{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T09:51:10Z","timestamp":1776592270746,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.107323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T09:15:51Z","timestamp":1776590151000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Presepsin as a Prognostic Biomarker for Short-Term Mortality in Adult Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Akshay","family":"Rajeev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabah Shakeel","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harnoor","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Archit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Palangutde Katherine","family":"Dimowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhavna","family":"Murugesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd KE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al.. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020, 395:200-11. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al.. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016, 315:801-10. 10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781OC","article-title":"Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations","volume":"193","author":"Fleischmann C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fleischmann C, Scherag A, Adhikari NK, et al.. Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016, 193:259-72. 10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"22","author":"Vincent JL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al.. The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1996, 22:707-10. 10.1007\/BF01709751","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198510000-00009","article-title":"APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system","volume":"13","author":"Knaus WA","year":"1985","unstructured":"Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985, 13:818-29. 10.1097\/00003246-198510000-00009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2663-7","article-title":"The SOFA score-development, utility and challenges of accurate assessment in clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Lambden S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lambden S, Laterre PF, Levy MM, Francois B. The SOFA score-development, utility and challenges of accurate assessment in clinical trials. Crit Care. 2019, 23:374. 10.1186\/s13054-019-2663-7","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.20328","article-title":"Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit","volume":"317","author":"Raith EP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raith EP, Udy AA, Bailey M, McGloughlin S, MacIsaac C, Bellomo R, Pilcher DV. Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2017, 317:290-300. 10.1001\/jama.2016.20328","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5151.141356","article-title":"Procalcitonin versus C-reactive protein: usefulness as biomarker of sepsis in ICU patient","volume":"4","author":"Nargis W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nargis W, Ibrahim M, Ahamed BU. Procalcitonin versus C-reactive protein: usefulness as biomarker of sepsis in ICU patient. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2014, 4:195-9. 10.4103\/2229-5151.141356","journal-title":"Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-012-0435-2","article-title":"Usefulness of presepsin in the diagnosis of sepsis in a multicenter prospective study","volume":"18","author":"Endo S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Endo S, Suzuki Y, Takahashi G, et al.. Usefulness of presepsin in the diagnosis of sepsis in a multicenter prospective study. J Infect Chemother. 2012, 18:891-7. 10.1007\/s10156-012-0435-2","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002158","article-title":"Diagnostic value of presepsin for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Zhang J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang J, Hu ZD, Song J, Shao J. Diagnostic value of presepsin for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015, 94:e2158. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000002158","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13070","article-title":"Diagnostic value and prognostic evaluation of presepsin for sepsis in an emergency department","volume":"17","author":"Liu B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu B, Chen YX, Yin Q, Zhao YZ, Li CS. Diagnostic value and prognostic evaluation of presepsin for sepsis in an emergency department. Crit Care. 2013, 17:R244. 10.1186\/cc13070","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102313","article-title":"Presepsin does not predict risk of death in sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a prospective single-center study","volume":"12","author":"Pluta MP","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pluta MP, Czempik PF, Kwiatkowska M, Marczyk-Be\u0142bot K, Ma\u015blanka S, Mika J, Krzych \u0141J. Presepsin does not predict risk of death in sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a prospective single-center study. Biomedicines. 2024, 12:2313. 10.3390\/biomedicines12102313","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3514-2","article-title":"Circulating presepsin (soluble CD14 subtype) as a marker of host response in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: data from the multicenter, randomized ALBIOS trial","volume":"41","author":"Masson S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Masson S, Caironi P, Fanizza C, et al.. Circulating presepsin (soluble CD14 subtype) as a marker of host response in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: data from the multicenter, randomized ALBIOS trial. Intensive Care Med. 2015, 41:12-20. 10.1007\/s00134-014-3514-2","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. (2014). https.\/\/ohri.ca\/en\/who-we-are\/core-facilities-and-platforms\/ottawa-methods-centre\/newcastle-ottawa-scale."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"358","author":"Shea BJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al.. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017, 358:j4008. 