{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:48:04Z","timestamp":1777416484601,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.107866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:01:57Z","timestamp":1777374117000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multifocal Septic Manifestations of Chronic Krokodil Abuse"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Rashmitha","family":"Pippari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Lal Vallath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsin","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Krokodil drug facts. effects, abuse & warnings. (2025). Accessed: April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/illicit\/krokodil.html."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.660574","article-title":"\"Crocodile\"--new dangerous designer drug of abuse from the East","volume":"50","author":"Skowronek R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skowronek R, Celi\u0144ski R, Chowaniec C. \"Crocodile\"--new dangerous designer drug of abuse from the East. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012, 50:269. 10.3109\/15563650.2012.660574","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Office of Justice Programs. Metabolism and analysis of desomorphine. (2025). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/grants\/254755.pdf."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Krokodil. a new narcotic's limited appeal in the United States. (2025). Accessed: April 8, 2025: https:\/\/worldview.stratfor.com\/article\/krokodil-new-narcotics-limited-appeal-united-states."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"WVU School of Pharmacy. Krokodil. a new drug of abuse. (2025). Accessed: April 8, 2025: https:\/\/pharmacy.hsc.wvu.edu\/media\/1315\/krokodil-a-new-drug-of-abuse.pdf."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Dihydrodesoxymorphine-D; street name. Krokodil, Crocodil - DEA Diversion. (2025). Accessed: April 8, 2025: https:\/\/test.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drug_chem_info\/desomorphine.pdf."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12890\/2023_004181","article-title":"Krokodil-associated cutaneous ulceration, cardiac arrhythmia and thrombi","volume":"10","author":"Hussain H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussain H, Angly S, Michel G, Garcia E, Fadel A. Krokodil-associated cutaneous ulceration, cardiac arrhythmia and thrombi. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2023, 10:004181. 10.12890\/2023_004181","journal-title":"Eur J Case Rep Intern Med"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Eaten alive by krokodil. a disastrous new drug of abuse. (2025). Accessed: April 8, 2025: https:\/\/cme.lww.com\/ovidfiles\/00132981-201401000-00005.pdf."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.pn.2014.3a23","article-title":"Krokodil: \u2018zombie drug\u2019 scare hits U.S.","volume":"49","author":"Agarwal V","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agarwal V, Levounis P. Krokodil: \u2018zombie drug\u2019 scare hits U.S.. Psychiatric News. 2014, 49:5. 10.1176\/appi.pn.2014.3a23","journal-title":"Psychiatric News"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Arizona Poison Control Center reports first U.S. cases of krokodil use. (2025). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/ariz-poison-control-center-reports-first-us-cases-of-krokodil-use\/."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"No confirmed reports of desomorphine (\u201ckrocodil\u201d\/\u201ccrocodile\u201d) in Canada (CCENDU Bulletin, November 21, 2013). (2013). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.ccsa.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/ccsa-CCENDU-Desomorphine-Bulletin-2013-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Detection of illegally manufactured fentanyls and carfentanil in drug overdose deaths \u2014 United States, 2021-2024. (2025). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/73\/wr\/mm7348a2.htm."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Overdoses involving xylazine mixed with fentanyl. clinical and public health implications. (2025). Accessed: April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coca\/media\/pdfs\/2024\/022924_transcript.pdf."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"DEA reports widespread threat of fentanyl mixed with xylazine. (2025). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/alert\/dea-reports-widespread-threat-fentanyl-mixed-xylazine."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Routes of drug use among drug overdose deaths \u2014 United States, 2020-2022. (2025). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/73\/wr\/mm7306a2.htm.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7306a2"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2016.02.007","article-title":"A new drug with a nasty bite: a case of krokodil-induced skin necrosis in an intravenous drug user","volume":"2","author":"Haskin A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haskin A, Kim N, Aguh C. A new drug with a nasty bite: a case of krokodil-induced skin necrosis in an intravenous drug user. JAAD Case Rep. 2016, 2:174-6. 