{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T15:44:56Z","timestamp":1775835896046,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.106795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T14:53:01Z","timestamp":1775832781000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prehabilitation in Cardiovascular Surgery: Concepts, Evidence, and Future Direction"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Abubakar I.","family":"Sidik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malik  K","family":"Al-Ariki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Saghir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nawid A","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad K","family":"Sleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxim","family":"Tur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anvar K","family":"Djumanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina V","family":"Ogurchikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Karpenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladislav","family":"Dontsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gazinur R","family":"Galiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grigorii","family":"Esion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064071","article-title":"Sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"147","author":"Damluji AA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Damluji AA, Alfaraidhy M, AlHajri N, et al.. Sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases. Circulation. 2023, 147:1534-53. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064071","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102266","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of frailty and prefrailty in patients undergoing coronary artery or valvular surgeries\/procedures: a systematic review and proportional meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Wong CW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wong CW, Li PW, Yu DS, Ho BM, Chan BS. Estimated prevalence of frailty and prefrailty in patients undergoing coronary artery or valvular surgeries\/procedures: a systematic review and proportional meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2024, 96:102266. 10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102266","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-021-01541-8","article-title":"Frailty and pre-frailty in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 66,448 patients","volume":"16","author":"Lee JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee JA, Yanagawa B, An KR, Arora RC, Verma S, Friedrich JO. Frailty and pre-frailty in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 66,448 patients. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021, 16:184. 10.1186\/s13019-021-01541-8","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12040127","article-title":"Frailty in cardiac surgery-assessment tools, impact on outcomes, and optimisation strategies: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Chandiramani A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chandiramani A, Ali JM. Frailty in cardiac surgery-assessment tools, impact on outcomes, and optimisation strategies: a narrative review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025, 12:127. 10.3390\/jcdd12040127","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-22-1865","article-title":"Nutritional indices for screening sarcopenia before adult cardiac surgery","volume":"15","author":"Lee SI","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee SI, Choi CH, Park CH, Son KH. Nutritional indices for screening sarcopenia before adult cardiac surgery. J Thorac Dis. 2023, 15:3307-18. 10.21037\/jtd-22-1865","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175573","article-title":"Sarcopenia adversely affects outcomes following cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ansaripour A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ansaripour A, Rad AA, Koulouroudias M, Angouras D, Athanasiou T, Kourliouros A. Sarcopenia adversely affects outcomes following cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023, 12:10.3390\/jcm12175573","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14070832","article-title":"Start strong, finish strong: a review of prehabilitation in cardiac surgery","volume":"14","author":"Bargnes V 3rd","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bargnes V 3rd, Davidson S, Talbot L, Jin Z, Poppers J, Bergese SD. Start strong, finish strong: a review of prehabilitation in cardiac surgery. Life (Basel). 2024, 14:832. 10.3390\/life14070832","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaf038","article-title":"Sarcopenia and malnutrition: worthwhile prehabilitation targets?","volume":"67","author":"Boutros CS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boutros CS, Narushevich A, Yanagawa B, Arora RC. Sarcopenia and malnutrition: worthwhile prehabilitation targets?. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2025, 67:038. 10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaf038","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.03.014","article-title":"Effect of preparative rehabilitation on recovery after cardiac surgery: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Yau DK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yau DK, Underwood MJ, Joynt GM, Lee A. Effect of preparative rehabilitation on recovery after cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2021, 64:101391. 10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.03.014","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519828212","article-title":"The effects of five days of intensive preoperative inspiratory muscle training on postoperative complications and outcome in patients having cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Chen X","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen X, Hou L, Zhang Y, et al.. The effects of five days of intensive preoperative inspiratory muscle training on postoperative complications and outcome in patients having cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2019, 33:913-22. 