{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:22:07Z","timestamp":1787948527744,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.107202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:34:04Z","timestamp":1776400444000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Small-Molecule Oral Versus Injectable Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists: Comparative Efficacy, Safety, and Future Clinical Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Digantkumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2006","article-title":"The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1","volume":"87","author":"Holst JJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. 2007, 87:1409-39. 10.1152\/physrev.00034.2006","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.01.004","article-title":"The biology of incretin hormones","volume":"3","author":"Drucker DJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drucker DJ. The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metab. 2006, 3:153-65. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.01.004","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0414","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 on appetite and body weight: focus on the CNS","volume":"221","author":"van Bloemendaal L","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Bloemendaal L, Ten Kulve JS, la Fleur SE, Ijzerman RG, Diamant M. Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 on appetite and body weight: focus on the CNS. J Endocrinol. 2014, 221:T1-16. 10.1530\/JOE-13-0414","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.02.029","article-title":"Role of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor in the control of energy balance","volume":"100","author":"Hayes MR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayes MR, De Jonghe BC, Kanoski SE. Role of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor in the control of energy balance. Physiol Behav. 2010, 100:503-10. 10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.02.029","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00080","article-title":"Physiology and pharmacology of DPP-4 in glucose homeostasis and the treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Deacon CF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deacon CF. Physiology and pharmacology of DPP-4 in glucose homeostasis and the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019, 10:80. 10.3389\/fendo.2019.00080","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.009","article-title":"The cardiovascular biology of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"24","author":"Drucker DJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Drucker DJ. The cardiovascular biology of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2016, 24:15-30. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.009","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0066","article-title":"2019 update to: management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"43","author":"Buse JB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buse JB, Wexler DJ, Tsapas A, et al.. 2019 update to: management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2020, 43:487-93. 10.2337\/dci19-0066","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22794","article-title":"Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the treatment of obesity: key elements of the step trials 1 to 5","volume":"28","author":"Kushner RF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kushner RF, Calanna S, Davies M, et al.. Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the treatment of obesity: key elements of the step trials 1 to 5. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020, 28:1050-61. 10.1002\/oby.22794","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00155","article-title":"The discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutide","volume":"10","author":"Knudsen LB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Knudsen LB, Lau J. The discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019, 10:155. 10.3389\/fendo.2019.00155","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101102","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes - state-of-the-art","volume":"46","author":"Nauck MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes - state-of-the-art. Mol Metab. 2021, 46:101102. 10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101102","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14752","article-title":"Effect of oral semaglutide compared with placebo and subcutaneous semaglutide on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"318","author":"Davies M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davies M, Pieber TR, Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Hansen OK, Jabbour S, Rosenstock J. Effect of oral semaglutide compared with placebo and subcutaneous semaglutide on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017, 318:1460-70. 10.1001\/jama.2017.14752","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.176362","article-title":"Modulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling by naturally occurring and synthetic flavonoids","volume":"336","author":"Wootten D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wootten D, Simms J, Koole C, Woodman OL, Summers RJ, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Modulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling by naturally occurring and synthetic flavonoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011, 336:540-50. 10.1124\/jpet.110.176362","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.10.003","article-title":"Peptide therapeutics: current status and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Fosgerau K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fosgerau K, Hoffmann T. Peptide therapeutics: current status and future directions. Drug Discov Today. 2015, 20:122-8. 10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.10.003","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9918","article-title":"Autocrine selection of a GLP-1R G-protein biased agonist with potent antidiabetic effects","volume":"6","author":"Zhang H","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang H, Sturchler E, Zhu J, et al.. Autocrine selection of a GLP-1R G-protein biased agonist with potent antidiabetic effects. Nat Commun. 2015, 6:8918. 10.1038\/ncomms9918","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7602","article-title":"Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"315","author":"Khera R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khera R, Murad MH, Chandar AK, et al.. Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016, 315:2424-34. 