10.1016\/j.jdcr.2016.02.007","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5348\/100901Z01SB2018CR","article-title":"New case of krokodil (desomorphine) use","volume":"9","author":"Babapoor-Farrokhran S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Babapoor-Farrokhran S, Caldararo MD, Rad SN, Laborde FN, Rehman R, Mejia J. New case of krokodil (desomorphine) use. Int J Case Rep Images. 2018, 9:100901Z01SB2018. 10.5348\/100901Z01SB2018CR","journal-title":"Int J Case Rep Images"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190027","article-title":"Necrotic leg ulcers associated with krokodil injection in a 41-year-old man","volume":"191","author":"Ghazawi FM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghazawi FM, Beecker J. Necrotic leg ulcers associated with krokodil injection in a 41-year-old man. CMAJ. 2019, 191:E712. 10.1503\/cmaj.190027","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.828","article-title":"Orally ingestion of krokodil in Spain: report of a case","volume":"28","author":"Baquero Escribano A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baquero Escribano A, Beltr\u00e1n Negre MT, Calvo Orenga G, Carratal\u00e1 Monfort S, Arnau Peir\u00f3 F, Meca Zapatero S, Haro Cort\u00e9s G. Orally ingestion of krokodil in Spain: report of a case. Adicciones. 2016, 28:242-5. 10.20882\/adicciones.828","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/mbcb\/2019011","article-title":"Krokodil (desomorphine)-induced osteonecrosis of the maxilla: a case report and literature review","volume":"25","author":"Sergent JF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sergent JF, Bader G, Hamon J, Peigne L, Lejeune S. Krokodil (desomorphine)-induced osteonecrosis of the maxilla: a case report and literature review. J Oral Med Oral Surg. 2019, 25:26. 10.1051\/mbcb\/2019011","journal-title":"J Oral Med Oral Surg"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Opioid Toxicity","author":"Regina AC","year":"2025","unstructured":"Regina AC, Goyal A, Mechanic OJ. Opioid Toxicity. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2025."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.918197","article-title":"Editorial: a changing epidemic and the rise of opioid-stimulant co-use","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmed S, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A. Editorial: a changing epidemic and the rise of opioid-stimulant co-use. Front Psychiatry. 2022, 13:918197. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.918197","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Global Initiative. Drugs on the front line. (2024). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/globalinitiative.net\/analysis\/ukraine-synthetic-drugs-ocindex\/."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oxford Analytica. Synthetic drug krokodil could ravage conflict zones. (2016). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/OXAN-DB208392.","DOI":"10.1108\/OXAN-DB208392"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.04.007","article-title":"Breaking worse: the emergence of krokodil and excessive injuries among people who inject drugs in Eurasia","volume":"24","author":"Grund JP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grund JP, Latypov A, Harris M. Breaking worse: the emergence of krokodil and excessive injuries among people who inject drugs in Eurasia. Int J Drug Policy. 2013, 24:265-74. 10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.04.007","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Synthetic drug 'krokodil' that turns skin scaly found in St. Clair County for the first time ever. (2024). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.fox2detroit.com\/news\/synthetic-drug-krokodil-turns-skin-scaly-found-st-clair-county-first-time-ever."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"St. Clair County sheriff warns of new drug detected in Metro Detroit area. (2024). Accessed. April 8, 2025: https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/detroit\/news\/st-clair-county-sheriff-new-drug-desomorphine-detected-metro-detroit-area\/."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3203","article-title":"Internet search and krokodil in the Russian Federation: an infoveillance study","volume":"16","author":"Zheluk A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zheluk A, Quinn C, Meylakhs P. Internet search and krokodil in the Russian Federation: an infoveillance study. J Med Internet Res. 2014, 16:e212. 10.2196\/jmir.3203","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/481992-multifocal-septic-manifestations-of-chronic-krokodil-abuse","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:02:16Z","timestamp":1777374136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/481992-multifocal-septic-manifestations-of-chronic-krokodil-abuse"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.107866","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]}}}