10.1177\/0269215519828212","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i13.2981","article-title":"Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wang J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Wang YQ, Shi J, Yu PM, Guo YQ. Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases. 2023, 11:2981-91. 10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i13.2981","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002097","article-title":"Efficacy of prehabilitation before cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Steinmetz C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steinmetz C, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Walther T, Schaffland TF, Walther C. Efficacy of prehabilitation before cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2023, 102:323-30. 10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002097","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14228195","article-title":"Exercise-based prehabilitation before cardiac surgery: a systematic review, meta-analysis, meta-regression, and proposal for a clinical implementation model","volume":"14","author":"Hurtado-Borrego JC","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hurtado-Borrego JC, Bayonas-Ruiz A, Bonacasa B. Exercise-based prehabilitation before cardiac surgery: a systematic review, meta-analysis, meta-regression, and proposal for a clinical implementation model. J Clin Med. 2025, 14:8195. 10.3390\/jcm14228195","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022572","article-title":"Current practice of state-of-the-art surgical coronary revascularization","volume":"136","author":"Head SJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Head SJ, Milojevic M, Taggart DP, Puskas JD. Current practice of state-of-the-art surgical coronary revascularization. Circulation. 2017, 136:1331-45. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022572","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.05.053","article-title":"The society of thoracic surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 1--coronary artery bypass grafting surgery","volume":"88","author":"Shahian DM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shahian DM, O'Brien SM, Filardo G, et al.. The society of thoracic surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 1--coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009, 88:S2-22. 10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.05.053","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","article-title":"2021 ESC\/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Vahanian A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al.. 2021 ESC\/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2022, 43:561-632. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316686442","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation programme after transcatheter aortic valve implantation versus surgical aortic valve replacement: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Ribeiro GS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ribeiro GS, Melo RD, Deresz LF, Lago PD, Pontes MR, Karsten M. Cardiac rehabilitation programme after transcatheter aortic valve implantation versus surgical aortic valve replacement: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017, 24:688-97. 10.1177\/2047487316686442","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2015.12.050","article-title":"Outcomes of 3309 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs","volume":"151","author":"Coselli JS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coselli JS, LeMaire SA, Preventza O, et al.. Outcomes of 3309 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016, 151:1323-37. 10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2015.12.050","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000991","article-title":"The prevalence and prognostic significance of frailty in patients with advanced heart failure referred for heart transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Jha SR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jha SR, Hannu MK, Chang S, et al.. The prevalence and prognostic significance of frailty in patients with advanced heart failure referred for heart transplantation. Transplantation. 2016, 100:429-36. 10.1097\/TP.0000000000000991","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","article-title":"A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people","volume":"173","author":"Rockwood K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, Mitnitski A. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005, 173:489-95. 10.1503\/cmaj.050051","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried LP","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al.. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001, 56:M146-56. 10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl041","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Edmonton Frail Scale","volume":"35","author":"Rolfson DB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rolfson DB, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Tahir A, Rockwood K. Validity and reliability of the Edmonton Frail Scale. Age Ageing. 2006, 35:526-9. 10.1093\/ageing\/afl041","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1923","article-title":"Gait speed and survival in older adults","volume":"305","author":"Studenski S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al.. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011, 305:50-8. 10.1001\/jama.2010.1923","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.018","article-title":"SARC-F: a simple questionnaire to rapidly diagnose sarcopenia","volume":"14","author":"Malmstrom TK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malmstrom TK, Morley JE. SARC-F: a simple questionnaire to rapidly diagnose sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013, 14:531-2. 10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.018","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-019-0270-0","article-title":"CT-assessed sarcopenia is a predictive factor for both long-term and short-term outcomes in gastrointestinal oncology patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Su H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Su H, Ruan J, Chen T, Lin E, Shi L. CT-assessed sarcopenia is a predictive factor for both long-term and short-term outcomes in gastrointestinal oncology patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Imaging. 