{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T15:41:22Z","timestamp":1776958882842,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.107592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T15:00:21Z","timestamp":1776956421000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Riding Vertebral Artery in Cervical Spine Surgery: A Review of Preoperative Identification and Surgical Implications"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kucherina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul G","family":"Mastrokostas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Themistocles S","family":"Protopsaltis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charla R","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.10.144","article-title":"The incidence of vertebral artery injury in cervical spine surgery","volume":"181","author":"Ball JR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ball JR, Shelby T, Mertz K, Mills ES, Ton A, Alluri RK, Hah RJ. The incidence of vertebral artery injury in cervical spine surgery. World Neurosurg. 2024, 181:e841-7. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.10.144","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034653","article-title":"Incidence of vertebral artery injury in patients undergoing cervical spine trauma surgery in correlation with surgical approach: a review","volume":"102","author":"Sakellariou E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sakellariou E, Benetos IS, Evangelopoulos DS, et al.. Incidence of vertebral artery injury in patients undergoing cervical spine trauma surgery in correlation with surgical approach: a review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023, 102:e34653. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000034653","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.20.00118","article-title":"Vertebral artery injury in the cervical spine: anatomy, diagnosis, and management","volume":"9","author":"Ramamurti P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramamurti P, Weinreb J, Fassihi SC, Rao R, Patel S. Vertebral artery injury in the cervical spine: anatomy, diagnosis, and management. JBJS Rev. 2021, 9:e20.00118. 10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.20.00118","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01425-w","article-title":"Risk of the high-riding variant of vertebral arteries at C2 is increased over twofold in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Klepinowski T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klepinowski T, Cembik J, Sagan L. Risk of the high-riding variant of vertebral arteries at C2 is increased over twofold in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2021, 44:2041-6. 10.1007\/s10143-020-01425-w","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.01.054","article-title":"Ipsilateral arcuate foramen and high-riding vertebral artery: implication on C1-C2 instrumentation","volume":"14","author":"Elgafy H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elgafy H, Pompo F, Vela R, Elsamaloty HM. Ipsilateral arcuate foramen and high-riding vertebral artery: implication on C1-C2 instrumentation. Spine J. 2014, 14:1351-5. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.01.054","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2016.10.6.1141","article-title":"Prevalence of high-riding vertebral artery and morphometry of C2 pedicles using a novel computed tomography reconstruction technique","volume":"10","author":"Wajanavisit W","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wajanavisit W, Lertudomphonwanit T, Fuangfa P, Chanplakorn P, Kraiwattanapong C, Jaovisidha S. Prevalence of high-riding vertebral artery and morphometry of C2 pedicles using a novel computed tomography reconstruction technique. Asian Spine J. 2016, 10:1141-8. 10.4184\/asj.2016.10.6.1141","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2023.101518","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the vertebral artery anatomy","volume":"70","author":"Peeters JB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peeters JB, Idriceanu T, El Hage G, Martin T, Salaud C, Champagne PO, Bojanowski MW. A comprehensive review of the vertebral artery anatomy. Neurochirurgie. 2024, 70:101518. 10.1016\/j.neuchi.2023.101518","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.07.027","article-title":"Iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical spine surgery: a systematic review","volume":"106","author":"Guan Q","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guan Q, Chen L, Long Y, Xiang Z. Iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical spine surgery: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2017, 106:715-22. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.07.027","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.042","article-title":"Epidemiology of iatrogenic vertebral artery injury in cervical spine surgery: 21 multicenter studies","volume":"126","author":"Lee CH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee CH, Hong JT, Kang DH, et al.. Epidemiology of iatrogenic vertebral artery injury in cervical spine surgery: 21 multicenter studies. World Neurosurg. 2019, 126:e1050-4. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.042","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.07.037","article-title":"The vertebral artery cave at C2: anatomic study with application to C2 pedicle screw placement","volume":"94","author":"Tubbs RS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Granger A, Fisahn C, et al.. The vertebral artery cave at C2: anatomic study with application to C2 pedicle screw placement. World Neurosurg. 2016, 94:368-74. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.07.037","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.85.2.0221","article-title":"The anatomical suitability of the C1-2 complex for transarticular screw fixation","volume":"85","author":"Paramore CG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Paramore CG, Dickman CA, Sonntag VK. The anatomical suitability of the C1-2 complex for transarticular screw fixation. J Neurosurg. 1996, 85:221-4. 10.3171\/jns.1996.85.2.0221","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000051919.14927.57","article-title":"Atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation for a high-riding vertebral artery","volume":"28","author":"Neo M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neo M, Matsushita M, Iwashita Y, Yasuda T, Sakamoto T, Nakamura T. Atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation for a high-riding vertebral artery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003, 28:666-70. 10.1097\/01.BRS.0000051919.14927.57","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181870441","article-title":"Undetected vertebral artery groove and foramen violations during C1 lateral mass and C2 pedicle screw placement","volume":"33","author":"Yeom JS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yeom JS, Buchowski JM, Park KW, Chang BS, Lee CK, Riew KD. Undetected vertebral artery groove and foramen violations during C1 lateral mass and C2 pedicle screw placement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008, 33:E942-9. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181870441","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19497-7","article-title":"Entrance and origin of the extracranial vertebral artery found on computed tomography angiography","volume":"12","author":"Yi X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yi X, Xie P, Zhang L, Lu F, Chen H, Liu K. Entrance and origin of the extracranial vertebral artery found on computed tomography angiography. Sci Rep. 2022, 12:15274. 10.1038\/s41598-022-19497-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Vertebral artery in relationship to C1-C2 vertebrae: an anatomical study","volume":"52","author":"Cacciola F","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cacciola F, Phalke U, Goel A. Vertebral artery in relationship to C1-C2 vertebrae: an anatomical study. Neurol India. 2004, 52:178-84.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000224516.29747.52","article-title":"Comparison of the anatomical risk for vertebral artery injury associated with the C2-pedicle screw and atlantoaxial transarticular screw","volume":"31","author":"Yoshida M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yoshida M, Neo M, Fujibayashi S, Nakamura T. Comparison of the anatomical risk for vertebral artery injury associated with the C2-pedicle screw and atlantoaxial transarticular screw. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006, 31:E513-7. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000224516.29747.52","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001241","article-title":"Risks for vascular injury during anterior cervical spine surgery: prevalence of a medial loop of vertebral artery and internal carotid artery","volume":"41","author":"Wakao N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wakao N, Takeuchi M, Nishimura M, et al.. Risks for vascular injury during anterior cervical spine surgery: prevalence of a medial loop of vertebral artery and internal carotid artery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016, 41:293-8. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001241","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818938d1","article-title":"Anatomical variations of the vertebral artery segment in the lower cervical spine: analysis by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography","volume":"33","author":"Hong JT","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hong JT, Park DK, Lee MJ, Kim SW, An HS. Anatomical variations of the vertebral artery segment in the lower cervical spine: analysis by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008, 33:2422-6. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818938d1","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.4.SPINE21481","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of MRI and nonenhanced CT for high-risk vertebral artery anatomy for subaxial anterior cervical spine surgery safety","volume":"36","author":"Okano I","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okano I, Salzmann SN, Winter F, et al.. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI and nonenhanced CT for high-risk vertebral artery anatomy for subaxial anterior cervical spine surgery safety. J Neurosurg Spine. 2022, 36:261-8. 10.3171\/2021.4.SPINE21481","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000418","article-title":"Analysis of 3-dimensional course of the intra-axial vertebral artery for C2 pedicle screw trajectory: a computed tomographic study","volume":"39","author":"Lee SH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee SH, Park DH, Kim SD, Huh DS, Kim KT. Analysis of 3-dimensional course of the intra-axial vertebral artery for C2 pedicle screw trajectory: a computed tomographic study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014, 39:E1010-4. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000418","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-016-0784-x","article-title":"Vertebral artery and osseous anomalies characteristic at the craniocervical junction diagnosed by CT and 3D CT angiography in normal Czech population: analysis of 511 consecutive patients","volume":"40","author":"Van\u011bk P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van\u011bk P, Brad\u00e1\u010d O, de Lacy P, Konopkov\u00e1 R, Lacman J, Bene\u0161 V. Vertebral artery and osseous anomalies characteristic at the craniocervical junction diagnosed by CT and 3D CT angiography in normal Czech population: analysis of 511 consecutive patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2017, 40:369-76. 