{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T16:01:45Z","timestamp":1775750505011,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.106719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:20:57Z","timestamp":1775748057000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Herbal and Dietary Supplement-Induced Liver Injury Compared With Conventional Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Noor","family":"Albusta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussain","family":"Alrahma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32689","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury","volume":"77","author":"Fontana RJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fontana RJ, Liou I, Reuben A, Suzuki A, Fiel MI, Lee W, Navarro V. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2023, 77:1036-65. 10.1002\/hep.32689","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274412","article-title":"Prevalence, patterns, and attitude regarding dietary supplement use in Saudi Arabia: data from 2019","volume":"17","author":"Alhashem AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhashem AM, Alghamdi RA, Alamri RS, Alzhrani WS, Alrakaf MS, Alzaid NA, Alzaben AS. Prevalence, patterns, and attitude regarding dietary supplement use in Saudi Arabia: data from 2019. PLoS One. 2022, 17:e0274412. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0274412","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22101512","article-title":"Patterns and determinants of dietary supplement use and their public health implications among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Al Turki M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al Turki M, Othman F, Aljasser D, Alzaben AS. Patterns and determinants of dietary supplement use and their public health implications among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025, 22:10.3390\/ijerph22101512","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292900","article-title":"Prevalence, attitudes, and practices of dietary supplements among middle-aged and older adults in Asir region, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Alhazmi A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alhazmi A, Kuriakose BB, Mushfiq S, Muzammil K, Hawash MM. Prevalence, attitudes, and practices of dietary supplements among middle-aged and older adults in Asir region, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2023, 18:e0292900. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0292900","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094688","article-title":"The commonly utilized natural products during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional online survey","volume":"18","author":"AlNajrany SM","year":"2021","unstructured":"AlNajrany SM, Asiri Y, Sales I, AlRuthia Y. The commonly utilized natural products during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional online survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021, 18:10.3390\/ijerph18094688","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03783-y","article-title":"Public knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards herbal medicines; a cross-sectional study in Western Saudi Arabia","volume":"22","author":"Zaidi SF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaidi SF, Saeed SA, Khan MA, et al.. Public knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards herbal medicines; a cross-sectional study in Western Saudi Arabia. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022, 22:326. 10.1186\/s12906-022-03783-y","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069206","article-title":"Self-medication among adults with chronic health conditions: a population-based cross-sectional survey in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alwhaibi M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alwhaibi M, Bin Malik S, Alswailem L, Alruthia Y. Self-medication among adults with chronic health conditions: a population-based cross-sectional survey in Saudi Arabia. BMJ Open. 2023, 13:e069206. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069206","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1524364","article-title":"Current regulatory guidelines and resources to support research of dietary supplements in the United States","volume":"60","author":"Bailey RL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bailey RL. Current regulatory guidelines and resources to support research of dietary supplements in the United States. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020, 60:298-309. 10.1080\/10408398.2018.1524364","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1816149","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury - types and phenotypes","volume":"381","author":"Hoofnagle JH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoofnagle JH, Bj\u00f6rnsson ES. Drug-induced liver injury - types and phenotypes. N Engl J Med. 2019, 381:264-73. 10.1056\/NEJMra1816149","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28813","article-title":"Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements","volume":"65","author":"Navarro VJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Navarro VJ, Khan I, Bj\u00f6rnsson E, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Hoofnagle JH. Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements. Hepatology. 2017, 65:363-73. 10.1002\/hep.28813","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.01.011","article-title":"Herbal and dietary supplements-induced liver injury in Latin America: experience from the LATINDILI network","volume":"20","author":"Bessone F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bessone F, Garc\u00eda-Cort\u00e9s M, Medina-Caliz I, et al.. Herbal and dietary supplements-induced liver injury in Latin America: experience from the LATINDILI network. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022, 20:e548-63. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.01.011","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27317","article-title":"Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network","volume":"60","author":"Navarro VJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Navarro VJ, Barnhart H, Bonkovsky HL, et al.. Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Hepatology. 2014, 60:1399-408. 10.1002\/hep.27317","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.25822","article-title":"Estimated exposure to 6 potentially hepatotoxic botanicals in US adults","volume":"7","author":"Likhitsup A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Likhitsup A, Chen VL, Fontana RJ. Estimated exposure to 6 potentially hepatotoxic botanicals in US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2024, 7:e2425822. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.25822","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.25.293437","article-title":"Regulatory frameworks and evidence requirements for traditional, complementary and integrative medicines","volume":"103","author":"Chen Q","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Q, Cheng HJ, Bian ZX, Lyu AP, Yang Y, Chan KW. Regulatory frameworks and evidence requirements for traditional, complementary and integrative medicines. Bull World Health Organ. 2025, 103:696-707C. 10.2471\/BLT.25.293437","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12289","article-title":"The regulatory framework across international jurisdictions for risks associated with consumption of botanical food supplements","volume":"16","author":"Low TY","year":"2017","unstructured":"Low TY, Wong KO, Yap AL, De Haan LH, Rietjens IM. The regulatory framework across international jurisdictions for risks associated with consumption of botanical food supplements. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2017, 16:821-34. 10.1111\/1541-4337.12289","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104647","article-title":"Regulatory landscape of dietary supplements and herbal medicines from a global perspective","volume":"114","author":"Thakkar S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thakkar S, Anklam E, Xu A, et al.. Regulatory landscape of dietary supplements and herbal medicines from a global perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020, 114:104647. 10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104647","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010014","article-title":"RUCAM in drug and herb induced liver injury: the update","volume":"17","author":"Danan G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Danan G, Teschke R. RUCAM in drug and herb induced liver injury: the update. Int J Mol Sci. 2015, 17:10.3390\/ijms17010014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001259","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury","volume":"116","author":"Chalasani NP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chalasani NP, Maddur H, Russo MW, Wong RJ, Reddy KR. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021, 116:878-98. 10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001259","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.12.051","article-title":"Herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injuries in the Spanish DILI registry","volume":"16","author":"Medina-Caliz I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Medina-Caliz I, Garcia-Cortes M, Gonzalez-Jimenez A, et al.. Herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injuries in the Spanish DILI registry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018, 16:1495-502. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.12.051","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315690","article-title":"Historical aspects of herbal use and comparison of current regulations of herbal products between Mexico, Canada and the United States of America","volume":"19","author":"Rojas P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rojas P, Jung-Cook H, Ruiz-S\u00e1nchez E, Rojas-Tom\u00e9 IS, Rojas C, L\u00f3pez-Ram\u00edrez AM, Res\u00e9ndiz-Albor AA. Historical aspects of herbal use and comparison of current regulations of herbal products between Mexico, Canada and the United States of America. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022, 19:10.3390\/ijerph192315690","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.517","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries","volume":"112","author":"Kwo PY","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017, 112:18-35. 10.1038\/ajg.2016.517","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/477686-herbal-and-dietary-supplement-induced-liver-injury-compared-with-conventional-drug-induced-liver-injury-a-retrospective-cohort-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:20:59Z","timestamp":1775748059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/477686-herbal-and-dietary-supplement-induced-liver-injury-compared-with-conventional-drug-induced-liver-injury-a-retrospective-cohort-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.106719","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}}}