10.1001\/jama.2016.7602","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708740200","article-title":"Crystal structure of the ligand-bound glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor extracellular domain","volume":"283","author":"Runge S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Runge S, Th\u00f8gersen H, Madsen K, Lau J, Rudolph R. Crystal structure of the ligand-bound glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor extracellular domain. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283:11340-7. 10.1074\/jbc.M708740200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22800","article-title":"Crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist","volume":"546","author":"Jazayeri A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jazayeri A, Rappas M, Brown AJ, et al.. Crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist. Nature. 2017, 546:254-8. 10.1038\/nature22800","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.12.013","article-title":"Control of insulin secretion by GLP-1","volume":"100","author":"Jones B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones B, Bloom SR, Buenaventura T, Tomas A, Rutter GA. Control of insulin secretion by GLP-1. Peptides. 2018, 100:75-84. 10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.12.013","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13129","article-title":"Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Nauck MA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nauck MA, Meier JJ. Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018, 20:5-21. 10.1111\/dom.13129","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00733-x","article-title":"Estimating and reporting treatment effects in clinical trials for weight management: using estimands to interpret effects of intercurrent events and missing data","volume":"45","author":"Wharton S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wharton S, Astrup A, Endahl L, et al.. Estimating and reporting treatment effects in clinical trials for weight management: using estimands to interpret effects of intercurrent events and missing data. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021, 45:923-33. 10.1038\/s41366-020-00733-x","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0649-2","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide in subjects with renal impairment","volume":"57","author":"Granhall C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Granhall C, S\u00f8ndergaard FL, Thomsen M, Anderson TW. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide in subjects with renal impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018, 57:1571-80. 10.1007\/s40262-018-0649-2","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.02.019","article-title":"The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: their role in drug metabolism and detoxification","volume":"45","author":"Rowland A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rowland A, Miners JO, Mackenzie PI. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: their role in drug metabolism and detoxification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013, 45:1121-32. 10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.02.019","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-025-02263-0","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a state-of-the-art narrative review","volume":"86","author":"Kunutsor SK","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kunutsor SK, Seidu S. Safety and tolerability of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a state-of-the-art narrative review. Drugs. 2026, 86:11-36. 10.1007\/s40265-025-02263-0","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0264-4","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease","volume":"54","author":"Scheen AJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015, 54:691-708. 10.1007\/s40262-015-0264-4","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31271-1","article-title":"Oral semaglutide versus subcutaneous liraglutide and placebo in type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 4): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial","volume":"394","author":"Pratley R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pratley R, Amod A, Hoff ST, et al.. Oral semaglutide versus subcutaneous liraglutide and placebo in type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 4): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial. Lancet. 2019, 394:39-50. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31271-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30092-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin, thiazolidinediones, or both, in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 2): a 56-week, double-blind, phase 3a, randomised trial","volume":"5","author":"Ahr\u00e9n B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahr\u00e9n B, Masmiquel L, Kumar H, Sargin M, Karsb\u00f8l JD, Jacobsen SH, Chow F. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin, thiazolidinediones, or both, in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 2): a 56-week, double-blind, phase 3a, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017, 5:341-54. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30092-X","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12634","article-title":"A 24-week study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide added on to glimepiride in type 2 diabetes (AWARD-8)","volume":"18","author":"Dungan KM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dungan KM, Weitgasser R, Perez Manghi F, et al.. A 24-week study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide added on to glimepiride in type 2 diabetes (AWARD-8). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016, 18:475-82. 10.1111\/dom.12634","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso SP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:311-22. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1609","article-title":"Relationships between gastric emptying, postprandial glycemia, and incretin hormones","volume":"36","author":"Marathe CS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marathe CS, Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Relationships between gastric emptying, postprandial glycemia, and incretin hormones. Diabetes Care. 2013, 36:1396-405. 10.2337\/dc12-1609","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S009","article-title":"9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes-2024","volume":"47","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2024","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024, 47:S158-78. 