{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:54:42Z","timestamp":1777913682543,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.108108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:29:02Z","timestamp":1777652942000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Down Low Among Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Review and Theoretical Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Keith R","family":"Head","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-008-9359-4","article-title":"\u201c...And then there was the down low\u201d: introduction to Black and Latino male bisexualities","volume":"37","author":"Sandfort TG","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sandfort TG, Dodge B. \u201c...And then there was the down low\u201d: introduction to Black and Latino male bisexualities. Arch Sex Behav. 2008, 37:675-82. 10.1007\/s10508-008-9359-4","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"The Night is Young: Sexuality in Mexico in the Time of AIDS","author":"Carrillo H","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carrillo H. The Night is Young: Sexuality in Mexico in the Time of AIDS. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL; 2002."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363460704040142","article-title":"Beyond \u2018MSM\u2019: sexual desire among bisexually-active Latino men in New York City","volume":"7","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Laboy MA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Laboy MA. Beyond \u2018MSM\u2019: sexual desire among bisexually-active Latino men in New York City. Sexualities. 2004, 7:55-80. 10.1177\/1363460704040142","journal-title":"Sexualities"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"HIV\/STD risks in young men who have sex with men who do not disclose their sexual orientation - six U.S. cities, 1994-2000. (2003). Accessed. April 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5205a2.htm."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.lst.8600238","article-title":"Latinos on DA down low: the limitations of sexual identity in public health","volume":"5","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez MA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez MA. Latinos on DA down low: the limitations of sexual identity in public health. Lat Stud. 2007, 5:25-52. 10.1057\/palgrave.lst.8600238","journal-title":"Lat Stud"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1023962805064","article-title":"Methodological issues in research on sexual behavior with Latino gay and bisexual men","volume":"31","author":"Zea MC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zea MC, Reisen CA, D\u00edaz RM. Methodological issues in research on sexual behavior with Latino gay and bisexual men. Am J Community Psychol. 2003, 31:281-91. 10.1023\/a:1023962805064","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-024-00719-8","article-title":"Peer-led adjunctive interventions for increasing the reach of HIV prevention and care interventions to Latino\/x\/e men who have sex with men: a scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Jaramillo J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jaramillo J, Chavez JV, Larson ME, Harkness A. Peer-led adjunctive interventions for increasing the reach of HIV prevention and care interventions to Latino\/x\/e men who have sex with men: a scoping review. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2025, 22:12. 10.1007\/s11904-024-00719-8","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2024.2405938","article-title":"Exploring Latino cultural factors from the perspective of sexual minority men in the USA","volume":"27","author":"Mayo D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mayo D, Maya DH, Puccinelli M, et al.. Exploring Latino cultural factors from the perspective of sexual minority men in the USA. Cult Health Sex. 2025, 27:852-67. 10.1080\/13691058.2024.2405938","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/799006","article-title":"The social integration of queers and peers","volume":"9","author":"Reiss AJ","year":"1961","unstructured":"Reiss AJ. The social integration of queers and peers. Soc Probl. 1961, 9:102-20. 10.2307\/799006","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v11n01_07","article-title":"Mexican male bisexuality","volume":"11","author":"Carrier JM","year":"1985","unstructured":"Carrier JM. Mexican male bisexuality. J Homosex. 1985, 11:75-86. 10.1300\/J082v11n01_07","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00182168-81-3-4-689","article-title":"The complicated terrain of Latin American homosexuality","volume":"81","author":"Nesvig M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nesvig M. The complicated terrain of Latin American homosexuality. Hisp Am Hist Rev. 2001, 81:689-729. 10.1215\/00182168-81-3-4-689","journal-title":"Hisp Am Hist Rev"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Double lives on the down low. (2003). Accessed. April 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2003\/08\/03\/magazine\/double-lives-on-the-down-low.html."},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Bisexuality in the Ancient World","author":"Cantarella E","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cantarella E. Bisexuality in the Ancient World. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT; 1992."},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"A History of Bisexuality","author":"Angelides S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Angelides S. A History of Bisexuality. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL; 2001."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229482","article-title":"The epistemic contract of bisexual erasure","volume":"52","author":"Yoshino K","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yoshino K. The epistemic contract of bisexual erasure. Stan L Rev. 2000, 52:353-461. 