{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T16:43:55Z","timestamp":1776617035644,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.107346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T16:06:19Z","timestamp":1776614779000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perineural Dexamethasone Versus Intravenous Dexamethasone as an Adjunct to Local Anaesthetic Mixture in Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block: A Prospective Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Leenu G","family":"Ninan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sivaramakrishnan","family":"Dhamotharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amoolya","family":"Kamalnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sivakumar","family":"Segaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-018-01288-2","article-title":"Preoperative intravenous dexamethasone prevents tracheal intubation-related sore throat in adult surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Kuriyama A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuriyama A, Maeda H. Preoperative intravenous dexamethasone prevents tracheal intubation-related sore throat in adult surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2019, 66:562-75. 10.1007\/s12630-018-01288-2","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7094121","article-title":"Low-volume brachial plexus block providing surgical anesthesia for distal arm surgery comparing supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary approach: a randomized observer blind trial","volume":"2016","author":"Vazin M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vazin M, Jensen K, Kristensen DL, et al.. Low-volume brachial plexus block providing surgical anesthesia for distal arm surgery comparing supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary approach: a randomized observer blind trial. Biomed Res Int. 2016, 2016:7094121. 10.1155\/2016\/7094121","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31819624eb","article-title":"Upper extremity regional anesthesia: essentials of our current understanding, 2008","volume":"34","author":"Neal JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neal JM, Gerancher JC, Hebl JR, Ilfeld BM, McCartney CJ, Franco CD, Hogan QH. Upper extremity regional anesthesia: essentials of our current understanding, 2008. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009, 34:134-70. 10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31819624eb","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200005000-00023","article-title":"Novel analgesic adjuncts for brachial plexus block: a systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Murphy DB","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murphy DB, McCartney CJ, Chan VW. Novel analgesic adjuncts for brachial plexus block: a systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2000, 90:1122-8. 10.1097\/00000539-200005000-00023","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.98767","article-title":"Comparison of dexmedetomidine and clonidine (\u03b12 agonist drugs) as an adjuvant to local anaesthesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a randomised double-blind prospective study","volume":"56","author":"Swami SS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swami SS, Keniya VM, Ladi SD, Rao R. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and clonidine (\u03b12 agonist drugs) as an adjuvant to local anaesthesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a randomised double-blind prospective study. Indian J Anaesth. 2012, 56:243-9. 10.4103\/0019-5049.98767","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000189055.06729.0a","article-title":"Dexamethasone added to lidocaine prolongs axillary brachial plexus blockade","volume":"102","author":"Movafegh A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Movafegh A, Razazian M, Hajimaohamadi F, Meysamie A. Dexamethasone added to lidocaine prolongs axillary brachial plexus blockade. Anesth Analg. 2006, 102:263-7. 10.1213\/01.ane.0000189055.06729.0a","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31822a24c2","article-title":"Perioperative single dose systemic dexamethasone for postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"115","author":"De Oliveira GS Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Oliveira GS Jr, Almeida MD, Benzon HT, McCarthy RJ. Perioperative single dose systemic dexamethasone for postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2011, 115:575-88. 10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31822a24c2","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18535\/jmscr\/v8i7.56","article-title":"A comparative study between supraclavicular brachial plexus block with Bupivacaine plus dexamethasone and supraclavicular brachial plexus block with bupivacaine alone","volume":"8","author":"Kumar A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar A, Shome PK, Nidhi. A comparative study between supraclavicular brachial plexus block with Bupivacaine plus dexamethasone and supraclavicular brachial plexus block with bupivacaine alone. J Med Sci Clin Res. 2020, 8:335-56. 10.18535\/jmscr\/v8i7.56","journal-title":"J Med Sci Clin Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.186609","article-title":"Effect of addition of fentanyl to xylocaine hydrochloride in brachial plexus block by supraclavicular approach","volume":"11","author":"Paluvadi VR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paluvadi VR, Manne VS. Effect of addition of fentanyl to xylocaine hydrochloride in brachial plexus block by supraclavicular approach. Anesth Essays Res. 2017, 11:121-4. 