10.2337\/dc24-S009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61335-0","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist and basal insulin combination treatment for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"384","author":"Eng C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eng C, Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist and basal insulin combination treatment for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2014, 384:2228-34. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61335-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411892","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management","volume":"373","author":"Pi-Sunyer X","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al.. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015, 373:11-22. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1411892","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding JP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilding JP, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al.. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021, 384:989-1002. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","article-title":"Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity","volume":"387","author":"Jastreboff AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al.. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022, 387:205-16. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107519","article-title":"Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Fr\u00edas JP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fr\u00edas JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al.. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021, 385:503-15. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2107519","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14725","article-title":"Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: the STEP 1 trial extension","volume":"24","author":"Wilding JP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilding JP, Batterham RL, Davies M, et al.. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: the STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022, 24:1553-64. 10.1111\/dom.14725","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-023-01382-9","article-title":"Real-world evaluation of GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy persistence, adherence and therapeutic inertia among obese adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Palanca A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palanca A, Ampudia-Blasco FJ, Calder\u00f3n JM, et al.. Real-world evaluation of GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy persistence, adherence and therapeutic inertia among obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2023, 14:723-36. 10.1007\/s13300-023-01382-9","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101882","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of obesity: an update on the available medications and drugs under investigation","volume":"58","author":"Chakhtoura M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chakhtoura M, Haber R, Ghezzawi M, Rhayem C, Tcheroyan R, Mantzoros CS. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: an update on the available medications and drugs under investigation. EClinicalMedicine. 2023, 58:101882. 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101882","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30249-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials","volume":"7","author":"Kristensen SL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kristensen SL, R\u00f8rth R, Jhund PS, et al.. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019, 7:776-85. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30249-9","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1616011","article-title":"Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Mann JF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mann JF, \u00d8rsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.. Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017, 377:839-48. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1616011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso SP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:1834-44. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31149-3","article-title":"Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Gerstein HC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al.. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019, 394:121-30. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31149-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32261-X","article-title":"Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"392","author":"Hernandez AF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, et al.. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018, 392:1519-29. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32261-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509225","article-title":"Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome","volume":"373","author":"Pfeffer MA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al.. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015, 373:2247-57. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1509225","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0800-2","article-title":"GLP-1RAs in type 2 diabetes: mechanisms that underlie cardiovascular effects and overview of cardiovascular outcome data","volume":"17","author":"Sposito AC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sposito AC, Berwanger O, de Carvalho LS, Saraiva JF. GLP-1RAs in type 2 diabetes: mechanisms that underlie cardiovascular effects and overview of cardiovascular outcome data. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018, 17:157. 10.1186\/s12933-018-0800-2","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD","volume":"41","author":"Cosentino F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, et al.. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020, 41:255-323. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12808","article-title":"The effect of liraglutide on renal function: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"von Scholten BJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"von Scholten BJ, Persson F, Rosenlund S, Hovind P, Faber J, Hansen TW, Rossing P. The effect of liraglutide on renal function: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017, 19:239-47. 10.1111\/dom.12808","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink HJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heerspink HJ, Stef\u00e1nsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, et al.. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020, 383:1436-46. