guided cervical intervertebral disc injection of platelet-rich plasma for cervicodiscogenic pain: a case report and technical note. Healthcare (Basel). 2022, 10:10.3390\/healthcare10081427","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000531626","article-title":"Role of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain","volume":"30","author":"Shao P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shao P, Li H, Jiang J, Guan Y, Chen X, Wang Y. Role of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2023, 30:167-83. 10.1159\/000531626","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000222","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of common peripheral nerve block adjuvants","volume":"28","author":"Knight JB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knight JB, Schott NJ, Kentor ML, Williams BA. Neurotoxicity of common peripheral nerve block adjuvants. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015, 28:598-604. 10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000222","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2022.103038","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation - a brief introduction and overview","volume":"243","author":"Hilz MJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hilz MJ. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation - a brief introduction and overview. Auton Neurosci. 2022, 243:10.1016\/j.autneu.2022.103038","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-00115550-199520040-00008","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging for stellate ganglion block: direct visualization of puncture site and local anesthetic spread. A pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Kapral S","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kapral S, Krafft P, Gosch M, Fleischmann D, Weinstabl C. Ultrasound imaging for stellate ganglion block: direct visualization of puncture site and local anesthetic spread. A pilot study. Reg Anesth. 1995, 20:323-8.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210507","article-title":"Clinical perspectives on vagus nerve stimulation: present and future","volume":"136","author":"Goggins E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goggins E, Mitani S, Tanaka S. Clinical perspectives on vagus nerve stimulation: present and future. Clin Sci (Lond). 2022, 136:695-709. 10.1042\/CS20210507","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.3.1760745","article-title":"Sonography of the cervical vagus nerve: normal appearance and abnormal findings","volume":"176","author":"Giovagnorio F","year":"2001","unstructured":"Giovagnorio F, Martinoli C. Sonography of the cervical vagus nerve: normal appearance and abnormal findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001, 176:745-9. 10.2214\/ajr.176.3.1760745","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.05.012","article-title":"Normative cross-sectional area of the C5-C8 nerve roots using ultrasonography","volume":"36","author":"Haun DW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haun DW, Cho JC, Kettner NW. Normative cross-sectional area of the C5-C8 nerve roots using ultrasonography. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010, 36:1422-30. 10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.05.012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24231","article-title":"Sono-anatomy of the middle cervical sympathetic ganglion verified with pathology","volume":"10","author":"Lei YT","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei YT, Hao YX, Yang Z, et al.. Sono-anatomy of the middle cervical sympathetic ganglion verified with pathology. Heliyon. 2024, 10:10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24231","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182176f70","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of adjuvants used in perineural anesthesia and analgesia in comparison with ropivacaine","volume":"36","author":"Williams BA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Williams BA, Hough KA, Tsui BY, Ibinson JW, Gold MS, Gebhart GF. Neurotoxicity of adjuvants used in perineural anesthesia and analgesia in comparison with ropivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011, 36:225-30. 10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182176f70","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.trap.2007.05.011","article-title":"Complications of head and neck procedures","volume":"11","author":"Narouze S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Narouze S. Complications of head and neck procedures. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag. 2007, 11:171-77.","journal-title":"Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200109000-00005","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation, side effects, and long-term safety","volume":"18","author":"Ben-Menachem E","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ben-Menachem E. Vagus nerve stimulation, side effects, and long-term safety. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2001, 18:415-8. 10.1097\/00004691-200109000-00005","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13678","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation: surgical technique of implantation and revision and related morbidity","volume":"58","author":"Giordano F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giordano F, Zicca A, Barba C, Guerrini R, Genitori L. Vagus nerve stimulation: surgical technique of implantation and revision and related morbidity. Epilepsia. 2017, 58:85-90. 10.1111\/epi.13678","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.08.010","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans; a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Redgrave J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Redgrave J, Day D, Leung H, Laud PJ, Ali A, Lindert R, Majid A. Safety and tolerability of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans; a systematic review. Brain Stimul. 2018, 11:1225-38. 10.1016\/j.brs.2018.08.010","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009","article-title":"Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: a concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review","volume":"11","author":"Badran BW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Badran BW, Dowdle LT, Mithoefer OJ, et al.. Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: a concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review. Brain Stimul. 2018, 11:492-500. 10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-014-0010-5","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Howland RH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Howland RH. Vagus nerve stimulation. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2014, 1:64-73. 10.1007\/s40473-014-0010-5","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/475640-novel-ultrasound-guided-bilateral-simultaneous-hydrodissection-of-the-cervical-sympathetic-chain-and-vagus-nerves-a-detailed-technical-description-with-anatomical-correlation","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:42:24Z","timestamp":1775029344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/475640-novel-ultrasound-guided-bilateral-simultaneous-hydrodissection-of-the-cervical-sympathetic-chain-and-vagus-nerves-a-detailed-technical-description-with-anatomical-correlation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.106250","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}