10.1007\/s10143-016-0784-x","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.01.025","article-title":"Radiologic examination of high riding vertebral artery and analysis of secure areas","volume":"183","author":"Akbulut F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akbulut F, P\u0131nar E, \u00c7eki\u00e7 E, Akdeniz E, Harman F. Radiologic examination of high riding vertebral artery and analysis of secure areas. World Neurosurg. 2024, 183:e772-80. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.01.025","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-024-03526-3","article-title":"Assessment of failure risks during C2 vertebra pedicle screw insertion using three-dimensional computed tomography angiography analysis: the role of high-riding vertebral artery and narrow pedicles","volume":"47","author":"Arslan D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arslan D, Govsa F, Ozer MA, Kitis O. Assessment of failure risks during C2 vertebra pedicle screw insertion using three-dimensional computed tomography angiography analysis: the role of high-riding vertebral artery and narrow pedicles. Surg Radiol Anat. 2024, 47:6. 10.1007\/s00276-024-03526-3","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29409-0","article-title":"Modified classification system of high-riding vertebral artery for the C2 screw placement strategy: a large-scale, cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Du Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Du Y, He K, Li K, et al.. Modified classification system of high-riding vertebral artery for the C2 screw placement strategy: a large-scale, cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2025, 15:43361. 10.1038\/s41598-025-29409-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2024.08.021","article-title":"Types of high-riding vertebral artery: a classification system for preoperative planning of C2 instrumentation based on 908 potential screw insertion sites","volume":"25","author":"Klepinowski T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Klepinowski T, \u017by\u0142ka N, Pettersson SD, et al.. Types of high-riding vertebral artery: a classification system for preoperative planning of C2 instrumentation based on 908 potential screw insertion sites. Spine J. 2025, 25:59-68. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2024.08.021","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03082-w","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis and literature review of vertebral artery variation in craniovertebral junction using three-dimensional computed tomography angiography","volume":"65","author":"Yang HZ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang HZ, Liu GQ, Xia H, Ma XY, Wang JH. A comprehensive analysis and literature review of vertebral artery variation in craniovertebral junction using three-dimensional computed tomography angiography. Neuroradiology. 2023, 65:215-23. 10.1007\/s00234-022-03082-w","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005383","article-title":"A biomechanical comparison of alternatives to C2 pedicle screws","volume":"50","author":"Jian Q","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jian Q, Da W, DePhillips J, et al.. A biomechanical comparison of alternatives to C2 pedicle screws. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2025, 50:1806-12. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005383","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.08.100","article-title":"The new alternative technique outcomes: atlas lateral mass screw and C2-3 transfacet screw fixation for complex atlantoaxial instability in patients with thin C2 pedicle or high-riding vertebral artery","volume":"191","author":"Cine HS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cine HS, Avci I, Uysal E, et al.. The new alternative technique outcomes: atlas lateral mass screw and C2-3 transfacet screw fixation for complex atlantoaxial instability in patients with thin C2 pedicle or high-riding vertebral artery. World Neurosurg. 2024, 191:e246-55. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.08.100","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.07.182","article-title":"Prevalence of high-riding vertebral artery: a meta-analysis of the anatomical variant affecting choice of craniocervical fusion method and its outcome","volume":"143","author":"Klepinowski T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klepinowski T, Pala B, Cembik J, Sagan L. Prevalence of high-riding vertebral artery: a meta-analysis of the anatomical variant affecting choice of craniocervical fusion method and its outcome. World Neurosurg. 2020, 143:e474-81. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.07.182","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01493-6","article-title":"Prevalence of high-riding vertebral arteries and narrow C2 pedicles among Central-European population: a computed tomography-based study","volume":"44","author":"Klepinowski T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klepinowski T, \u017by\u0142ka N, Pala B, Poncyljusz W, Sagan L. Prevalence of high-riding vertebral arteries and narrow C2 pedicles among Central-European population: a computed tomography-based study. Neurosurg Rev. 2021, 44:3277-82. 