{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T01:51:11Z","timestamp":1776217871751,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.107062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:54:48Z","timestamp":1776214488000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Utility of Pleural Fluid Lactate and Pleural Fluid-to-Serum Lactate Ratio in Differentiating Various Etiologies of Exudative Pleural Effusions: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Shweta","family":"Ambedare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Bharti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekta","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ved Prakash","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tushar","family":"Ambedare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-77-4-507","article-title":"Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates","volume":"77","author":"Light RW","year":"1972","unstructured":"Light RW, Macgregor MI, Luchsinger PC, Ball WC Jr. Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates. Ann Intern Med. 1972, 77:507-13. 10.7326\/0003-4819-77-4-507","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2012.11.002","article-title":"Pleural fluid biomarkers: beyond the Light criteria","volume":"34","author":"Porcel JM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Porcel JM. Pleural fluid biomarkers: beyond the Light criteria. Clin Chest Med. 2013, 34:27-37. 10.1016\/j.ccm.2012.11.002","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042473","article-title":"U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection","volume":"352","author":"Maskell NA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maskell NA, Davies CW, Nunn AJ, et al.. U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352:865-74. 10.1056\/NEJMoa042473","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.18.2017","article-title":"Tuberculous pleurisy: a study of 254 patients","volume":"158","author":"Vald\u00e9s L","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vald\u00e9s L, Alvarez D, San Jos\u00e9 E, et al.. Tuberculous pleurisy: a study of 254 patients. Arch Intern Med. 1998, 158:2017-21. 10.1001\/archinte.158.18.2017","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Diagnostic approach to pleural effusion in adults","volume":"73","author":"Porcel JM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Porcel JM, Light RW. Diagnostic approach to pleural effusion in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2006, 73:1211-20.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"","author":"Light RW","year":"1995","unstructured":"Light RW. Pleural Diseases. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA; 1995. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vHEpRHQXaKUC."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.6.1604","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the biochemical parameters used to distinguish between pleural transudates and exudates","volume":"107","author":"Burgess LJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burgess LJ, Maritz FJ, Taljaard JJ. Comparative analysis of the biochemical parameters used to distinguish between pleural transudates and exudates. Chest. 1995, 107:1604-9. 10.1378\/chest.107.6.1604","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.4.970","article-title":"Diagnostic value of tests that discriminate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions. Primary Study Investigators","volume":"111","author":"Heffner JE","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heffner JE, Brown LK, Barbieri CA. Diagnostic value of tests that discriminate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions. Primary Study Investigators. Chest. 1997, 111:970-80. 10.1378\/chest.111.4.970","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213728","article-title":"Adenosine deaminase for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Aggarwal AN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aggarwal AN, Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S. Adenosine deaminase for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019, 14:e0213728. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0213728","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2006.582","article-title":"Pleural tuberculosis","volume":"65","author":"Chakrabarti B","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chakrabarti B, Davies PD. Pleural tuberculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2006, 65:26-33. 10.4081\/monaldi.2006.582","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31815d25e6","article-title":"The value of pleural fluid analysis","volume":"335","author":"Sahn SA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sahn SA. The value of pleural fluid analysis. Am J Med Sci. 2008, 335:7-15. 10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31815d25e6","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00217114","article-title":"Mortality among patients with pleural effusion undergoing thoracentesis","volume":"46","author":"Debiasi EM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Debiasi EM, Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Araujo K, Mortensen EM. Mortality among patients with pleural effusion undergoing thoracentesis. Eur Respir J. 2015, 46:495-502. 10.1183\/09031936.00217114","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2000.19.12.837","article-title":"Sonographic septation: a useful prognostic indicator of acute thoracic empyema","volume":"19","author":"Chen KY","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chen KY, Liaw YS, Wang HC, Luh KT, Yang PC. Sonographic septation: a useful prognostic indicator of acute thoracic empyema. J Ultrasound Med. 2000, 19:837-43. 10.7863\/jum.2000.19.12.837","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466618808660","article-title":"Biomarkers in the diagnosis of pleural diseases: a 2018 update","volume":"12","author":"Porcel JM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Porcel JM. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of pleural diseases: a 2018 update. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2018, 12:1753466618808660. 10.1177\/1753466618808660","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000083408","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in men with thyrotoxicosis","volume":"72","author":"Soroush-Yari A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Soroush-Yari A, Burstein S, Hoo GW, Santiago SM. Pulmonary hypertension in men with thyrotoxicosis. Respiration. 2005, 72:90-4. 10.1159\/000083408","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldh040","article-title":"Pleural effusion: a structured approach to care","volume":"72","author":"Rahman NM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rahman NM, Chapman SJ, Davies RJ. Pleural effusion: a structured approach to care. Br Med Bull. 2004, 72:31-47. 10.1093\/bmb\/ldh040","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/454201-diagnostic-utility-of-pleural-fluid-lactate-and-pleural-fluid-to-serum-lactate-ratio-in-differentiating-various-etiologies-of-exudative-pleural-effusions-a-cross-sectional-observational-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:54:49Z","timestamp":1776214489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/454201-diagnostic-utility-of-pleural-fluid-lactate-and-pleural-fluid-to-serum-lactate-ratio-in-differentiating-various-etiologies-of-exudative-pleural-effusions-a-cross-sectional-observational-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.107062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]}}}