10.2307\/1229482","journal-title":"Stan L Rev"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Focusing \u201cdown low\u201d: bisexual Black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission","volume":"97","author":"Millett G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Millett G, Malebranche D, Mason B, Spikes P. Focusing \u201cdown low\u201d: bisexual Black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005, 97:52S-9S.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5172\/hesr.2010.19.4.478","article-title":"The low down on the down low: origins, risk identification and intervention","volume":"19","author":"Barnshaw J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnshaw J, Letukas L. The low down on the down low: origins, risk identification and intervention. Health Sociol Rev. 2010, 19:478-90. 10.5172\/hesr.2010.19.4.478","journal-title":"Health Sociol Rev"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Thinking About Social Problems: An Introduction to Constructionist Perspectives","author":"Loseke DR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Loseke DR. Thinking About Social Problems: An Introduction to Constructionist Perspectives. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ; 2010."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490209552204","article-title":"Toward improved interpretation and theory building of African American male sexualities","volume":"40","author":"Lewis LJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lewis LJ, Kertzner RM. Toward improved interpretation and theory building of African American male sexualities. J Sex Res. 2003, 40:383-95. 10.1080\/00224490209552204","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52214\/gsjp.v16i.10898","article-title":"A framework for understanding MSM and down-low sexuality among cultural minority men","volume":"16","author":"Halliday AL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Halliday AL. A framework for understanding MSM and down-low sexuality among cultural minority men. Graduate Student Journal of Psychology. 2015, 16:38-46. 10.52214\/gsjp.v16i.10898","journal-title":"Graduate Student Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918361003712020","article-title":"The down low, social stigma, and risky sexual behaviors: insights from African-American men who have sex with men","volume":"57","author":"Lapinski MK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lapinski MK, Braz ME, Maloney EK. The down low, social stigma, and risky sexual behaviors: insights from African-American men who have sex with men. J Homosex. 2010, 57:610-33. 10.1080\/00918361003712020","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-025-01147-y","article-title":"Identity development, attraction, and behavior of heterosexual-identified men who have sex with men: a scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Eaton AD","year":"2026","unstructured":"Eaton AD, Scheadler TR, Kon T, et al.. Identity development, attraction, and behavior of heterosexual-identified men who have sex with men: a scoping review. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2026, 23:458-73. 10.1007\/s13178-025-01147-y","journal-title":"Sex Res Soc Policy"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.1995.7.6.504","article-title":"Differences in HIV risk characteristics between bisexual and exclusively gay men","volume":"7","author":"Heckman TG","year":"1995","unstructured":"Heckman TG, Kelly JA, Sikkema KJ, et al.. Differences in HIV risk characteristics between bisexual and exclusively gay men. AIDS Educ Prev. 1995, 7:504-12. 10.1521\/aeap.1995.7.6.504","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415610679","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infection diagnoses among Hispanic immigrant and migrant men who have sex with men in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Valverde EE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valverde EE, DiNenno EA, Schulden JD, Oster A, Painter T. Sexually transmitted infection diagnoses among Hispanic immigrant and migrant men who have sex with men in the United States. Int J STD AIDS. 2016, 27:1162-9. 10.1177\/0956462415610679","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA - a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA - a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2019, 4:5. 10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-13195-0","article-title":"Mental Health for Hispanic Communities: A Guide for Practitioners","author":"Castilla-Puentes R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castilla-Puentes R, Falcone T. Mental Health for Hispanic Communities: A Guide for Practitioners. Springer, Cham, Switzerland; 2022. 10.1007\/978-3-031-13195-0"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2005.19.737","article-title":"Preventing HIV among Latino and African American gay and bisexual men in a context of HIV-related stigma, discrimination, and homophobia: perspectives of providers","volume":"19","author":"Brooks RA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brooks RA, Etzel MA, Hinojos E, Henry CL, Perez M. Preventing HIV among Latino and African American gay and bisexual men in a context of HIV-related stigma, discrimination, and homophobia: perspectives of providers. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2005, 19:737-44. 10.1089\/apc.2005.19.737","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883231195118","article-title":"Breaking down machismo: shifting definitions and embodiments of Latino manhood in middle-aged Latino men","volume":"17","author":"Valdez LA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valdez LA, Jaeger EC, Garcia DO, Griffith DM. Breaking down machismo: shifting definitions and embodiments of Latino manhood in middle-aged Latino men. Am J Mens Health. 2023, 17:15579883231195118. 