2019, 19:82. 10.1186\/s40644-019-0270-0","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(98)00171-3","article-title":"The mini nutritional assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients","volume":"15","author":"Vellas B","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vellas B, Guigoz Y, Garry PJ, Nourhashemi F, Bennahum D, Lauque S, Albarede JL. The mini nutritional assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients. Nutrition. 1999, 15:116-122. 10.1016\/S0899-9007(98)00171-3","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn20041258","article-title":"Malnutrition in hospital outpatients and inpatients: prevalence, concurrent validity and ease of use of the 'malnutrition universal screening tool' ('MUST') for adults","volume":"92","author":"Stratton RJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stratton RJ, Hackston A, Longmore D, et al.. Malnutrition in hospital outpatients and inpatients: prevalence, concurrent validity and ease of use of the 'malnutrition universal screening tool' ('MUST') for adults. Br J Nutr. 2004, 92:799-808. 10.1079\/bjn20041258","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(02)00214-5","article-title":"Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Kondrup J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kondrup J, Rasmussen HH, Hamberg O, Stanga Z; Ad Hoc ESPEN Working Group. Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2003, 22:321-336. 10.1016\/S0261-5614(02)00214-5","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014860718701100108","article-title":"What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status?","volume":"11","author":"Detsky AS","year":"1987","unstructured":"Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR, Baker JP, Johnston N, Whittaker S, Mendelson RA, Jeejeebhoy KN. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status?. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987, 11:8-13. 10.1177\/014860718701100108","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11030070","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Juarez M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Juarez M, Castillo-Rodriguez C, Soliman D, Rio-Pertuz GD, Nugent K. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024, 11:70. 10.3390\/jcdd11030070","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.3.701","article-title":"Preoperative evaluation of cardiac failure and ischemia in elderly patients by cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"104","author":"Older P","year":"1993","unstructured":"Older P, Smith R, Courtney P, Hone R. Preoperative evaluation of cardiac failure and ischemia in elderly patients by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Chest. 1993, 104:701-4. 10.1378\/chest.104.3.701","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivs549","article-title":"Prognostic value of nutritional screening tools for patients scheduled for cardiac surgery","volume":"16","author":"Lomivorotov VV","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lomivorotov VV, Efremov SM, Boboshko VA, et al.. Prognostic value of nutritional screening tools for patients scheduled for cardiac surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013, 16:612-8. 10.1093\/icvts\/ivs549","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.08.006","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional screening tools for patients scheduled for cardiac surgery","volume":"29","author":"Lomivorotov VV","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lomivorotov VV, Efremov SM, Boboshko VA, Nikolaev DA, Vedernikov PE, Lomivorotov VN, Karaskov AM. Evaluation of nutritional screening tools for patients scheduled for cardiac surgery. Nutrition. 2013, 29:436-42. 10.1016\/j.nut.2012.08.006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.11.001","article-title":"Prehabilitation before cardiac surgery","volume":"134","author":"Gibbison B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gibbison B, Pufulete M. Prehabilitation before cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2025, 134:5-7. 10.1016\/j.bja.2024.11.001","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520933950","article-title":"Prehabilitation in patients awaiting elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery - effects on functional capacity and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Steinmetz C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steinmetz C, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Baumgarten H, Walther T, Mengden T, Walther C. Prehabilitation in patients awaiting elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery - effects on functional capacity and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2020, 34:1256-67. 10.1177\/0269215520933950","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.08.039","article-title":"Effect of exercise prehabilitation on quality of recovery after cardiac surgery: a single-centre randomised controlled trial","volume":"134","author":"Yau DK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yau DK, Ng FF, Wong MH, Underwood MJ, Wong RH, Joynt GM, Lee A. Effect of exercise prehabilitation on quality of recovery after cardiac surgery: a single-centre randomised controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2025, 134:45-53. 10.1016\/j.bja.2024.08.039","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.09.005","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on muscle strength, exercise capacity, and mobility in middle-aged and elderly patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Yamamoto S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Hotta K, Ota E, Mori R, Matsunaga A. Effects of resistance training on muscle strength, exercise capacity, and mobility in middle-aged and elderly patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Cardiol. 2016, 68:125-34. 