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-025-01616-z","article-title":"SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists as combination therapy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Liakos A","year":"2026","unstructured":"Liakos A, Karagiannis T, Avgerinos I, Bekiari E. SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists as combination therapy in type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2026, 26:1. 10.1007\/s11892-025-01616-z","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2025-0038","article-title":"Repurposing incretin therapies: a narrative review of emerging indications across cardiometabolic, liver, kidney, neurological, psychiatric, and other systems","volume":"103","author":"Alhomoud IS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alhomoud IS, Wheeler S, Dixon D. Repurposing incretin therapies: a narrative review of emerging indications across cardiometabolic, liver, kidney, neurological, psychiatric, and other systems. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2025, 103:298-311. 10.1139\/cjpp-2025-0038","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12824","article-title":"Occurrence of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea reported as adverse events in clinical trials studying glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic analysis of published clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Bettge K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bettge K, Kahle M, Abd El Aziz MS, Meier JJ, Nauck MA. Occurrence of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea reported as adverse events in clinical trials studying glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic analysis of published clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017, 19:336-47. 10.1111\/dom.12824","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188251406456","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and gallbladder disease risk: insights into molecular mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"16","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Mej\u00eda MM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Mej\u00eda MM, Ponciano-Rodriguez G, Eslam M, M\u00e9ndez-S\u00e1nchez N. GLP-1 receptor agonists and gallbladder disease risk: insights into molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2025, 16:20420188251406456. 10.1177\/20420188251406456","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12885","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Storgaard H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Storgaard H, Cold F, Gluud LL, Vilsb\u00f8ll T, Knop FK. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017, 19:906-8. 10.1111\/dom.12885","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Highlights of prescribing information. (2024). https.\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&&p=c683324d48976417bfb71efd4256d9612addeaafe8e766d7dbf27a77b4aa1132JmltdHM9MTc3MDA3NjgwMA...."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2025.07.019","article-title":"Risk of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use in routine clinical practice: comparative effectiveness of semaglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, and exenatide","volume":"10","author":"Barkmeier AJ","year":"2026","unstructured":"Barkmeier AJ, Deng Y, Swarna KS, et al.. Risk of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use in routine clinical practice: comparative effectiveness of semaglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, and exenatide. Ophthalmol Retina. 2026, 10:142-51. 10.1016\/j.oret.2025.07.019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.10.2543","article-title":"Psychological insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes: the scope of the problem","volume":"28","author":"Polonsky WH","year":"2005","unstructured":"Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Guzman S, Villa-Caballero L, Edelman SV. Psychological insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes: the scope of the problem. Diabetes Care. 2005, 28:2543-5. 10.2337\/diacare.28.10.2543","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.03.029","article-title":"Looking beyond the issue of access to insulin: what is needed for proper diabetes care in resource poor settings","volume":"88","author":"Beran D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beran D, Yudkin JS. Looking beyond the issue of access to insulin: what is needed for proper diabetes care in resource poor settings. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010, 88:217-21. 10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.03.029","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05962-z","article-title":"Socioeconomic aspects of incretin-based therapy","volume":"66","author":"Karagiannis T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karagiannis T, Bekiari E, Tsapas A. Socioeconomic aspects of incretin-based therapy. Diabetologia. 2023, 66:1859-68. 10.1007\/s00125-023-05962-z","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37765\/ajac.2020.88356","article-title":"Implementation of pharmacist-driven comprehensive medication management as part of an interdisciplinary team in primary care physicians\u2019 offices","volume":"8","author":"Sapp EC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sapp EC, Francis SM, Hincapie AL. Implementation of pharmacist-driven comprehensive medication management as part of an interdisciplinary team in primary care physicians\u2019 offices. Am J Accountable Care. 2020, 8:8-11. 10.37765\/ajac.2020.88356","journal-title":"Am J Accountable Care"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2077-6","article-title":"Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice","volume":"27","author":"Elwyn G","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elwyn G, Frosch D, Thomson R, et al.. Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. J Gen Intern Med. 2012, 27:1361-7. 10.1007\/s11606-012-2077-6","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.06.052","article-title":"Therapeutic peptides: historical perspectives, current development trends, and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Lau JL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lau JL, Dunn MK. Therapeutic peptides: historical perspectives, current development trends, and future directions. Bioorg Med Chem. 2018, 26:2700-7. 10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.06.052","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","article-title":"Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Pushpakom S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pushpakom S, Iorio F, Eyers PA, et al.. Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019, 18:41-58. 