{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:52:04Z","timestamp":1776495124325,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.107267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:14:06Z","timestamp":1776492846000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Profile and Psychosocial Correlates of Childhood Depressive Disorder: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Priyam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uday Sankar","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Dandapath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saswati","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Depression in Childhood: Diagnosis, Treatment and Conceptual Models","author":"Schulter-Brandt JG","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schulter-Brandt JG, Raskin A. Depression in Childhood: Diagnosis, Treatment and Conceptual Models. Raven Press, New York, NY; 1977."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.4.445","article-title":"Unmasking masked depression in children and adolescents","volume":"137","author":"Carlson GA","year":"1980","unstructured":"Carlson GA, Cantwell DP. Unmasking masked depression in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1980, 137:445-9. 10.1176\/ajp.137.4.445","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0973134220070302","article-title":"Characteristics of patients visiting the child & adolescent psychiatric clinic: a 26-year study from North India","volume":"3","author":"Malhotra S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malhotra S, Biswas P, Sharan P, Grover S. Characteristics of patients visiting the child &amp; adolescent psychiatric clinic: a 26-year study from North India. J Indian Assoc Child Adoles Ment Health. 2007, 3:53-60. 10.1177\/0973134220070302","journal-title":"J Indian Assoc Child Adoles Ment Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_248_17","article-title":"Prevalence of depression and anxiety among children in rural and suburban areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh: a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Mishra SK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mishra SK, Srivastava M, Tiwary NK, Kumar A. Prevalence of depression and anxiety among children in rural and suburban areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh: a cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018, 7:21-6. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_248_17","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.49449","article-title":"Incidence of childhood psychiatric disorders in India","volume":"51","author":"Malhotra S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malhotra S, Kohli A, Kapoor M, Pradhan B. Incidence of childhood psychiatric disorders in India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2009, 51:101-7. 10.4103\/0019-5545.49449","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3291.ijcp20162378","article-title":"To study the prevalence of depression and effect of home environment on depression among school going children","volume":"3","author":"Beniwal N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beniwal N, Verma GK, Chahar CK, Verma KK. To study the prevalence of depression and effect of home environment on depression among school going children. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2016, 3:988-92. 10.18203\/2349-3291.ijcp20162378","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Pediatr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_5_19","article-title":"Depression in children and adolescents: a review of Indian studies","volume":"41","author":"Grover S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grover S, Raju VV, Sharma A, Shah R. Depression in children and adolescents: a review of Indian studies. Indian J Psychol Med. 2019, 41:216-27. 10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_5_19","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-012-0009-5","article-title":"Clinical profile of mood disorders in children","volume":"49","author":"Sagar R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sagar R, Pattanayak RD, Mehta M. Clinical profile of mood disorders in children. Indian Pediatr. 2012, 49:21-3. 10.1007\/s13312-012-0009-5","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22591","article-title":"Symptoms of major depression: their stability, familiality, and prediction by genetic, temperamental, and childhood environmental risk factors","volume":"34","author":"Kendler KS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Aggen SH. Symptoms of major depression: their stability, familiality, and prediction by genetic, temperamental, and childhood environmental risk factors. Depress Anxiety. 2017, 34:171-7. 10.1002\/da.22591","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938","article-title":"Stress and depression","volume":"1","author":"Hammen C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hammen C. Stress and depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005, 1:293-319. 10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01103.x","article-title":"Childhood parental separation experiences and depressive symptomatology in acute major depression","volume":"57","author":"Takeuchi H","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takeuchi H, Hiroe T, Kanai T, Morinobu S, Kitamura T, Takahashi K, Furukawa TA. Childhood parental separation experiences and depressive symptomatology in acute major depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003, 57:215-9. 10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01103.x","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"The relationship between parenting style and depression among adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Olutunde OS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olutunde OS. The relationship between parenting style and depression among adolescents. J Educ Res. 2017, 2:5-55.","journal-title":"J Educ Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.140","article-title":"Modifiable predictors of depression following childhood maltreatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Braithwaite EC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Braithwaite EC, O'Connor RM, Degli-Esposti M, Luke N, Bowes L. Modifiable predictors of depression following childhood maltreatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2017, 7:e1162. 10.1038\/tp.2017.140","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01385-7","article-title":"Maternal depression in early childhood and child emotional and behavioral outcomes at school age: examining the roles of preschool childcare quality and current maternal depression symptomatology","volume":"29","author":"Charrois J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charrois J, C\u00f4t\u00e9 SM, Paquin S, et al.. Maternal depression in early childhood and child emotional and behavioral outcomes at school age: examining the roles of preschool childcare quality and current maternal depression symptomatology. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020, 29:637-48. 10.1007\/s00787-019-01385-7","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13522","article-title":"Childhood temperamental, emotional, and behavioral characteristics associated with mood and anxiety disorders in adolescence: a prospective study","volume":"147","author":"Bakken NR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bakken NR, Hannigan LJ, Shadrin A, et al.. Childhood temperamental, emotional, and behavioral characteristics associated with mood and anxiety disorders in adolescence: a prospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2023, 147:217-28. 