10.1007\/s10143-021-01493-6","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2244730.365","article-title":"Characteristics and comparisons of morphometric measurements and computed tomography Hounsfield unit values of C2 laminae for translaminar screw placement between patients with and without basilar invagination","volume":"19","author":"Zhou LP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou LP, Shang J, Zhang ZG, et al.. Characteristics and comparisons of morphometric measurements and computed tomography Hounsfield unit values of C2 laminae for translaminar screw placement between patients with and without basilar invagination. Neurospine. 2022, 19:899-911. 10.14245\/ns.2244730.365","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-014-1399-y","article-title":"Vertebral artery variations and osseous anomaly at the C1-2 level diagnosed by 3D CT angiography in normal subjects","volume":"56","author":"Wakao N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wakao N, Takeuchi M, Nishimura M, et al.. Vertebral artery variations and osseous anomaly at the C1-2 level diagnosed by 3D CT angiography in normal subjects. Neuroradiology. 2014, 56:843-9. 10.1007\/s00234-014-1399-y","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31826a0c9f","article-title":"Anomalous vertebral arteries in the extra- and intraosseous regions of the craniovertebral junction visualized by 3-dimensional computed tomographic angiography: analysis of 100 consecutive surgical cases and review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Yamazaki M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yamazaki M, Okawa A, Furuya T, et al.. Anomalous vertebral arteries in the extra- and intraosseous regions of the craniovertebral junction visualized by 3-dimensional computed tomographic angiography: analysis of 100 consecutive surgical cases and review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012, 37:E1389-97. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31826a0c9f","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04275-9","article-title":"Correlation between osteoarthritis of the atlantoaxial facet joint and a high-riding vertebral artery","volume":"22","author":"Shimizu T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shimizu T, Koda M, Abe T, et al.. Correlation between osteoarthritis of the atlantoaxial facet joint and a high-riding vertebral artery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021, 22:406. 10.1186\/s12891-021-04275-9","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2295-y","article-title":"Ethnic differences in pedicle and bony spinal canal dimensions calculated from computed tomography of the cervical spine: a review of the English-language literature","volume":"21","author":"Chazono M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chazono M, Tanaka T, Kumagae Y, Sai T, Marumo K. Ethnic differences in pedicle and bony spinal canal dimensions calculated from computed tomography of the cervical spine: a review of the English-language literature. Eur Spine J. 2012, 21:1451-8. 10.1007\/s00586-012-2295-y","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e887df","article-title":"Harms C1-C2 instrumentation technique: anatomo-surgical guide","volume":"36","author":"Schulz R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schulz R, Macchiavello N, Fern\u00e1ndez E, Carredano X, Garrido O, Diaz J, Melcher RP. Harms C1-C2 instrumentation technique: anatomo-surgical guide. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011, 36:945-50. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e887df","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817c6bf7","article-title":"Is rheumatoid arthritis a risk factor for a high-riding vertebral artery?","volume":"33","author":"Miyata M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miyata M, Neo M, Ito H, et al.. Is rheumatoid arthritis a risk factor for a high-riding vertebral artery?. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008, 33:2007-11. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817c6bf7","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.6.0961","article-title":"Radiological and anatomical evaluation of the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique","volume":"86","author":"Madawi AA","year":"1997","unstructured":"Madawi AA, Casey AT, Solanki GA, Tuite G, Veres R, Crockard HA. Radiological and anatomical evaluation of the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique. J Neurosurg. 1997, 86:961-8. 10.3171\/jns.1997.86.6.0961","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.09.016","article-title":"Vertebral artery injuries in cervical spine surgery","volume":"14","author":"Lunardini DJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lunardini DJ, Eskander MS, Even JL, et al.. Vertebral artery injuries in cervical spine surgery. Spine J. 2014, 14:1520-5. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.09.016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-07015-8","article-title":"Prevalence of vertebral artery anomaly in upper cervical and its surgical implications: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Lin X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin X, Zhu HJ, Xu Y, Zheng T, Lin FY, Yin XM. Prevalence of vertebral artery anomaly in upper cervical and its surgical implications: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2021, 30:3607-13. 10.1007\/s00586-021-07015-8","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1366980","article-title":"Vertebral artery anomaly and injury in spinal surgery","volume":"5","author":"Molinari R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molinari R, Bessette M, Raich AL, Dettori JR, Molinari C. Vertebral artery anomaly and injury in spinal surgery. Evid Based Spine Care J. 2014, 5:16-27. 