10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0149-2918(01)80109-0","article-title":"A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance","volume":"23","author":"Claxton AJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C. A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance. Clin Ther. 2001, 23:1296-310. 10.1016\/s0149-2918(01)80109-0","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56305\/001c.132255","article-title":"Current insights, advantages and challenges of small molecule glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a scoping review","volume":"4","author":"Luna Ceron E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luna Ceron E, Reddy SD, Kattamuri L, Muvva DM, Chozet L, Bright T. Current insights, advantages and challenges of small molecule glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a scoping review. J Brown Hosp Med. 2025, 4:19-32. 10.56305\/001c.132255","journal-title":"J Brown Hosp Med"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2020.19","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes in trials of new antidiabetic drug classes","volume":"7","author":"Lo CW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lo CW, Fei Y, Cheung BM. Cardiovascular outcomes in trials of new antidiabetic drug classes. Card Fail Rev. 2021, 7:e04. 10.15420\/cfr.2020.19","journal-title":"Card Fail Rev"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b00875","article-title":"Allosteric modulation of class A GPCRs: targets, agents, and emerging concepts","volume":"62","author":"Wold EA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wold EA, Chen J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Allosteric modulation of class A GPCRs: targets, agents, and emerging concepts. J Med Chem. 2019, 62:88-127. 10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b00875","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.118.016790","article-title":"Biased receptor signaling in drug discovery","volume":"71","author":"Kenakin T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kenakin T. Biased receptor signaling in drug discovery. Pharmacol Rev. 2019, 71:267-315. 10.1124\/pr.118.016790","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2010.02.002","article-title":"Signaling by internalized G-protein-coupled receptors","volume":"31","author":"Calebiro D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calebiro D, Nikolaev VO, Persani L, Lohse MJ. Signaling by internalized G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2010, 31:221-8. 10.1016\/j.tips.2010.02.002","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2020_496","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 and its analogs on gastric physiology in diabetes mellitus and obesity","volume":"1307","author":"Maselli DB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maselli DB, Camilleri M. Effects of GLP-1 and its analogs on gastric physiology in diabetes mellitus and obesity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021, 1307:171-92. 10.1007\/5584_2020_496","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510064","article-title":"The primary outcome fails - what next?","volume":"375","author":"Pocock SJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pocock SJ, Stone GW. The primary outcome fails - what next?. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:861-70. 10.1056\/NEJMra1510064","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"27","author":"Drucker DJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018, 27:740-56. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2487","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of weight-loss and obesity with a focus on GLP 1-receptor agonists","volume":"64","author":"Myerson M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Myerson M, Paparodis RD. Pharmacotherapy of weight-loss and obesity with a focus on GLP 1-receptor agonists. J Clin Pharmacol. 2024, 64:1204-21. 10.1002\/jcph.2487","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"2020 FDA guidance for diabetes drug development. cardiorenal populations and outcomes: lessons learned and future directions. (2021). https:\/\/www.acc.org\/Latest-in-Cardiology\/Articles\/2021\/09\/10\/13\/46\/2020-FDA-Guidance-for-Diabetes-Drug-Development."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254","article-title":"Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available","volume":"183","author":"Hern\u00e1n MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n MA, Robins JM. Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available. Am J Epidemiol. 2016, 183:758-64. 10.1093\/aje\/kwv254","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.122758","article-title":"Assessment of food effects during clinical development","volume":"635","author":"Vinarov Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vinarov Z, Butler J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Augustijns P. Assessment of food effects during clinical development. Int J Pharm. 2023, 635:122758. 10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.122758","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-023-00493-z","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of glucose-lowering drugs on liver steatosis as assessed by means of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Malandris K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malandris K, Papandreou S, Avgerinos I, et al.. Comparative efficacy of glucose-lowering drugs on liver steatosis as assessed by means of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hormones (Athens). 2023, 22:655-64. 10.1007\/s42000-023-00493-z","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2017.10.003","article-title":"Effect of adding GLP-1RA on mortality, cardiovascular events, and metabolic outcomes among insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes:  large retrospective UK cohort study","volume":"196","author":"Anyanwagu U","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anyanwagu U, Mamza J, Donnelly R, Idris I. Effect of adding GLP-1RA on mortality, cardiovascular events, and metabolic outcomes among insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes:  large retrospective UK cohort study. Am Heart J. 2018, 196:18-27. 10.1016\/j.ahj.2017.10.003","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13088","article-title":"Therapeutic inertia in the treatment of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Khunti K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khunti K, Gomes MB, Pocock S, et al.. Therapeutic inertia in the treatment of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018, 20:427-37. 