{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:09:46Z","timestamp":1776442186733,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.107235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:14:52Z","timestamp":1776438892000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impacts of Dietary Patterns and Screen Time on the Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Children in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Abdullah A","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali S","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghadah A","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Refal H","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2024","volume":"47","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2024","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024, 47:S20-42. 10.2337\/dc24-S002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576","article-title":"Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Zhang X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang X, Liu J, Ni Y, et al.. Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2024, 178:800-13. 10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_417_22","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter population-based study","volume":"11","author":"AlEnazi S","year":"2023","unstructured":"AlEnazi S, AlAjlan R, AlKhalaf H, et al.. Prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter population-based study. Saudi J Med Med Sci. 2023, 11:19-25. 10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_417_22","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v91i4.10266","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and overweight among school-aged children in Saudi Arabia and its association with vitamin D status","volume":"91","author":"Al Shaikh A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al Shaikh A, Farahat F, Abaalkhail B, et al.. Prevalence of obesity and overweight among school-aged children in Saudi Arabia and its association with vitamin D status. Acta Biomed. 2020, 91:e2020133. 10.23750\/abm.v91i4.10266","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-98652017000300010","article-title":"Association between screen time and dietary patterns and overweight\/obesity among adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Pinho MG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pinho MG, Adami F, Benedet J,  Vasconcelos FD. Association between screen time and dietary patterns and overweight\/obesity among adolescents. Rev Nutr. 2017, 30:377-389.","journal-title":"Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2015.05.011","article-title":"The presence of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in underserved preschool children","volume":"50","author":"Montgomery M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montgomery M, Johnson P, Ewell P. The presence of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in underserved preschool children. Nurs Clin North Am. 2015, 50:585-94. 10.1016\/j.cnur.2015.05.011","journal-title":"Nurs Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Prevalence of hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome among Saudi overweight and obese pediatric patients","volume":"64","author":"Al-Agha A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Agha A, Ocheltree A, Shata N. Prevalence of hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome among Saudi overweight and obese pediatric patients. Minerva Pediatr. 2012, 64:623-31.","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106018803243","article-title":"Dietary factors and their association with childhood obesity in the Middle East: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Albataineh SR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Albataineh SR, Badran EF, Tayyem RF. Dietary factors and their association with childhood obesity in the Middle East: A systematic review. Nutr Health. 2019, 25:53-60. 10.1177\/0260106018803243","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270807","article-title":"Lifestyle habits in Saudi adolescents with diagnosed diabetes: an opportunity for health promotion","volume":"17","author":"Nasrallah M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasrallah M, Tamim H, Mailhac A, AlBuhairan F. Lifestyle habits in Saudi adolescents with diagnosed diabetes: an opportunity for health promotion. PLoS One. 2022, 17:e0270807. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0270807","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"The association between watching television and obesity in children of school-age in Saudi Arabia","volume":"20","author":"Al-Ghamdi SH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al-Ghamdi SH. The association between watching television and obesity in children of school-age in Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2013, 20:82-89.","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21611-z","article-title":"Screen time among kindergarten children in the Australian Capital Territory (including a comparison of First Nations and non-Indigenous children)","volume":"25","author":"O'Brien K","year":"2025","unstructured":"O'Brien K, Bannerman C, Ciszek K, Douglas KA. Screen time among kindergarten children in the Australian Capital Territory (including a comparison of First Nations and non-Indigenous children). BMC Public Health. 2025, 25:452. 10.1186\/s12889-025-21611-z","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12701","article-title":"Screen time and childhood overweight\/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Fang K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang K, Mu M, Liu K, He Y. Screen time and childhood overweight\/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Care Health Dev. 2019, 45:744-53. 10.1111\/cch.12701","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_558_21","article-title":"Childhood obesity and its relation with dietary habits among children in Aseer region, Southern Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Mustafa AE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mustafa AE, Assery AA, Asiri FM, Alfarhan NM, Alqarni AM, Alqahtani FM. Childhood obesity and its relation with dietary habits among children in Aseer region, Southern Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021, 10:3760-4. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_558_21","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. (2019). https.\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241550536."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111879","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: challenges for treatment and potential solutions","volume":"217","author":"Lee Jia Jia I","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee Jia Jia I, Zampetti S, Pozzilli P, Buzzetti R. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: challenges for treatment and potential solutions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024, 217:111879. 