10.1055\/s-0034-1366980","journal-title":"Evid Based Spine Care J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221110180","article-title":"Effect of high-riding vertebral artery on the accuracy and safety of C2 pedicle screw placement in basilar invagination and related risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Zhou LP","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou LP, Zhang RJ, Zhang HQ, Jiang ZF, Shang J, Shen CL. Effect of high-riding vertebral artery on the accuracy and safety of C2 pedicle screw placement in basilar invagination and related risk factors. Global Spine J. 2024, 14:458-69. 10.1177\/21925682221110180","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2022.18.e20","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of iatrogenic vertebral artery injury associated with cervical spine surgery","volume":"18","author":"Yi HJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yi HJ. Epidemiology and management of iatrogenic vertebral artery injury associated with cervical spine surgery. Korean J Neurotrauma. 2022, 18:34-44. 10.13004\/kjnt.2022.18.e20","journal-title":"Korean J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.12.165","article-title":"Rate and characteristics of vertebral artery injury following C1-C2 posterior cervical fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"Ghaith AK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghaith AK, Yolcu YU, Alvi MA, Bhandarkar AR, Sebastian AS, Freedman BA, Bydon M. Rate and characteristics of vertebral artery injury following C1-C2 posterior cervical fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2021, 148:118-26. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.12.165","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181faa6de","article-title":"Symptomatic vertebral artery compression by the rod of a C1-C2 posterior fusion construct: case report and review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Terterov S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Terterov S, Taghva A, Khalessi AA, Hsieh PC. Symptomatic vertebral artery compression by the rod of a C1-C2 posterior fusion construct: case report and review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011, 36:E678-81. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181faa6de","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.08.012","article-title":"Neurological outcomes following iatrogenic vascular injury during posterior atlanto-axial instrumentation","volume":"150","author":"Akinduro OO","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akinduro OO, Baum GR, Howard BM, Pradilla G, Grossberg JA, Rodts GE Jr, Ahmad FU. Neurological outcomes following iatrogenic vascular injury during posterior atlanto-axial instrumentation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016, 150:110-6. 10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.08.012","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-24-00244","article-title":"Extracranial vertebral artery injuries","volume":"32","author":"Lee MJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Weaver DJ, El Dafrawy MH. Extracranial vertebral artery injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2024, 32:e899-908. 10.5435\/JAAOS-D-24-00244","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.02.078","article-title":"Vertebral artery injury with anterior cervical spine operations: a systematic review of risk factors, clinical outcomes, and management strategies","volume":"173","author":"Barrie U","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barrie U, Detchou D, Reddy R, et al.. Vertebral artery injury with anterior cervical spine operations: a systematic review of risk factors, clinical outcomes, and management strategies. World Neurosurg. 2023, 173:226-36. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.02.078","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis-2024-022640","article-title":"Treatment of iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during C1-C2 arthrodesis with a covered stent","volume":"18","author":"Bram R","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bram R, Mehta AI, Atwal G. Treatment of iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during C1-C2 arthrodesis with a covered stent. J Neurointerv Surg. 2026, 18:1190. 10.1136\/jnis-2024-022640","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2026.113111","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of endovascular therapy in patients with traumatic vertebral artery injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Alnaami I","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alnaami I, Algahtany M, Mansour OY. Effectiveness and safety of endovascular therapy in patients with traumatic vertebral artery injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury. 2026, 57:113111. 10.1016\/j.injury.2026.113111","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.11.005","article-title":"2011 ASA\/ACCF\/AHA\/AANN\/AANS\/ACR\/ASNR\/CNS\/SAIP\/SCAI\/SIR\/SNIS\/SVM\/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery","volume":"57","author":"Brott TG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, et al.. 2011 ASA\/ACCF\/AHA\/AANN\/AANS\/ACR\/ASNR\/CNS\/SAIP\/SCAI\/SIR\/SNIS\/SVM\/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011, 57:1002-44. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.11.005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000457","article-title":"Treatment and outcomes of cervical artery dissection in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"55","author":"Yaghi S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yaghi S, Engelter S, Del Brutto VJ, et al.. Treatment and outcomes of cervical artery dissection in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2024, 55:e91-e106. 