10.1111\/dom.13088","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/10.1210\/er.2006-0038","article-title":"Beta-cell failure in diabetes and preservation by clinical treatment","volume":"28","author":"Wajchenberg BL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wajchenberg BL. Beta-cell failure in diabetes and preservation by clinical treatment. Endocr Rev. 2007, 28:187-218. 10.1210\/10.1210\/er.2006-0038","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.02.005","article-title":"Effects of moderate and subsequent progressive weight loss on metabolic function and adipose tissue biology in humans with obesity","volume":"23","author":"Magkos F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Magkos F, Fraterrigo G, Yoshino J, et al.. Effects of moderate and subsequent progressive weight loss on metabolic function and adipose tissue biology in humans with obesity. Cell Metab. 2016, 23:591-601. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.02.005","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.006","article-title":"Guideline recommendations for obesity management","volume":"102","author":"Ryan DH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryan DH, Kahan S. Guideline recommendations for obesity management. Med Clin North Am. 2018, 102:49-63. 10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.006","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2390","article-title":"Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement","volume":"337","author":"Zwarenstein M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zwarenstein M, Treweek S, Gagnier JJ, et al.. Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. BMJ. 2008, 337:a2390. 10.1136\/bmj.a2390","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0459","article-title":"GIP receptor agonism attenuates GLP-1 receptor agonist-induced nausea and emesis in preclinical models","volume":"70","author":"Borner T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borner T, Geisler CE, Fortin SM, et al.. GIP receptor agonism attenuates GLP-1 receptor agonist-induced nausea and emesis in preclinical models. Diabetes. 2021, 70:2545-53. 10.2337\/db21-0459","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi21-0004","article-title":"The role of GIP in the regulation of GLP-1 satiety and nausea","volume":"70","author":"Hayes MR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayes MR, Borner T, De Jonghe BC. The role of GIP in the regulation of GLP-1 satiety and nausea. Diabetes. 2021, 70:1956-61. 10.2337\/dbi21-0004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1851","article-title":"Predicting in vivo drug interactions from in vitro drug discovery data","volume":"4","author":"Wienkers LC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wienkers LC, Heath TG. Predicting in vivo drug interactions from in vitro drug discovery data. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005, 4:825-33. 10.1038\/nrd1851","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1750","article-title":"Idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity","volume":"4","author":"Kaplowitz N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaplowitz N. Idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005, 4:489-99. 10.1038\/nrd1750","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dcS13-2004","article-title":"Do GLP-1-based therapies increase cancer risk?","volume":"36","author":"Nauck MA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nauck MA, Friedrich N. Do GLP-1-based therapies increase cancer risk?. Diabetes Care. 2013, 36:S245-52. 10.2337\/dcS13-2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref88","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists consensus-based guidance on preoperative management of patients (adults and children) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. (2024). https.\/\/www.asahq.org\/about-asa\/newsroom\/news-releases\/2023\/06\/american-society-of-anesthesiologists-consensus-based-...."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050100","article-title":"Adherence to medication","volume":"353","author":"Osterberg L","year":"2005","unstructured":"Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353:487-97. 10.1056\/NEJMra050100","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4266-9","article-title":"Improving rates of outpatient influenza vaccination through EHR portal messages and interactive automated calls: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Cutrona SL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cutrona SL, Golden JG, Goff SL, et al.. Improving rates of outpatient influenza vaccination through EHR portal messages and interactive automated calls: a randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2018, 33:659-67. 10.1007\/s11606-017-4266-9","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S414144","article-title":"Sensitivity for change analyses of the patient-reported outcomes in obesity (PROS) questionnaire: a prospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Hegland PA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hegland PA, Kolotkin RL, Andersen JR. Sensitivity for change analyses of the patient-reported outcomes in obesity (PROS) questionnaire: a prospective cohort study. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2023, 14:235-41. 10.2147\/PROM.S414144","journal-title":"Patient Relat Outcome Meas"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2142","article-title":"Trends in the evidence level for the American Diabetes Association's \"Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\" from 2005 to 2014","volume":"38","author":"Grant RW","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grant RW, Kirkman MS. Trends in the evidence level for the American Diabetes Association's \"Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\" from 2005 to 2014. Diabetes Care. 2015, 38:6-8. 10.2337\/dc14-2142","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-9-200111060-00012","article-title":"Clinical inertia","volume":"135","author":"Phillips LS","year":"2001","unstructured":"Phillips LS, Branch WT, Cook CB, et al.. Clinical inertia. Ann Intern Med. 2001, 135:825-34. 10.7326\/0003-4819-135-9-200111060-00012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Best Care at Lower Cost:  The Path to Continuously Learning Health Care in America","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Best Care at Lower Cost: The Path to Continuously Learning Health Care in America. Smith M, Saunders R, Stuckhardt L, McGinnis JM (ed): National Academies Press, Washington, DC; 2012. http:\/\/medecon.pbworks.com\/w\/file\/fetch\/58367928\/Best%20Care%20at%20Lower%20Cost.pdf."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1909301","article-title":"Projected U.S. state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity","volume":"381","author":"Ward ZJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ward ZJ, Bleich SN, Cradock AL, et al.. Projected U.S. state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2019, 381:2440-50. 