10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111879","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac032","article-title":"Unhealthy food and beverage consumption in children and risk of overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Rousham EK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rousham EK, Goudet S, Markey O, et al.. Unhealthy food and beverage consumption in children and risk of overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition. 2022, 13:1669-1696.","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42638","article-title":"The influence of eating habits on type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Almutairi OM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Almutairi OM, Alhomaid TA, Alshuaibi AM, Ahmad Alahmad RM, Al Mardhamah NH, Alamri T. The influence of eating habits on type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review. Cureus. 2023, 15:e42638. 10.7759\/cureus.42638","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.07.006","article-title":"Screen time and metabolic syndrome among expatriate adolescents in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"13","author":"Khan MA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan MA, Shah SM, Shehab A, et al.. Screen time and metabolic syndrome among expatriate adolescents in the United Arab Emirates. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019, 13:2565-9. 10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.07.006","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2018-0051","article-title":"Intake of fruit, vegetables and milk products and correlates among school boys in Saudi Arabia","volume":"33","author":"Alsubaie AS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alsubaie AS. Intake of fruit, vegetables and milk products and correlates among school boys in Saudi Arabia. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2018, 33:20180051. 10.1515\/ijamh-2018-0051","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215083","article-title":"Fast-food consumption, dietary quality, and dietary intake of adolescents in Saudi Arabia","volume":"19","author":"Mumena WA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mumena WA, Ateek AA, Alamri RK, et al.. Fast-food consumption, dietary quality, and dietary intake of adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022, 19:15083. 10.3390\/ijerph192215083","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030702","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages and metabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Calcaterra V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calcaterra V, Cena H, Magenes VC, et al.. Sugar-sweetened beverages and metabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2023, 15:702. 10.3390\/nu15030702","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1604_25","article-title":"Screen time and its impact on cardiometabolic risk factors among children and youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D)","volume":"18","author":"Bhor S","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bhor S, Bhalerao AA, Shah N, Khadilkar V, Khadilkar AV. Screen time and its impact on cardiometabolic risk factors among children and youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2026, 18:S171-5. 10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1604_25","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.88373","article-title":"Digital media use and screen time exposure among youths: a lifestyle-based public health concern","volume":"17","author":"Khanani MI","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khanani MI, Khan MR, Farooqi MF, Fazal J, Aabideen Z, Alkuwaiti NS. Digital media use and screen time exposure among youths: a lifestyle-based public health concern. Cureus. 2025, 17:e88373. 10.7759\/cureus.88373","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156320","article-title":"Sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic health: integrating the potential underlying molecular health aspects","volume":"170","author":"Franssen WM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Franssen WM, Nieste I, Verboven K, Eijnde BO. Sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic health: integrating the potential underlying molecular health aspects. Metabolism. 2025, 170:156320. 10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156320","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Impact of screen time on emotional eating and obesity risk in school-aged children","volume":"15","author":"Agarwal N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agarwal N. Impact of screen time on emotional eating and obesity risk in school-aged children. EJCM. 2025, 15:565-568.","journal-title":"EJCM"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142985","article-title":"The impact of digital screen time on dietary habits and physical activity in children and adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Rocka A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rocka A, Jasielska F, Madras D, Krawiec P, Pac-Ko\u017cuchowska E. The impact of digital screen time on dietary habits and physical activity in children and adolescents. Nutrients. 2022, 14:2985. 10.3390\/nu14142985","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107846","article-title":"The time-stamped effects of screen exposure on food intake in adults: A meta-analysis of experimental studies","volume":"206","author":"Bai J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bai J, Zhu H, Ran X, Qu H, He L, Zhao Y. The time-stamped effects of screen exposure on food intake in adults: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Appetite. 2025, 206:107846. 10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107846","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1484071","article-title":"Adherence to recommended diet among patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 on follow-up at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Abose S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abose S, Dassie GA, Megerso A, Charkos TG. Adherence to recommended diet among patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 on follow-up at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024, 11:1484071. 10.3389\/fmed.2024.1484071","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/482858-impacts-of-dietary-patterns-and-screen-time-on-the-risk-of-developing-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-among-children-in-saudi-arabia-a-cross-sectional-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:14:55Z","timestamp":1776438895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/482858-impacts-of-dietary-patterns-and-screen-time-on-the-risk-of-developing-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-among-children-in-saudi-arabia-a-cross-sectional-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.107235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}