{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:56:29Z","timestamp":1787961389407,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.106944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T11:53:05Z","timestamp":1776081185000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chronic Lead Toxicity Presenting With Neurologic Decline in an Adult Male"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Audrey","family":"Schulze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilis","family":"Mavratsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Sweet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2402527","article-title":"Lead poisoning","volume":"391","author":"Lanphear B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lanphear B, Navas-Acien A, Bellinger DC. Lead poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2024, 391:1621-31. 10.1056\/NEJMra2402527","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Blood lead levels in the U.S. population. (2023). Accessed. January 23, 2026: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/lead\/data\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.05.042","article-title":"Continual decrease in blood lead level in Americans: United States National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey 1999-2014","volume":"129","author":"Tsoi MF","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsoi MF, Cheung CL, Cheung TT, Cheung BM. Continual decrease in blood lead level in Americans: United States National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey 1999-2014. Am J Med. 2016, 129:1213-8. 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.05.042","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh.2009.24.1.15","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review","volume":"24","author":"Sanders T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, Tchounwou PB. Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. Rev Environ Health. 2009, 24:15-45. 10.1515\/reveh.2009.24.1.15","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/840547","article-title":"Pb neurotoxicity: neuropsychological effects of lead toxicity","volume":"2014","author":"Mason LH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mason LH, Harp JP, Han DY. Pb neurotoxicity: neuropsychological effects of lead toxicity. Biomed Res Int. 2014, 2014:840547. 10.1155\/2014\/840547","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001809","article-title":"Lead-related nephrotoxicity: a review of the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"70","author":"Ekong EB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ekong EB, Jaar BG, Weaver VM. Lead-related nephrotoxicity: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Kidney Int. 2006, 70:2074-84. 10.1038\/sj.ki.5001809","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9785","article-title":"Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease--a systematic review","volume":"115","author":"Navas-Acien A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease--a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect. 2007, 115:472-82. 10.1289\/ehp.9785","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Very high blood lead levels among adults - United States, 2002-2011","volume":"62","year":"2013","unstructured":"Very high blood lead levels among adults - United States, 2002-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013, 62.967-71.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2116336","article-title":"Retained bullets and lead toxicity: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Kershner EK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kershner EK, Tobarran N, Chambers A, Wills BK, Cumpston KL. Retained bullets and lead toxicity: a systematic review. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2022, 60:1176-86. 10.1080\/15563650.2022.2116336","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06908","article-title":"High lead bioavailability of indoor dust contaminated with paint lead species","volume":"55","author":"Sowers TD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sowers TD, Nelson CM, Diamond GL, et al.. High lead bioavailability of indoor dust contaminated with paint lead species. Environ Sci Technol. 2021, 55:402-11. 10.1021\/acs.est.0c06908","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112063","article-title":"Signal transduction associated with lead-induced neurological disorders: a review","volume":"150","author":"Fang Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fang Y, Lu L, Liang Y, Peng D, Aschner M, Jiang Y. Signal transduction associated with lead-induced neurological disorders: a review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021, 150:112063. 10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112063","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103571","article-title":"Long-term lead exposure since adolescence causes proteomic and morphological alterations in the cerebellum associated with motor deficits in adult rats","volume":"21","author":"Le\u00e3o LK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le\u00e3o LK, Bittencourt LO, Oliveira AC, et al.. Long-term lead exposure since adolescence causes proteomic and morphological alterations in the cerebellum associated with motor deficits in adult rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:3571. 10.3390\/ijms21103571","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233717732902","article-title":"The effects of lead on GABAergic interneurons in rodents","volume":"33","author":"Duan Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duan Y, Peng L, Shi H, Jiang Y. The effects of lead on GABAergic interneurons in rodents. Toxicol Ind Health. 2017, 33:867-75. 10.1177\/0748233717732902","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-010-8146-0","article-title":"Molecular neurobiology of lead (Pb(2+)): effects on synaptic function","volume":"42","author":"Neal AP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Neal AP, Guilarte TR. Molecular neurobiology of lead (Pb(2+)): effects on synaptic function. Mol Neurobiol. 2010, 42:151-60. 10.1007\/s12035-010-8146-0","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00173","article-title":"Lead-induced atypical Parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, electrophysiological, and neurochemical evidence for a role of noradrenaline depletion","volume":"12","author":"Sabbar M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sabbar M, Delaville C, De Deurwaerd\u00e8re P, Lakhdar-Ghazal N, Benazzouz A. Lead-induced atypical Parkinsonism in rats: behavioral, electrophysiological, and neurochemical evidence for a role of noradrenaline depletion. Front Neurosci. 2018, 12:173. 10.3389\/fnins.2018.00173","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2017.1408562","article-title":"Clinical and molecular aspects of lead toxicity: an update","volume":"54","author":"Mitra P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitra P, Sharma S, Purohit P, Sharma P. Clinical and molecular aspects of lead toxicity: an update. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2017, 54:506-28. 10.1080\/10408363.2017.1408562","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Lead hepatotoxicity & potential health effects","volume":"126","author":"Mudipalli A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mudipalli A. Lead hepatotoxicity &amp; potential health effects. Indian J Med Res. 2007, 126:518-27.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.07.001","article-title":"Toxic-metabolic, nutritional, and medicinal-induced disorders of cerebellum","volume":"32","author":"Alekseeva N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alekseeva N, McGee J, Kelley RE, Maghzi AH, Gonzalez-Toledo E, Minagar A. Toxic-metabolic, nutritional, and medicinal-induced disorders of cerebellum. Neurol Clin. 2014, 32:901-11. 10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.07.001","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132812Y.0000000115","article-title":"Adult lead encephalopathy","volume":"35","author":"de Souza A","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Souza A, Narvencar KP, Desai PK, D'Costa Z, Nilajkar G. Adult lead encephalopathy. Neurol Res. 2013, 35:54-8. 10.1179\/1743132812Y.0000000115","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Evaluation of suspected dementia","volume":"112","author":"Kramer ES","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kramer ES, Johnson MN, Winslow B MD. Evaluation of suspected dementia. Am Fam Physician. 2025, 112:657-67.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), a non-toxic, water-soluble treatment for heavy metal toxicity","volume":"3","author":"Miller AL","year":"1998","unstructured":"Miller AL. Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), a non-toxic, water-soluble treatment for heavy metal toxicity. Altern Med Rev. 1998, 3:199-207.","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.2000.48.11.1501","article-title":"Lead toxicity in older adults","volume":"48","author":"Vig EK","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vig EK, Hu H. Lead toxicity in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000, 48:1501-6. 10.1111\/jgs.2000.48.11.1501","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115681","article-title":"A systematic review of clinical and laboratory findings of lead poisoning: lessons from case reports","volume":"429","author":"Samarghandian S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samarghandian S, Shirazi FM, Saeedi F, et al.. A systematic review of clinical and laboratory findings of lead poisoning: lessons from case reports. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2021, 429:115681. 10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115681","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.02.021","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of low-level lead exposure: history, mechanisms of action, and behavioral effects in humans and preclinical models","volume":"73","author":"Rocha A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rocha A, Trujillo KA. Neurotoxicity of low-level lead exposure: history, mechanisms of action, and behavioral effects in humans and preclinical models. Neurotoxicology. 2019, 73:58-80. 10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.02.021","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/465885-chronic-lead-toxicity-presenting-with-neurologic-decline-in-an-adult-male","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T11:53:12Z","timestamp":1776081192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/465885-chronic-lead-toxicity-presenting-with-neurologic-decline-in-an-adult-male"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":24,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.106944","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]}}}