10.1056\/NEJMsa1909301","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.159491","article-title":"Obesity stigma: important considerations for public health","volume":"100","author":"Puhl RM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Puhl RM, Heuer CA. Obesity stigma: important considerations for public health. Am J Public Health. 2010, 100:1019-28. 10.2105\/AJPH.2009.159491","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x","article-title":"A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications","volume":"73","author":"Vrijens B","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vrijens B, De Geest S, Hughes DA, et al.. A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012, 73:691-705. 10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2017.1386551","article-title":"Long-term treatment of severe obesity: are lifestyle interventions still an option?","volume":"12","author":"Petroni ML","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petroni ML, Caletti MT, Calugi S, Dalle Grave R, Marchesini G. Long-term treatment of severe obesity: are lifestyle interventions still an option?. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2017, 12:391-400. 10.1080\/17446651.2017.1386551","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-88","article-title":"The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Guh DP","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009, 9:88. 10.1186\/1471-2458-9-88","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0161-y","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014","volume":"5","author":"Morley JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morley JE, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014, 5:253-9. 10.1007\/s13539-014-0161-y","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref101","unstructured":"Obesity in pregnancy. (2021). https.\/\/www.acog.org\/clinical\/clinical-guidance\/practice-bulletin\/articles\/2021\/06\/obesity-in-pregnancy."},{"key":"ref102","unstructured":"Perioperative management of patients on GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAS). (2024). https.\/\/asa.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ASA-FS1-Perioperative-Management-of-Patients-on-GLP-1-Receptor-Agonists...."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30059-3","article-title":"Eating disorders","volume":"395","author":"Treasure J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Treasure J, Duarte TA, Schmidt U. Eating disorders. Lancet. 2020, 395:899-911. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30059-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.15445","article-title":"Costs of drug development and research and development intensity in the US, 2000-2018","volume":"7","author":"Sertkaya A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sertkaya A, Beleche T, Jessup A, Sommers BD. Costs of drug development and research and development intensity in the US, 2000-2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2024, 7:e2415445. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.15445","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjcafi.2025.05.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a paradigm for value-based care","volume":"1","author":"Hermes Z","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hermes Z, Bhatt A, Vaduganathan M. Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a paradigm for value-based care. J Card Fail Intersect. 2025, 1:72-8. 10.1016\/j.yjcafi.2025.05.001","journal-title":"J Card Fail Intersect"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053","article-title":"Social determinants of health and diabetes: a scientific review","volume":"44","author":"Hill-Briggs F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hill-Briggs F, Adler NE, Berkowitz SA, et al.. Social determinants of health and diabetes: a scientific review. Diabetes Care. 2020, 44:258-79. 10.2337\/dci20-0053","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)","volume":"30","author":"M\u00fcller TD","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00fcller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, et al.. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab. 2019, 30:72-130. 10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119772729","article-title":"Oral Drug Delivery for Modified Release Formulations","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oral Drug Delivery for Modified Release Formulations. Kostewicz ES, Vertzoni M, Benson HA, Roberts MS (ed). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ; 2022. 10.1002\/9781119772729"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13075","article-title":"Personalized medicine in diabetes: the role of 'omics' and biomarkers","volume":"33","author":"Pearson ER","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pearson ER. Personalized medicine in diabetes: the role of 'omics' and biomarkers. Diabet Med. 2016, 33:712-7. 10.1111\/dme.13075","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes23052","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a state-of-the-art review","volume":"32","author":"Chan WK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan WK, Chuah KH, Rajaram RB, Lim LL, Ratnasingam J, Vethakkan SR. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a state-of-the-art review. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2023, 32:197-213. 10.7570\/jomes23052","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15400","article-title":"Effectiveness of mobile health interventions on diabetes and obesity treatment and management: systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"Wang Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Min J, Khuri J, Xue H, Xie B, A Kaminsky L, J Cheskin L. Effectiveness of mobile health interventions on diabetes and obesity treatment and management: systematic review of systematic reviews. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020, 8:e15400. 10.2196\/15400","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/465088-small-molecule-oral-versus-injectable-glucagon-like-peptide-1-glp-1-receptor-agonists-comparative-efficacy-safety-and-future-clinical-perspectives","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:34:37Z","timestamp":1776400477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/465088-small-molecule-oral-versus-injectable-glucagon-like-peptide-1-glp-1-receptor-agonists-comparative-efficacy-safety-and-future-clinical-perspectives"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":111,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.107202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]}}}