{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:47:24Z","timestamp":1775479644996,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.106513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T11:50:49Z","timestamp":1775476249000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cutaneous Complications in Type 1 Diabetes: Influence of Smoking"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Basil","family":"Afzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Arsalan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maaz","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bakhtawar","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atif A","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13454","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Libman I","year":"2022","unstructured":"Libman I, Haynes A, Lyons S, et al.. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022, 23:1160-74. 10.1111\/pedi.13454","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1752","article-title":"The incidence of adult-onset type 1 diabetes: a systematic review from 32 countries and regions","volume":"45","author":"Harding JL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harding JL, Wander PL, Zhang X, et al.. The incidence of adult-onset type 1 diabetes: a systematic review from 32 countries and regions. Diabetes Care. 2022, 45:994-1006. 10.2337\/dc21-1752","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01046-z","article-title":"The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults","volume":"21","author":"Tomic D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tomic D, Harding JL, Jenkins AJ, et al.. The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025, 21:92-104. 10.1038\/s41574-024-01046-z","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000543035","article-title":"ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024: screening, staging, and strategies to preserve beta-cell function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"97","author":"Haller MJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haller MJ, Bell KJ, Besser RE, et al.. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024: screening, staging, and strategies to preserve beta-cell function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024, 97:529-45. 10.1159\/000543035","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15477","article-title":"Characterisation of islet antibody-negative type 1 diabetes mellitus in Indian children","volume":"42","author":"Menon JC","year":"2025","unstructured":"Menon JC, Singh P, Archana A, et al.. Characterisation of islet antibody-negative type 1 diabetes mellitus in Indian children. Diabet Med. 2025, 42:e15477. 10.1111\/dme.15477","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.33.1.40","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Duff M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duff M, Demidova O, Blackburn S, Shubrook J. Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Clin Diabetes. 2015, 33:40-8. 10.2337\/diaclin.33.1.40","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0275-z","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus: a review","volume":"18","author":"Lima AL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lima AL, Illing T, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus: a review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017, 18:541-53. 10.1007\/s40257-017-0275-z","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.04.008","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Hines A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hines A, Alavi A, Davis MD. Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes. Med Clin North Am. 2021, 105:681-97. 10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.04.008","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.11.4351","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"82","author":"Targher G","year":"1997","unstructured":"Targher G, Alberiche M, Zenere MB, et al.. Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997, 82:3619-24. 10.1210\/jcem.82.11.4351","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12625","article-title":"Association between smoking and glycemic control in diabetic patients: Results from the Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: A lONgitudinal (REACTION) study","volume":"10","author":"Peng K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peng K, Chen G, Liu C, et al.. Association between smoking and glycemic control in diabetic patients: Results from the Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: A lONgitudinal (REACTION) study. J Diabetes. 2018, 10:408-18. 10.1111\/1753-0407.12625","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13030087","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetes-induced macrovascular and microvascular complications: the role of oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Roy B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roy B. Pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetes-induced macrovascular and microvascular complications: the role of oxidative stress. Med Sci (Basel). 2025, 13:10.3390\/medsci13030087","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestation of diabetes mellitus","volume":"69","author":"Mahajan S","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mahajan S, Koranne RV, Sharma SK. Cutaneous manifestation of diabetes mellitus. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2003, 69:105-8.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-013-0048-2","article-title":"Relationship between skin diseases and extracutaneous complications of diabetes mellitus: clinical analysis of 750 patients","volume":"15","author":"Demirseren DD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Demirseren DD, Emre S, Akoglu G, et al.. Relationship between skin diseases and extracutaneous complications of diabetes mellitus: clinical analysis of 750 patients. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014, 15:65-70. 10.1007\/s40257-013-0048-2","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i7.153","article-title":"Diabetic foot disease: from the evaluation of the \"foot at risk\" to the novel diabetic ulcer treatment modalities","volume":"7","author":"Amin N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amin N, Doupis J. Diabetic foot disease: from the evaluation of the \"foot at risk\" to the novel diabetic ulcer treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2016, 7:153-64. 