10.1111\/acps.13522","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424jccp2902_9","article-title":"The additive and interactive effects of parenting and temperament in predicting adjustment problems of children of divorce","volume":"29","author":"Lengua LJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lengua LJ, Wolchik SA, Sandler IN, West SG. The additive and interactive effects of parenting and temperament in predicting adjustment problems of children of divorce. J Clin Child Psychol. 2000, 29:232-44. 10.1207\/S15374424jccp2902_9","journal-title":"J Clin Child Psychol"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"F32 Depressive episode","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. F32 Depressive episode. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; 2019. 99-105."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6807(200003)37:2%3C91::AID-PITS1%3E3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Identifying psychosocial dysfunction in school-age children: the Pediatric Symptom Checklist as a self-report measure","volume":"37","author":"Pagano ME","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pagano ME, Cassidy LJ, Little M, Murphy JM, Jellinek MS. Identifying psychosocial dysfunction in school-age children: the Pediatric Symptom Checklist as a self-report measure. Psychol Sch. 2000, 37:91-106. 10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6807(200003)37:2%3C91::AID-PITS1%3E3.0.CO;2-3","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_987_21","article-title":"Updated B.G Prasad's classification for the year 2021: consideration for new base year 2016","volume":"10","author":"Majhi MM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Majhi MM, Bhatnagar N. Updated B.G Prasad's classification for the year 2021: consideration for new base year 2016. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021, 10:4318-9. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_987_21","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115529","article-title":"Screening for depressive disorder in children and adolescents: validating the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children","volume":"131","author":"Fendrich M","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fendrich M, Weissman MM, Warner V. Screening for depressive disorder in children and adolescents: validating the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children. Am J Epidemiol. 1990, 131:538-51. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115529","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"The University of Arizona. Psychometric properties of the Draw-A-Person Test. (1989). https.\/\/repository.arizona.edu\/handle\/10150\/277147."},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity: A Revision and Extension of the Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test","author":"Harris DB","year":"1963","unstructured":"Harris DB. Children's Drawings as Measures of Intellectual Maturity: A Revision and Extension of the Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test. Harcourt, Brace &amp; World, New York, NY; 1963."},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Psychological Evaluation of Children\u2019s Human Figure Drawings","author":"Koppitz EM","year":"1968","unstructured":"Koppitz EM. Psychological Evaluation of Children\u2019s Human Figure Drawings. Grune &amp; Stratton, New York, NY; 1968."},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Manual for Family Environment Scale (FES)","author":"Bhatia H","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bhatia H, Chadha NK. Manual for Family Environment Scale (FES). National Psychological Corporation, Agra, India; 1993."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431620931191","article-title":"Peer victimization and depressive symptoms during adolescence: examining the roles of social support and internalizing coping","volume":"41","author":"Spiekerman AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spiekerman AM, Witkow MR, Nishina A. Peer victimization and depressive symptoms during adolescence: examining the roles of social support and internalizing coping. J Early Adolesc. 2020, 41:505-26. 10.1177\/0272431620931191","journal-title":"J Early Adolesc"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-6-26","article-title":"Childhood depression. Exploring the association between family violence and other psychosocial factors in low-income Brazilian schoolchildren","volume":"6","author":"Avanci J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Avanci J, Assis S, Oliveira R, Pires T. Childhood depression. Exploring the association between family violence and other psychosocial factors in low-income Brazilian schoolchildren. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2012, 6:26. 10.1186\/1753-2000-6-26","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.211767","article-title":"Effects of family structure on mental health of children: a preliminary study","volume":"39","author":"Behere AP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Behere AP, Basnet P, Campbell P. Effects of family structure on mental health of children: a preliminary study. Indian J Psychol Med. 2017, 39:457-63. 10.4103\/0253-7176.211767","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12515","article-title":"Parental perception of mental health needs in young children","volume":"27","author":"McGinnis EW","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGinnis EW, Copeland W, Shanahan L, Egger HL. Parental perception of mental health needs in young children. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2022, 27:328-34. 10.1111\/camh.12515","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731504269553","article-title":"Validity of the Draw-A-Person: Screening Procedure for Emotional Disturbance (DAP:SPED) in strengths-based assessment","volume":"15","author":"Matto HC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matto HC, Naglieri JA, Clausen C. Validity of the Draw-A-Person: Screening Procedure for Emotional Disturbance (DAP:SPED) in strengths-based assessment. Res Soc Work Pract. 2005, 15:41-6. 10.1177\/1049731504269553","journal-title":"Res Soc Work Pract"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9708-6","article-title":"Relations between shyness-sensitivity and internalizing problems in Chinese children: moderating effects of academic achievement","volume":"41","author":"Chen X","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen X, Yang F, Wang L. Relations between shyness-sensitivity and internalizing problems in Chinese children: moderating effects of academic achievement. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013, 41:825-36. 10.1007\/s10802-012-9708-6","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/481581-clinical-profile-and-psychosocial-correlates-of-childhood-depressive-disorder-a-case-control-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:14:08Z","timestamp":1776492848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/481581-clinical-profile-and-psychosocial-correlates-of-childhood-depressive-disorder-a-case-control-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.107267","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}