10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.09.005","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2022.2025548","article-title":"The effect of preoperative threshold inspiratory muscle training in adults undergoing cardiac surgery on postoperative hospital stay: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Cook A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cook A, Smith L, Anderson C, et al.. The effect of preoperative threshold inspiratory muscle training in adults undergoing cardiac surgery on postoperative hospital stay: a systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract. 2023, 39:690-703. 10.1080\/09593985.2022.2025548","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2024.12.002","article-title":"Preoperative inspiratory muscle training improves lung function prior to elective heart valve surgery and reduces postoperative lung function impairment and pulmonary complications: a randomised trial","volume":"71","author":"Yu P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu P, Luo Z, Wang Y, Lin S, Qin D, Jones AY, He J. Preoperative inspiratory muscle training improves lung function prior to elective heart valve surgery and reduces postoperative lung function impairment and pulmonary complications: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2025, 71:27-34. 10.1016\/j.jphys.2024.12.002","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11120380","article-title":"Benefits from implementing low- to high-intensity inspiratory muscle training in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Evangelodimou A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Evangelodimou A, Patsaki I, Andrikopoulos A, Chatzivasiloglou F, Dimopoulos S. Benefits from implementing low- to high-intensity inspiratory muscle training in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024, 11:380. 10.3390\/jcdd11120380","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002014","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"4","author":"Lin X","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin X, Zhang X, Guo J, et al.. Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015, 4:e002014. 10.1161\/JAHA.115.002014","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2405141","article-title":"Efficacy of multiple exercise therapy after coronary artery bypass graft: a systematic review of randomized control trials","volume":"24","author":"Moneruzzaman M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moneruzzaman M, Sun WZ, Changwe GJ, Wang YH. Efficacy of multiple exercise therapy after coronary artery bypass graft: a systematic review of randomized control trials. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023, 24:141. 10.31083\/j.rcm2405141","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.965186","article-title":"Modest increase in peak VO2 is related to better clinical outcomes in chronic heart failure patients: results from heart failure and a controlled trial to investigate outcomes of exercise training","volume":"5","author":"Swank AM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swank AM, Horton J, Fleg JL, et al.. Modest increase in peak VO2 is related to better clinical outcomes in chronic heart failure patients: results from heart failure and a controlled trial to investigate outcomes of exercise training. Circ Heart Fail. 2012, 5:579-85. 10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.965186","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.03.031","article-title":"ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery","volume":"40","author":"Weimann A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, et al.. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr. 2021, 40:4745-61. 10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.03.031","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.09.039","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on hospital nutrition","volume":"40","author":"Thibault R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thibault R, Abbasoglu O, Ioannou E, et al.. ESPEN guideline on hospital nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2021, 40:5684-709. 10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.09.039","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114536735","article-title":"Impact of preoperative prealbumin on outcomes after cardiac surgery","volume":"39","author":"Yu PJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu PJ, Cassiere HA, Dellis SL, Manetta F, Kohn N, Hartman AR. Impact of preoperative prealbumin on outcomes after cardiac surgery. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2015, 39:870-4. 10.1177\/0148607114536735","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.09.302","article-title":"Influence of nutritional status in outcomes of cardiac surgery","volume":"40","author":"Lopez-Delgado JC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lopez-Delgado JC, Fernandez-Olivares G, Avila-Espinoza R, et al.. Influence of nutritional status in outcomes of cardiac surgery. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020, 40:507. 10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.09.302","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.03.003","article-title":"Impact of oral or enteral nutritional support on clinical outcomes of patients subjected to cardiac surgery: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Avancini L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Avancini L, de Abreu Silva L, da Silva VR, Duarte CK. Impact of oral or enteral nutritional support on clinical outcomes of patients subjected to cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022, 49:28-39. 10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.03.003","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144015","article-title":"Nutritional status and post-cardiac surgery outcomes: an updated review with emphasis on cognitive function","volume":"13","author":"Juliana N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Juliana N, Abd Aziz NA, Maluin SM, et al.. Nutritional status and post-cardiac surgery outcomes: an updated review with emphasis on cognitive function. J Clin Med. 2024, 13:10.3390\/jcm13144015","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.09.013","article-title":"Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Mills E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mills E, Eyawo O, Lockhart I, Kelly S, Wu P, Ebbert JO. Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2011, 124:144-154. 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.09.013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07369-5","article-title":"Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"359","author":"M\u00f8ller AM","year":"2002","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller AM, Villebro N, Pedersen T, T\u00f8nnesen H. Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002, 359:114-117. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07369-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002294.pub4","article-title":"Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation","volume":"2014","author":"Thomsen T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thomsen T, Villebro N, M\u00f8ller AM. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014, 2014:CD002294. 10.1002\/14651858.CD002294.pub4","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Tobacco & postsurgical outcomes. (2020). https.\/\/www.zhiyanbao.cn\/index\/partFile\/5\/who\/2022-04\/5_24842.pdf."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7194.1311","article-title":"Effect of preoperative abstinence on poor postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers: randomised controlled trial","volume":"318","author":"Tonnesen H","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tonnesen H, Rosenberg J, Nielsen HJ, Rasmussen V, Hauge C, Pedersen IK, Kehlet H. Effect of preoperative abstinence on poor postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1999, 318:1311-6. 10.1136\/bmj.318.7194.1311","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008343.pub2","article-title":"Preoperative alcohol cessation prior to elective surgery","volume":"2012","author":"Oppedal K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oppedal K, M\u00f8ller AM, Pedersen B, T\u00f8nnesen H. Preoperative alcohol cessation prior to elective surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 2012:CD008343. 10.1002\/14651858.CD008343.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008343.pub3","article-title":"Perioperative alcohol cessation intervention for postoperative complications","volume":"11","author":"Egholm JW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Egholm JW, Pedersen B, M\u00f8ller AM, Adami J, Juhl CB, T\u00f8nnesen H. Perioperative alcohol cessation intervention for postoperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018, 11:CD008343. 10.1002\/14651858.CD008343.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-011-9652-x","article-title":"Short-term preoperative smoking cessation and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Wong J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wong J, Lam DP, Abrishami A, Chan MT, Chung F. Short-term preoperative smoking cessation and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2012, 59:268-79. 10.1007\/s12630-011-9652-x","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008646.pub2","article-title":"Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia","volume":"2016","author":"Powell R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Powell R, Scott NW, Manyande A, et al.. Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016, 2016:CD008646. 10.1002\/14651858.CD008646.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jhrt-144503","article-title":"The effect of preoperative education on preoperative anxiety in patients waiting for surgery: a literature review","volume":"10","author":"Samadi S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samadi S. The effect of preoperative education on preoperative anxiety in patients waiting for surgery: a literature review. J Health Rep Technol. 2024, 10:1. 10.5812\/jhrt-144503","journal-title":"J Health Rep Technol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22170","article-title":"Influence of preoperative anxiety level on postoperative pain after cardiac surgery","volume":"14","author":"Kashif M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kashif M, Hamid M, Raza A. Influence of preoperative anxiety level on postoperative pain after cardiac surgery. Cureus. 2022, 14:e22170. 10.7759\/cureus.22170","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.28982\/josam.7963","article-title":"The effect of preoperative training provided to patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery on postoperative comfort","volume":"8","author":"\u015eahin A","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u015eahin A, D\u0131\u011f\u0131n F. The effect of preoperative training provided to patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery on postoperative comfort. J Surg Med. 2024, 8:95-98.","journal-title":"J Surg Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S127277","article-title":"Relationship between depression and medication adherence in cardiovascular disease: the perfect challenge for the integrated care team","volume":"11","author":"Goldstein CM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldstein CM, Gathright EC, Garcia S. Relationship between depression and medication adherence in cardiovascular disease: the perfect challenge for the integrated care team. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017, 11:547-59. 10.2147\/PPA.S127277","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14827","article-title":"Effectiveness of nursing interventions for preoperative anxiety in adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez CR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez CR, G\u00f3mez-Urquiza JL, Pradas-Hern\u00e1ndez L, Roman KV, Suleiman-Martos N, Albend\u00edn-Garc\u00eda L, Ca\u00f1adas-De la Fuente GA. Effectiveness of nursing interventions for preoperative anxiety in adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2021, 77:3274-85. 10.1111\/jan.14827","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2025.6","article-title":"Preoperative anxiety and its impact on surgical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shebl MA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shebl MA, Toraih E, Shebl M, et al.. Preoperative anxiety and its impact on surgical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Transl Sci. 2025, 9:e33. 