10.1161\/STR.0000000000000457","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.12.084","article-title":"Delayed hemorrhage from an iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical discectomy and successful endovascular treatment-report of a rare case and literature review","volume":"99","author":"Lo WB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lo WB, Nagaraja S, Saxena A. Delayed hemorrhage from an iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical discectomy and successful endovascular treatment-report of a rare case and literature review. World Neurosurg. 2017, 99:811.e11-8. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.12.084","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.4.FocusVid.20168","article-title":"Posterior atlantoaxial fixation with new subfacetal axis screw trajectory avoiding vertebral artery with customized variable screw placement plate and screws to enhance biomechanics of fixation","author":"Patkar S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patkar S. Posterior atlantoaxial fixation with new subfacetal axis screw trajectory avoiding vertebral artery with customized variable screw placement plate and screws to enhance biomechanics of fixation. Neurosurg Focus Video. 2020, 3:V10. 10.3171\/2020.4.FocusVid.20168"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111424","article-title":"Radiographic analysis of C2 pedicle screw placement guided by the transverse foramen in patients with a high-riding vertebral artery","volume":"139","author":"Chang CP","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chang CP, Kao TH, Lee HT, Shen CC, Li CR, Tang CL. Radiographic analysis of C2 pedicle screw placement guided by the transverse foramen in patients with a high-riding vertebral artery. J Clin Neurosci. 2025, 139:111424. 10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111424","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004141","article-title":"Bicortical short C2 pars screw fixation for high-riding vertebral artery provided sufficient biomechanical stability: a finite element study","volume":"47","author":"Shao M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shao M, Dai Y, Zhu W, Yu J, Lyu F. Bicortical short C2 pars screw fixation for high-riding vertebral artery provided sufficient biomechanical stability: a finite element study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2022, 47:369-75. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004141","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318212a4d7","article-title":"Seven years of experience with C2 translaminar screw fixation: clinical series and review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Dorward IG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dorward IG, Wright NM. Seven years of experience with C2 translaminar screw fixation: clinical series and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 2011, 68:1491-9. 10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318212a4d7","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-011-0358-x","article-title":"Translaminar screws of the axis--an alternative technique for rigid screw fixation in upper cervical spine instability","volume":"35","author":"Meyer D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meyer D, Meyer F, Kretschmer T, B\u00f6rm W. Translaminar screws of the axis--an alternative technique for rigid screw fixation in upper cervical spine instability. Neurosurg Rev. 2012, 35:255-61. 10.1007\/s10143-011-0358-x","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.092","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of atlantoaxial dislocation combined with high-riding vertebral artery using C2 translaminar screws","volume":"122","author":"Wang Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang C, Yan M. Clinical outcomes of atlantoaxial dislocation combined with high-riding vertebral artery using C2 translaminar screws. World Neurosurg. 2019, 122:e1511-8. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.092","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200111150-00014","article-title":"Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation","volume":"26","author":"Harms J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harms J, Melcher RP. Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001, 26:2467-71. 10.1097\/00007632-200111150-00014","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.04.005","article-title":"Risk of vertebral artery injury: comparison between C1-C2 transarticular and C2 pedicle screws","volume":"13","author":"Yeom JS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yeom JS, Buchowski JM, Kim HJ, Chang BS, Lee CK, Riew KD. Risk of vertebral artery injury: comparison between C1-C2 transarticular and C2 pedicle screws. Spine J. 2013, 13:775-85. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.04.005","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.10.007","article-title":"Accuracy of axis drill guides in the cases of atlantoaxial instabilities associated with high-riding vertebral arteries, narrow pedicles, and complex deformities: comparison of 3 fixation methods","volume":"168","author":"Malikov A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malikov A, Secen AE, Ocal O, Divanlioglu D, Belen AD, Dalgic A. Accuracy of axis drill guides in the cases of atlantoaxial instabilities associated with high-riding vertebral arteries, narrow pedicles, and complex deformities: comparison of 3 fixation methods. World Neurosurg. 2022, 168:e336-43. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.10.007","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106403","article-title":"C2 partial transpedicular screw technique for atlantoaxial dislocation with high-riding vertebral artery: a technique note with case series","volume":"200","author":"Guo Q","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo Q, Zhou X, Guo X, et al.. C2 partial transpedicular screw technique for atlantoaxial dislocation with high-riding vertebral artery: a technique note with case series. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021, 200:106403. 10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106403","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.08.045","article-title":"Technique of C2 subfacetal screw in patients with high-riding vertebral artery","volume":"144","author":"Salunke P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salunke P, Singh A, Karthigeyan M. Technique of C2 subfacetal screw in patients with high-riding vertebral artery. World Neurosurg. 2020, 144:59. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.08.045","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07146-6","article-title":"The medial window technique as a salvage method to insert C2 pedicle screw in the case of a high-riding vertebral artery or narrow pedicle: a technical note and case series","volume":"31","author":"Lee DH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee DH, Park S, Cho JH, Hwang CJ, Lee HR, Seok SY, Lee CS. The medial window technique as a salvage method to insert C2 pedicle screw in the case of a high-riding vertebral artery or narrow pedicle: a technical note and case series. Eur Spine J. 2022, 31:1251-9. 10.1007\/s00586-022-07146-6","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2002.97.1.0123","article-title":"Use of an aiming device in posterior atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation. Technical note","volume":"97","author":"Neo M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Neo M, Matsushita M, Yasuda T, Sakamoto T, Nakamura T. Use of an aiming device in posterior atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 2002, 97:123-7. 10.3171\/spi.2002.97.1.0123","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000160998.53282.3f","article-title":"A safe screw trajectory for atlantoaxial transarticular fixation achieved using an aiming device","volume":"30","author":"Neo M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neo M, Sakamoto T, Fujibayashi S, Nakamura T. A safe screw trajectory for atlantoaxial transarticular fixation achieved using an aiming device. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005, 30:E236-42. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000160998.53282.3f","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opz289","article-title":"Mobilization of the vertebral artery-surgical option for C2 screw fixation in cases with \"high riding\" vertebral artery","volume":"18","author":"Goel A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goel A, Rangnekar R, Shah A, Rai S, Vutha R. Mobilization of the vertebral artery-surgical option for C2 screw fixation in cases with \"high riding\" vertebral artery. Oper Neurosurg. 2020, 18:648-51. 10.1093\/ons\/opz289","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34924","article-title":"C2 pedicle screw insertion assisted by mobilization of the vertebral artery in cases with high-riding vertebral artery","volume":"10","author":"Liu J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu J, Jia L, Zeng M, Xu H, Zhang R, Pang Q. C2 pedicle screw insertion assisted by mobilization of the vertebral artery in cases with high-riding vertebral artery. Heliyon. 2024, 10:e34924. 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34924","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.11.026","article-title":"Medially-shifted rather than high-riding vertebral arteries preclude safe pedicle screw insertion","volume":"29","author":"Maki S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maki S, Koda M, Iijima Y, et al.. Medially-shifted rather than high-riding vertebral arteries preclude safe pedicle screw insertion. J Clin Neurosci. 2016, 29:169-72. 10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.11.026","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318296e542","article-title":"Preoperative evaluation of the vertebral arteries and posterior portion of the circle of Willis for cervical spine surgery using 3-dimensional computed tomography angiography","volume":"38","author":"Sano A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sano A, Hirano T, Watanabe K, Izumi T, Endo N, Ito T, Inagawa S. Preoperative evaluation of the vertebral arteries and posterior portion of the circle of Willis for cervical spine surgery using 3-dimensional computed tomography angiography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013, 38:E960-7. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318296e542","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.04.058","article-title":"Anatomical variations of vertebral artery and C2 isthmus in atlanto-axial fusion: consecutive surgical 100 cases","volume":"53","author":"Moon BJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moon BJ, Choi KH, Shin DA, Yi S, Kim KN, Yoon DH, Ha Y. Anatomical variations of vertebral artery and C2 isthmus in atlanto-axial fusion: consecutive surgical 100 cases. J Clin Neurosci. 2018, 53:147-52. 10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.04.058","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13469-3","article-title":"Application of 3D Slicer for preoperative planning in upper cervical posterior fixation with vertebral artery variations","volume":"15","author":"Zhang JX","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang JX, Ke ZY, Zhao GS, et al.. Application of 3D Slicer for preoperative planning in upper cervical posterior fixation with vertebral artery variations. Sci Rep. 2025, 15:27492. 