10.1136\/bmj.j4008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-023-00152-2","article-title":"Basal procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and presepsin for prediction of mortality in critically ill septic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Molano-Franco D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molano-Franco D, Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Muriel A, et al.. Basal procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and presepsin for prediction of mortality in critically ill septic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Progn Res. 2023, 7:15. 10.1186\/s41512-023-00152-2","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425920926602","article-title":"Association between elevation of plasma biomarkers and monocyte dysfunction and their combination in predicting sepsis: an observational single-centre cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Li J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Tang Z, Xie M, Hang C, Yu Y, Li C. Association between elevation of plasma biomarkers and monocyte dysfunction and their combination in predicting sepsis: an observational single-centre cohort study. Innate Immun. 2020, 26:514-27. 10.1177\/1753425920926602","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031895","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of prognosis in sepsis and septic shock","volume":"101","author":"Lee JH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee JH, Kim SH, Jang JH, et al.. Clinical usefulness of biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of prognosis in sepsis and septic shock. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022, 101:e31895. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000031895","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8030308","article-title":"Combined use of presepsin and (1,3)-\u03b2-D-glucan as biomarkers for diagnosing candida sepsis and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment in critically ill patients","volume":"8","author":"Dobi\u00e1\u0161 R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dobi\u00e1\u0161 R, K\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1 M, Petejov\u00e1 N, et al.. Combined use of presepsin and (1,3)-\u03b2-D-glucan as biomarkers for diagnosing candida sepsis and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment in critically ill patients. J Fungi (Basel). 2022, 8:308. 10.3390\/jof8030308","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24439","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of presepsin and procalcitonin for sepsis in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study","volume":"27","author":"Roy S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roy S, Kothari N, Sharma A, Goyal S, Sankanagoudar S, Bhatia PK, Sharma P. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of presepsin and procalcitonin for sepsis in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2023, 27:289-93. 10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24439","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091076","article-title":"Complementary use of presepsin with the Sepsis-3 criteria improved identification of high-risk patients with suspected sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Park JE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park JE, Lee B, Yoon SJ, et al.. Complementary use of presepsin with the Sepsis-3 criteria improved identification of high-risk patients with suspected sepsis. Biomedicines. 2021, 9:1076. 10.3390\/biomedicines9091076","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040777","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic roles of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and presepsin in acute kidney injury patients initiating continuous renal replacement therapy","volume":"13","author":"Han S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han S, Kim MJ, Ko HJ, et al.. Diagnostic and prognostic roles of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and presepsin in acute kidney injury patients initiating continuous renal replacement therapy. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023, 13:777. 10.3390\/diagnostics13040777","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-07012-8","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of presepsin and procalcitonin in non-infectious organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock: a prospective observational study according to the Sepsis-3 definitions","volume":"22","author":"Lee S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee S, Song J, Park DW, et al.. Diagnostic and prognostic value of presepsin and procalcitonin in non-infectious organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock: a prospective observational study according to the Sepsis-3 definitions. BMC Infect Dis. 2022, 22:8. 10.1186\/s12879-021-07012-8","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.954114","article-title":"Performance of presepsin and procalcitonin predicting culture-proven bacterial infection and 28-day mortality: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Park J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park J, Yoon JH, Ki HK, Ko JH, Moon HW. Performance of presepsin and procalcitonin predicting culture-proven bacterial infection and 28-day mortality: a cross-sectional study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022, 9:954114. 10.3389\/fmed.2022.954114","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.23.301","article-title":"Plasma presepsin for mortality prediction in patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury requiring continuous kidney replacement therapy","volume":"43","author":"Lee GB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee GB, Lee JW, Yoon SH, Hwang WM, Yun SR, Koh DH, Park Y. Plasma presepsin for mortality prediction in patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury requiring continuous kidney replacement therapy. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2024, 43:457-68. 10.23876\/j.krcp.23.301","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54963\/ti.v9i2.1097","article-title":"Presepsin and mortality risk in sepsis: a valuable tool for predicting patient survival","volume":"9","author":"Iskandar A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iskandar A, Prihastuti YA, Wulanda IA, Aprilia A, Anshory M. Presepsin and mortality risk in sepsis: a valuable tool for predicting patient survival. Trends Immunother. 2025, 9:107-11. 