10.4103\/0259-1162.186609","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Practical comments on the use and abuse of cocaine; suggested by its invariably successful employment in more than a thousand minor surgical operations","volume":"42","author":"Halsted WS","year":"1885","unstructured":"Halsted WS. Practical comments on the use and abuse of cocaine; suggested by its invariably successful employment in more than a thousand minor surgical operations. N Y Med J. 1885, 42:294-5.","journal-title":"N Y Med J"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"History of anesthetic practice","author":"Larson MD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Larson MD. History of anesthetic practice. Miller's Anesthesia. Miller RD (ed): Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier Inc., Philadelphia, PA; 2010."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-192806000-00015","article-title":"Brachial plexus anaesthesia: its indications, technique, and dangers","volume":"87","author":"Kulenkampff D","year":"1928","unstructured":"Kulenkampff D. Brachial plexus anaesthesia: its indications, technique, and dangers. Ann Surg. 1928, 87:883-91. 10.1097\/00000658-192806000-00015","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.144083","article-title":"The efficacy of adding dexamethasone, midazolam, or epinephrine to 0.5% bupivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block","volume":"8","author":"El-Baradey GF","year":"2014","unstructured":"El-Baradey GF, Elshmaa NS. The efficacy of adding dexamethasone, midazolam, or epinephrine to 0.5% bupivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Saudi J Anaesth. 2014, 8:S78-83. 10.4103\/1658-354X.144083","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet417","article-title":"Effects of dexamethasone as a local anaesthetic adjuvant for brachial plexus block: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"112","author":"Choi S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi S, Rodseth R, McCartney CJ. Effects of dexamethasone as a local anaesthetic adjuvant for brachial plexus block: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2014, 112:427-39. 10.1093\/bja\/aet417","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0940557","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms","volume":"94","author":"Barnes PJ","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barnes PJ. Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond). 1998, 94:557-72. 10.1042\/cs0940557","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Steroids as pain relief adjuvants","volume":"56","author":"Vyvey M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vyvey M. Steroids as pain relief adjuvants. Can Fam Physician. 2010, 56:1295-7, e415.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1990.tb03097.x","article-title":"Local corticosteroid application blocks transmission in normal nociceptive C-fibres","volume":"34","author":"Johansson A","year":"1990","unstructured":"Johansson A, Hao J, Sj\u00f6lund B. Local corticosteroid application blocks transmission in normal nociceptive C-fibres. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1990, 34:335-8. 10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1990.tb03097.x","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2016\/18325.8048","article-title":"Supraclavicular brachial plexus block with or without dexamethasone as an adjuvant to 0.5% levobupivacaine: a comparative study","volume":"10","author":"Baloda R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baloda R, Bhupal JP, Kumar P, Gandhi GS. Supraclavicular brachial plexus block with or without dexamethasone as an adjuvant to 0.5% levobupivacaine: a comparative study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016, 10:UC09-12. 10.7860\/JCDR\/2016\/18325.8048","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35975\/apic.v29i2.2701","article-title":"Comparative study between perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone in prolonging the analgesic effect of supraclavicular plexus nerve block in upper limb surgeries","volume":"29","author":"Kamel MA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kamel MA, Abdelmonem AS, Kamal GM, El Awady G, Soliman AM. Comparative study between perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone in prolonging the analgesic effect of supraclavicular plexus nerve block in upper limb surgeries. Anaesth Pain Intensive Care. 2025, 29:178-84. 10.35975\/apic.v29i2.2701","journal-title":"Anaesth Pain Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.aer_69_21","article-title":"Comparison of perineural and intravenous dexamethasone as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine in ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"15","author":"Veena G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veena G, Pangotra A, Kumar S, Prakash J, Rao NS, Priye S. Comparison of perineural and intravenous dexamethasone as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine in ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block: a prospective randomized trial. Anesth Essays Res. 2021, 15:45-50. 10.4103\/aer.aer_69_21","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26611\/10152134","article-title":"Comparison of perineural and intravenous dexamethasone on duration of analgesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block","volume":"21","author":"Keerthana J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keerthana J, Prasanth Kumar MS, Mushahida SS. Comparison of perineural and intravenous dexamethasone on duration of analgesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Med Int J Anesthesiol. 2022, 21:99-104. 10.26611\/10152134","journal-title":"Med Int J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jafmc.v7i1.8619","article-title":"Effect of addition of dexamethasone to local anaesthetics in supraclavicular brachial plexus block","volume":"7","author":"Islam SM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Islam SM, Hossain MH, Maruf AA. Effect of addition of dexamethasone to local anaesthetics in supraclavicular brachial plexus block. J Armed Forces Med Coll Bangladesh. 2011, 7:11-14. 