10.1017\/cts.2025.6","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.102799","article-title":"The effects of preoperative education of cardiac patients on haemodynamic parameters, comfort, anxiety and patient-ventilator synchrony: a randomised, controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Pazar B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pazar B, Iyigun E. The effects of preoperative education of cardiac patients on haemodynamic parameters, comfort, anxiety and patient-ventilator synchrony: a randomised, controlled trial. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2020, 58:102799. 10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.102799","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.14.1.88","article-title":"Major depression and medication adherence in elderly patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"14","author":"Carney RM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Carney RM, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, Rich MW, Jaffe AS. Major depression and medication adherence in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Health Psychol. 1995, 14:88-90. 10.1037\/0278-6133.14.1.88","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.12.017","article-title":"Effects of depression and anxiety improvement on adherence to medication and health behaviors in recently hospitalized cardiac patients","volume":"109","author":"Bauer LK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bauer LK, Caro MA, Beach SR, Mastromauro CA, Lenihan E, Januzzi JL, Huffman JC. Effects of depression and anxiety improvement on adherence to medication and health behaviors in recently hospitalized cardiac patients. Am J Cardiol. 2012, 109:1266-71. 10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.12.017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12618","article-title":"Preoperative education interventions to reduce anxiety and improve recovery among cardiac surgery patients: a review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Guo P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo P. Preoperative education interventions to reduce anxiety and improve recovery among cardiac surgery patients: a review of randomised controlled trials. J Clin Nurs. 2015, 24:34-46. 10.1111\/jocn.12618","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216567","article-title":"Evaluating virtual reality patient education in cardiac surgery: impact on preoperative anxiety and postoperative patient satisfaction","volume":"13","author":"El Mathari S","year":"2024","unstructured":"El Mathari S, Kuitert L, Boulidam N, Shehadeh S, Klautz RJ, de Lind van Wijngaarden R, Kluin J. Evaluating virtual reality patient education in cardiac surgery: impact on preoperative anxiety and postoperative patient satisfaction. J Clin Med. 2024, 13:6567. 10.3390\/jcm13216567","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7489(99)00010-3","article-title":"A review of the impact of pre-operative education on recovery from surgery","volume":"36","author":"Shuldham C","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shuldham C. A review of the impact of pre-operative education on recovery from surgery. Int J Nurs Stud. 1999, 36:171-177. 10.1016\/S0020-7489(99)00010-3","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.1153","article-title":"Guidelines for perioperative care in cardiac surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery society recommendations","volume":"154","author":"Engelman DT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Engelman DT, Ali WB, Williams JB, et al.. Guidelines for perioperative care in cardiac surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery society recommendations. JAMA Surg. 2019, 154:755-66. 10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.1153","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2232","article-title":"Effect of A1C and glucose on postoperative mortality in noncardiac and cardiac surgeries","volume":"41","author":"van den Boom W","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Boom W, Schroeder RA, Manning MW, Setji TL, Fiestan GO, Dunson DB. Effect of A1C and glucose on postoperative mortality in noncardiac and cardiac surgeries. Diabetes Care. 2018, 41:782-8. 10.2337\/dc17-2232","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.011519","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: evidence, recommendations and algorithm for the preoperative optimization of anemia, hyperglycemia and smoking","volume":"64","author":"Greenberg JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greenberg JA, Zwiep TM, Sadek J, et al.. Clinical practice guideline: evidence, recommendations and algorithm for the preoperative optimization of anemia, hyperglycemia and smoking. Can J Surg. 2021, 64:E491-509. 10.1503\/cjs.011519","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.049","article-title":"Preoperative anaemia in cardiac surgery: preoperative assessment, treatment and outcome","volume":"128","author":"Bolliger D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bolliger D, Mauermann E, Buser A. Preoperative anaemia in cardiac surgery: preoperative assessment, treatment and outcome. Br J Anaesth. 2022, 128:599-602. 10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.049","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13840","article-title":"Pre-operative haemoglobin levels and iron status in a large multicentre cohort of patients undergoing major elective surgery","volume":"72","author":"Mu\u00f1oz M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz M, Laso-Morales MJ, G\u00f3mez-Ram\u00edrez S, Cadellas M, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Matas MJ, Garc\u00eda-Erce JA. Pre-operative haemoglobin levels and iron status in a large multicentre cohort of patients undergoing major elective surgery. Anaesthesia. 2017, 72:826-34. 10.1111\/anae.13840","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezr271","article-title":"Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing non-emergent coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"42","author":"Saleh HZ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saleh HZ, Mohan K, Shaw M, et al.. Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing non-emergent coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012, 42:108-13. 10.1093\/ejcts\/ezr271","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15187","article-title":"Pre-operative optimisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a narrative review","volume":"76","author":"Lee AH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee AH, Snowden CP, Hopkinson NS, Pattinson KT. Pre-operative optimisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2021, 76:681-94. 10.1111\/anae.15187","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.024","article-title":"2017 ACC expert consensus decision\u00a0pathway for periprocedural management of anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial\u00a0fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document Task Force","volume":"69","author":"Doherty JU","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doherty JU, Gluckman TJ, Hucker WJ, Januzzi JL Jr, Ortel TL, Saxonhouse SJ, Spinler SA. 2017 ACC expert consensus decision\u00a0pathway for periprocedural management of anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial\u00a0fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017, 69:871-98. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00007","article-title":"Effect of a preoperative intervention on preoperative and postoperative outcomes in low-risk patients awaiting elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"133","author":"Arthur HM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arthur HM, Daniels C, McKelvie R, Hirsh J, Rush B. Effect of a preoperative intervention on preoperative and postoperative outcomes in low-risk patients awaiting elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000, 133:253-62. 10.7326\/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263090","article-title":"Preoperative exercise training for adults undergoing elective major vascular surgery: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Tew GA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tew GA, Caisley K, Danjoux G. Preoperative exercise training for adults undergoing elective major vascular surgery: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2022, 17:e0263090. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0263090","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516648754","article-title":"Pre- and postoperative inspiratory muscle training in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Neto MG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neto MG, Martinez BP, Reis HF, Carvalho VO. Pre- and postoperative inspiratory muscle training in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2017, 31:454-64. 10.1177\/0269215516648754","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.06.024","article-title":"Frailty in older adults undergoing aortic\u00a0valve replacement: the FRAILTY-AVR study","volume":"70","author":"Afilalo J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Afilalo J, Lauck S, Kim DH, et al.. Frailty in older adults undergoing aortic\u00a0valve replacement: the FRAILTY-AVR study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017, 70:689-700. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.06.024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004602","article-title":"Frailty for perioperative clinicians: a narrative review","volume":"130","author":"McIsaac DI","year":"2020","unstructured":"McIsaac DI, MacDonald DB, Aucoin SD. Frailty for perioperative clinicians: a narrative review. Anesth Analg. 2020, 130:1450-60. 10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004602","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2007.09.007","article-title":"Anxiety and depression as risk factors for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery","volume":"64","author":"Tully PJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tully PJ, Baker RA, Knight JL. Anxiety and depression as risk factors for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Psychosom Res. 2008, 64:285-90. 10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2007.09.007","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000817","article-title":"Pre-operative evaluation of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: updated guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology","volume":"35","author":"De Hert S","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Hert S, Staender S, Fritsch G, et al.. Pre-operative evaluation of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: updated guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018, 35:407-65. 10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000817","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533616665926","article-title":"Relationship between handgrip strength and length of stay for left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"32","author":"Yost G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yost G, Bhat G. Relationship between handgrip strength and length of stay for left ventricular assist device implantation. Nutr Clin Pract. 2017, 32:98-102. 10.1177\/0884533616665926","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818e4776","article-title":"Postoperative delirium in the elderly: risk factors and outcomes","volume":"249","author":"Robinson TN","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson TN, Raeburn CD, Tran ZV, Angles EM, Brenner LA, Moss M. Postoperative delirium in the elderly: risk factors and outcomes. Ann Surg. 2009, 249:173-8. 10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818e4776","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002293","article-title":"Personalised prehabilitation in high-risk patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery: a randomized blinded controlled trial","volume":"267","author":"Barberan-Garcia A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barberan-Garcia A, Ubr\u00e9 M, Roca J, et al.. Personalised prehabilitation in high-risk patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery: a randomized blinded controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2018, 267:50-6. 