10.54963\/ti.v9i2.1097","journal-title":"Trends Immunother"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30807-5","article-title":"Presepsin as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of severe bacterial infections and COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Kyriazopoulou E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kyriazopoulou E, Leventogiannis K, Tavoulareas G, et al.. Presepsin as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of severe bacterial infections and COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2023, 13:3814. 10.1038\/s41598-023-30807-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22514\/sv.2024.018","article-title":"Presepsin as a predictor of septic shock and mortality in patients with urinary tract infection according to the Sepsis-3 definitions","volume":"20","author":"Yang GB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang GB, Lee KR, Hong DY, et al.. Presepsin as a predictor of septic shock and mortality in patients with urinary tract infection according to the Sepsis-3 definitions. Signa Vitae. 2024, 20:70-7. 10.22514\/sv.2024.018","journal-title":"Signa Vitae"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22514\/sv.2023.044","article-title":"Presepsin levels for discriminating sepsis and predicting mortality among organ failure patients stratified by hypercreatinemia","volume":"19","author":"Kim H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim H, Song J, Lee S, et al.. Presepsin levels for discriminating sepsis and predicting mortality among organ failure patients stratified by hypercreatinemia. Signa Vitae. 2023, 19:109-18. 10.22514\/sv.2023.044","journal-title":"Signa Vitae"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05659-9","article-title":"Presepsin values and prognostic nutritional index predict mortality in intensive care unit patients with sepsis: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Shimoyama Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shimoyama Y, Umegaki O, Kadono N, Minami T. Presepsin values and prognostic nutritional index predict mortality in intensive care unit patients with sepsis: a pilot study. BMC Res Notes. 2021, 14:245. 10.1186\/s13104-021-05659-9","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2021.42.9.20210163","article-title":"Prognostic importance of serum presepsin level in pneumonia focal sepsis and its relationship with other biomarkers and clinical severity scores","volume":"42","author":"Ozkan S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ozkan S, Kahveci U, Hur I, Halici A. Prognostic importance of serum presepsin level in pneumonia focal sepsis and its relationship with other biomarkers and clinical severity scores. Saudi Med J. 2021, 42:994-1001. 10.15537\/smj.2021.42.9.20210163","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.12963","article-title":"The role of plasma presepsin levels in determining the incidence of septic shock and mortality in patients with sepsis","volume":"15","author":"Kahveci U","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kahveci U, Ozkan S, Melekoglu A, et al.. The role of plasma presepsin levels in determining the incidence of septic shock and mortality in patients with sepsis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2021, 15:123-30. 10.3855\/jidc.12963","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-023-01787-z","article-title":"The value of plasma presepsin as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for sepsis in Southern China","volume":"72","author":"Wu J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu J, Zhan X, Wang S, Liao X, Li L, Luo J. The value of plasma presepsin as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for sepsis in Southern China. Inflamm Res. 2023, 72:1829-37. 10.1007\/s00011-023-01787-z","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12701\/yujm.2021.01018","article-title":"Usefulness of presepsin in predicting the prognosis of patients with sepsis or septic shock: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Koh JS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koh JS, Kim YJ, Kang DH, Lee JE, Lee SI. Usefulness of presepsin in predicting the prognosis of patients with sepsis or septic shock: a retrospective cohort study. Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2021, 38:318-25. 10.12701\/yujm.2021.01018","journal-title":"Yeungnam Univ J Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.13661-7","article-title":"Validity of presepsin for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis in elderly patients admitted to the intensive care unit","volume":"86","author":"Wang S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang S, Ruan WQ, Yu Z, Zhao X, Chen ZX, Li Q. Validity of presepsin for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis in elderly patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Minerva Anestesiol. 2020, 86:1170-9. 10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.13661-7","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2014.01.002","article-title":"Presepsin as a novel sepsis biomarker","volume":"5","author":"Zou Q","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zou Q, Wen W, Zhang XC. Presepsin as a novel sepsis biomarker. World J Emerg Med. 2014, 5:16-9. 10.5847\/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2014.01.002","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12847","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of presepsin in the management of sepsis in the emergency department: a multicenter prospective study","volume":"17","author":"Ulla M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ulla M, Pizzolato E, Lucchiari M, et al.. Diagnostic and prognostic value of presepsin in the management of sepsis in the emergency department: a multicenter prospective study. Crit Care. 2013, 17:R168. 10.1186\/cc12847","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/475334-presepsin-as-a-prognostic-biomarker-for-short-term-mortality-in-adult-patients-with-sepsis-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T09:15:52Z","timestamp":1776590152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/475334-presepsin-as-a-prognostic-biomarker-for-short-term-mortality-in-adult-patients-with-sepsis-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.107323","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]}}}