10.1038\/s41598-025-13469-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109641","article-title":"A possible novel technique for intraoperative imaging of the vertebral artery during arthrodesis of the upper cervical spine","volume":"140","author":"Pavlov O","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pavlov O, Mirchev N, Behr R. A possible novel technique for intraoperative imaging of the vertebral artery during arthrodesis of the upper cervical spine. Med Hypotheses. 2020, 140:109641. 10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109641","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.5.SPINE1959","article-title":"Intraoperative Doppler ultrasound as a means of preventing vertebral artery injury during Goel and Harms C1-C2 posterior arthrodesis: technical note","volume":"31","author":"Lofrese G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lofrese G, Cultrera F, Visani J, et al.. Intraoperative Doppler ultrasound as a means of preventing vertebral artery injury during Goel and Harms C1-C2 posterior arthrodesis: technical note. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019, 31:824-30. 10.3171\/2019.5.SPINE1959","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.10.FOCUS20770","article-title":"Intraoperative surveillance of the vertebral artery using indocyanine green angiography and Doppler sonography in craniovertebral junction surgeries","volume":"50","author":"Lee DH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee DH, Park JH, Lee JJ, et al.. Intraoperative surveillance of the vertebral artery using indocyanine green angiography and Doppler sonography in craniovertebral junction surgeries. Neurosurg Focus. 2021, 50:E5. 10.3171\/2020.10.FOCUS20770","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2023.06.006","article-title":"Intraoperative vertebral artery injury: evaluation, management, and prevention","volume":"55","author":"Redlich N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Redlich N, Gelvez D, Dong K, Darlow M, Williams J, Shammassian B, Bhandutia AK. Intraoperative vertebral artery injury: evaluation, management, and prevention. Orthop Clin North Am. 2024, 55:139-49. 10.1016\/j.ocl.2023.06.006","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1566225","article-title":"Vertebral artery injury during routine posterior cervical exposure: case reports and review of literature","volume":"5","author":"Molinari RW","year":"2015","unstructured":"Molinari RW, Chimenti PC, Molinari R Jr, Gruhn W. Vertebral artery injury during routine posterior cervical exposure: case reports and review of literature. Global Spine J. 2015, 5:528-32. 10.1055\/s-0035-1566225","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-01968-8","article-title":"Complications associated with subaxial placement of pedicle screws versus lateral mass screws in the cervical spine (C2-T1): systematic review and meta-analysis comprising 4,165 patients and 16,669 screws","volume":"46","author":"Soliman MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soliman MA, Aguirre AO, Khan S, et al.. Complications associated with subaxial placement of pedicle screws versus lateral mass screws in the cervical spine (C2-T1): systematic review and meta-analysis comprising 4,165 patients and 16,669 screws. Neurosurg Rev. 2023, 46:61. 10.1007\/s10143-023-01968-8","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000750","article-title":"The Spine Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program (Spine SCOAP): a surgeon-led approach to quality and safety","volume":"40","author":"Lee MJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Shonnard N, Farrokhi F, et al.. The Spine Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program (Spine SCOAP): a surgeon-led approach to quality and safety. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015, 40:332-41. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000750","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-09168-2","article-title":"Development and validation of machine learning models to predict vertebral artery injury by C2 pedicle screws","volume":"34","author":"Ye B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ye B, Sun Y, Chen G, Wang B, Meng H, Shan L. Development and validation of machine learning models to predict vertebral artery injury by C2 pedicle screws. Eur Spine J. 2025, 34:3950-61. 10.1007\/s00586-025-09168-2","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2008.03.006","article-title":"Vertebral artery injury in cervical spine surgery: anatomical considerations, management, and preventive measures","volume":"9","author":"Peng CW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peng CW, Chou BT, Bendo JA, Spivak JM. Vertebral artery injury in cervical spine surgery: anatomical considerations, management, and preventive measures. Spine J. 2009, 9:70-6. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2008.03.006","journal-title":"Spine J"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/479137-high-riding-vertebral-artery-in-cervical-spine-surgery-a-review-of-preoperative-identification-and-surgical-implications","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T15:00:22Z","timestamp":1776956422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/479137-high-riding-vertebral-artery-in-cervical-spine-surgery-a-review-of-preoperative-identification-and-surgical-implications"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":82,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.107592","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]}}}