10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002293","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.15.1851","article-title":"Preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"296","author":"Hulzebos EH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hulzebos EH, Helders PJ, Favi\u00e9 NJ, De Bie RA, de la Riviere AB, Van Meeteren NL. Preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006, 296:1851-7. 10.1001\/jama.296.15.1851","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.701466","article-title":"Use of cardiac rehabilitation by medicare beneficiaries after myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery","volume":"116","author":"Suaya JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suaya JA, Shepard DS, Normand SL, Ades PA, Prottas J, Stason WB. Use of cardiac rehabilitation by medicare beneficiaries after myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery. Circulation. 2007, 116:1653-62. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.701466","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztad080","article-title":"Key features in telehealth-delivered cardiac rehabilitation required to optimize cardiovascular health in coronary heart disease: a systematic review and realist synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Gallegos-Rejas VM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gallegos-Rejas VM, Rawstorn JC, Gallagher R, Mahoney R, Thomas EE. Key features in telehealth-delivered cardiac rehabilitation required to optimize cardiovascular health in coronary heart disease: a systematic review and realist synthesis. Eur Heart J Digit Health. 2024, 5:208-18. 10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztad080","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Digit Health"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-3985-5","article-title":"High-intensity preoperative training improves physical and functional recovery in the early post-operative periods after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Calatayud J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calatayud J, Casa\u00f1a J, Ezzatvar Y, Jakobsen MD, Sundstrup E, Andersen LL. High-intensity preoperative training improves physical and functional recovery in the early post-operative periods after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017, 25:2864-72. 10.1007\/s00167-016-3985-5","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-2670","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of preoperative exercise intervention on rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"10","author":"Wang D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang D, Wu T, Li Y, Jia L, Ren J, Yang L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of preoperative exercise intervention on rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. Ann Palliat Med. 2021, 10:10986-96. 10.21037\/apm-21-2670","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000393","article-title":"Prehabilitation versus rehabilitation: a randomized control trial in patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer","volume":"121","author":"Gillis C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gillis C, Li C, Lee L, et al.. Prehabilitation versus rehabilitation: a randomized control trial in patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer. Anesthesiology. 2014, 121:937-47. 10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000393","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004527","article-title":"The impact of prehabilitation on patient outcomes in hepatobiliary, colorectal, and upper gastrointestinal cancer surgery: a PRISMA-accordant meta-analysis","volume":"274","author":"Lambert JE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lambert JE, Hayes LD, Keegan TJ, Subar DA, Gaffney CJ. The impact of prehabilitation on patient outcomes in hepatobiliary, colorectal, and upper gastrointestinal cancer surgery: a PRISMA-accordant meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2021, 274:70-7. 10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004527","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010356.pub2","article-title":"Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery","volume":"2015","author":"Katsura M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Katsura M, Kuriyama A, Takeshima T, Fukuhara S, Furukawa TA. Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015, 2015:CD010356. 10.1002\/14651858.CD010356.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202002-183OC","article-title":"Preoperative exercise training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing major surgery. A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis","volume":"18","author":"Assouline B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Assouline B, Cools E, Schorer R, Kayser B, Elia N, Licker M. Preoperative exercise training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing major surgery. A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021, 18:678-88. 10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202002-183OC","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.0122","article-title":"Use of machine learning models to predict death after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"6","author":"Khera R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khera R, Haimovich J, Hurley NC, et al.. Use of machine learning models to predict death after acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol. 2021, 6:633-41. 10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.0122","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/470838-prehabilitation-in-cardiovascular-surgery-concepts-evidence-and-future-direction","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T14:53:04Z","timestamp":1775832784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/470838-prehabilitation-in-cardiovascular-surgery-concepts-evidence-and-future-direction"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":98,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.106795","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]}}}