10.3329\/jafmc.v7i1.8619","journal-title":"J Armed Forces Med Coll Bangladesh"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.182108","article-title":"Effect of dexamethasone in low volume supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a double-blinded randomized clinical study","volume":"32","author":"Alarasan AK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alarasan AK, Agrawal J, Choudhary B, Melhotra A, Uike S, Mukherji A. Effect of dexamethasone in low volume supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a double-blinded randomized clinical study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2016, 32:234-9. 10.4103\/0970-9185.182108","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12823","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of perineural dexamethasone for peripheral nerve blocks","volume":"70","author":"Albrecht E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Albrecht E, Kern C, Kirkham KR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of perineural dexamethasone for peripheral nerve blocks. Anaesthesia. 2015, 70:71-83. 10.1111\/anae.12823","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/LRA.S59158","article-title":"Perineural but not systemic low-dose dexamethasone prolongs the duration of interscalene block with ropivacaine: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"7","author":"Kawanishi R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kawanishi R, Yamamoto K, Tobetto Y, et al.. Perineural but not systemic low-dose dexamethasone prolongs the duration of interscalene block with ropivacaine: a prospective randomized trial. Local Reg Anesth. 2014, 7:5-9. 10.2147\/LRA.S59158","journal-title":"Local Reg Anesth"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Supraclavicular brachial plexus block with and without dexamethasone - a comparative study","volume":"2","author":"Pathak RG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pathak RG, Satkar AP, Khade RN. Supraclavicular brachial plexus block with and without dexamethasone - a comparative study. Int J Sci Res Publ. 2012, 2:1-7.","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res Publ"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000210","article-title":"Intravenous dexamethasone and perineural dexamethasone similarly prolong the duration of analgesia after supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a randomized, triple-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Abdallah FW","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdallah FW, Johnson J, Chan V, et al.. Intravenous dexamethasone and perineural dexamethasone similarly prolong the duration of analgesia after supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a randomized, triple-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015, 40:125-32. 10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000210","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e3283350c38","article-title":"Dexamethasone with bupivacaine increases duration of analgesia in ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus blockade","volume":"27","author":"Vieira PA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vieira PA, Pulai I, Tsao GC, Manikantan P, Keller B, Connelly NR. Dexamethasone with bupivacaine increases duration of analgesia in ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus blockade. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010, 27:285-8. 10.1097\/EJA.0b013e3283350c38","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Use of perineural dexamethasone and intravenous dexamethasone in ultrasound guided supraclavicular block in patients undergoing elective upper limb orthopaedic surgeries- a comparative study","volume":"14","author":"Parthibhan S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parthibhan S, Gunaseelan C, Sundar Anand B. Use of perineural dexamethasone and intravenous dexamethasone in ultrasound guided supraclavicular block in patients undergoing elective upper limb orthopaedic surgeries- a comparative study. Eur J Cardiovasc Med. 2024, 14:464-8.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.AER_15_19","article-title":"Effect of perineural and intravenous dexamethasone on duration of analgesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block with bupivacaine: a comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Mathew R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathew R, Radha KR, Hema VR. Effect of perineural and intravenous dexamethasone on duration of analgesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block with bupivacaine: a comparative study. Anesth Essays Res. 2019, 13:280-3. 10.4103\/aer.AER_15_19","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2025\/78889.20928","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous dexamethasone versus perineural dexamethasone as an adjuvant to local anaesthesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block for upper limb surgeries: a randomised clinical study","volume":"19","author":"Kishnani P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kishnani P, Kothari JP, Shah N, Patel J, Thomas SM. Comparison of intravenous dexamethasone versus perineural dexamethasone as an adjuvant to local anaesthesia in supraclavicular brachial plexus block for upper limb surgeries: a randomised clinical study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2025, 19:UC35-39. 10.7860\/JCDR\/2025\/78889.20928","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/462837-perineural-dexamethasone-versus-intravenous-dexamethasone-as-an-adjunct-to-local-anaesthetic-mixture-in-supraclavicular-brachial-plexus-block-a-prospective-double-blind-randomized-controlled-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T16:06:21Z","timestamp":1776614781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/462837-perineural-dexamethasone-versus-intravenous-dexamethasone-as-an-adjunct-to-local-anaesthetic-mixture-in-supraclavicular-brachial-plexus-block-a-prospective-double-blind-randomized-controlled-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"references-count":31,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.107346","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]}}}