10.4239\/wjd.v7.i7.153","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.254","article-title":"Medical pearl: Scleroderma-like skin changes in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"49","author":"Yosipovitch G","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yosipovitch G, Loh KC, Hock OB. Medical pearl: Scleroderma-like skin changes in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003, 49:109-11. 10.1067\/mjd.2003.254","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.60349","article-title":"Pattern of cutaneous manifestations in diabetes mellitus","volume":"55","author":"Goyal A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goyal A, Raina S, Kaushal SS, et al.. Pattern of cutaneous manifestations in diabetes mellitus. Indian J Dermatol. 2010, 55:39-41. 10.4103\/0019-5154.60349","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S229042","article-title":"Using skin bioengineering to highlight how weight and diabetes mellitus modify the skin in the lower limbs of super-obese patients","volume":"13","author":"Iacopi E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iacopi E, Riitano N, Dini V, et al.. Using skin bioengineering to highlight how weight and diabetes mellitus modify the skin in the lower limbs of super-obese patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020, 13:729-38. 10.2147\/DMSO.S229042","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18535\/jmscr\/v8i4.66","article-title":"A study on the prevalence of cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Joseph J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joseph J, Augustine D. A study on the prevalence of cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus. JMSCR. 2020, 8:348-350. 10.18535\/jmscr\/v8i4.66","journal-title":"JMSCR"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11030106","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus-a retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"V\u00e2\u021b\u0103 D","year":"2023","unstructured":"V\u00e2\u021b\u0103 D, Stanciu DE, Temelie-Olinici D, et al.. Cutaneous manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus-a retrospective study. Diseases. 2023, 11:10.3390\/diseases11030106","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.92671","article-title":"A clinical study of dermatoses in diabetes to establish its markers","volume":"57","author":"Timshina DK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Timshina DK, Thappa DM, Agrawal A. A clinical study of dermatoses in diabetes to establish its markers. Indian J Dermatol. 2012, 57:20-5. 10.4103\/0019-5154.92671","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00594-1","article-title":"Diabetes-associated dermatological manifestations in primary care and their association with vascular complications","volume":"19","author":"Trihan JE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trihan JE, Lan\u00e9elle D, Metcalfe N, et al.. Diabetes-associated dermatological manifestations in primary care and their association with vascular complications. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020, 19:989-96. 10.1007\/s40200-020-00594-1","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820922254","article-title":"Smoking is associated with increased risk of not achieving glycemic target, increased glycemic variability, and increased risk of hypoglycemia for people with type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Jensen MH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jensen MH, Cichosz SL, Hirsch IB, et al.. Smoking is associated with increased risk of not achieving glycemic target, increased glycemic variability, and increased risk of hypoglycemia for people with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021, 15:827-32. 10.1177\/1932296820922254","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123579","article-title":"Relationship between smoking and obesity: a cross-sectional study of 499,504 middle-aged adults in the UK general population","volume":"10","author":"Dare S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dare S, Mackay DF, Pell JP. Relationship between smoking and obesity: a cross-sectional study of 499,504 middle-aged adults in the UK general population. PLoS One. 2015, 10:e0123579. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0123579","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0909-y","article-title":"Severe hypoglycemia and the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Yun JS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yun JS, Park YM, Han K, et al.. Severe hypoglycemia and the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019, 18:103. 10.1186\/s12933-019-0909-y","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17111","article-title":"Association of lower body mass index with increased glycemic variability in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a crosssectional study in China","volume":"8","author":"Wang J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang J, Yan R, Wen J, et al.. Association of lower body mass index with increased glycemic variability in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a crosssectional study in China. Oncotarget. 2017, 8:73133-43. 10.18632\/oncotarget.17111","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148563","article-title":"Heavy smoking is more strongly associated with general unhealthy lifestyle than obesity and underweight","volume":"11","author":"Lohse T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lohse T, Rohrmann S, Bopp M, Faeh D. Heavy smoking is more strongly associated with general unhealthy lifestyle than obesity and underweight. PLoS One. 2016, 11:e0148563. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0148563","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.88681","article-title":"Association of dermatological manifestations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with respect to duration of diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Tirmizi SS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tirmizi SS, Zulfiqar M, Moosa E, et al.. Association of dermatological manifestations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with respect to duration of diabetes. Cureus. 2025, 17:e88681. 10.7759\/cureus.88681","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/444297-cutaneous-complications-in-type-1-diabetes-influence-of-smoking","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T11:50:49Z","timestamp":1775476249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/444297-cutaneous-complications-in-type-1-diabetes-influence-of-smoking"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.106513","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]}}}