10.1177\/15579883231195118","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"El Ambiente: Male Homosexual Social Life in Mexico City","author":"Taylor CL","year":"1978","unstructured":"Taylor CL. El Ambiente: Male Homosexual Social Life in Mexico City. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; 1978."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/lst.2012.37","article-title":"Making masculinity: negotiations of gender presentation among Latino gay men","volume":"10","author":"Ocampo AC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ocampo AC. Making masculinity: negotiations of gender presentation among Latino gay men. Lat Stud. 2012, 10:448-72. 10.1057\/lst.2012.37","journal-title":"Lat Stud"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2011.600461","article-title":"Sexual health and life experiences: voices from behaviourally bisexual Latino men in the Midwestern USA","volume":"13","author":"Martinez O","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez O, Dodge B, Reece M, et al.. Sexual health and life experiences: voices from behaviourally bisexual Latino men in the Midwestern USA. Cult Health Sex. 2011, 13:1073-89. 10.1080\/13691058.2011.600461","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2016.1208273","article-title":"Contextualising family microaggressions and strategies of resilience among young gay and bisexual men of Latino heritage","volume":"19","author":"Li MJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li MJ, Thing JP, Galvan FH, Gonzalez KD, Bluthenthal RN. Contextualising family microaggressions and strategies of resilience among young gay and bisexual men of Latino heritage. Cult Health Sex. 2017, 19:107-20. 10.1080\/13691058.2016.1208273","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Latino Gay Men and HIV: Culture, Sexuality, and Risk Behavior","author":"Diaz RM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Diaz RM. Latino Gay Men and HIV: Culture, Sexuality, and Risk Behavior. Routledge, New York, NY; 1998."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Among U.S. Latinos, Catholicism continues to decline but is still the largest faith. (2023). Accessed. April 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2023\/04\/13\/among-u-s-latinos-catholicism-continues-to-decline-but-is-still-the-l...."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918360802345149","article-title":"\u201cThe priest obviously doesn\u2019t know that I\u2019m gay\u201d: the religious and spiritual journeys of Latino gay men","volume":"55","author":"Garc\u00eda DI","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda DI, Gray-Stanley J, Ramirez-Valles J. \u201cThe priest obviously doesn\u2019t know that I\u2019m gay\u201d: the religious and spiritual journeys of Latino gay men. J Homosex. 2008, 55:411-36. 10.1080\/00918360802345149","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lat0000050","article-title":"Machismo, marianismo, and negative cognitive-emotional factors: findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study","volume":"4","author":"Nu\u00f1ez A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez A, Gonz\u00e1lez P, Talavera GA, et al.. Machismo, marianismo, and negative cognitive-emotional factors: findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study. J Lat Psychol. 2016, 4:202-17. 10.1037\/lat0000050","journal-title":"J Lat Psychol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918360903445806","article-title":"At the intersection of church and gay: a review of the psychological research on gay and lesbian Christians","volume":"57","author":"Rodriguez EM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodriguez EM. At the intersection of church and gay: a review of the psychological research on gay and lesbian Christians. J Homosex. 2009, 57:5-38. 10.1080\/00918360903445806","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10443894211039836","article-title":"The coming out experience of Latino gay men","volume":"104","author":"Gerena CE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gerena CE. The coming out experience of Latino gay men. Fam Soc. 2023, 104:101-10. 10.1177\/10443894211039836","journal-title":"Fam Soc"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2012.01185.x","article-title":"Religious affiliation, internalized homophobia, and mental health in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals","volume":"82","author":"Barnes DM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barnes DM, Meyer IH. Religious affiliation, internalized homophobia, and mental health in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2012, 82:505-15. 10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2012.01185.x","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"HIV surveillance supplemental report. estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2018-2022. (2024). Accessed: April 28, 2026: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/156513."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2024.2414076","article-title":"Intersectional stigma among Latino MSM and HIV prevention: barriers to HIV prevention and strategies to overcome the barriers","volume":"37","author":"Zhu H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu H, Stadnick NA, Stockman JK, et al.. Intersectional stigma among Latino MSM and HIV prevention: barriers to HIV prevention and strategies to overcome the barriers. AIDS Care. 2025, 37:88-98. 10.1080\/09540121.2024.2414076","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0385-9","article-title":"A comparison of MSM stigma, HIV stigma and depression in HIV-positive Latino and African American men who have sex with men (MSM)","volume":"17","author":"Wohl AR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wohl AR, Galvan FH, Carlos JA, et al.. A comparison of MSM stigma, HIV stigma and depression in HIV-positive Latino and African American men who have sex with men (MSM). AIDS Behav. 2013, 17:1454-64. 10.1007\/s10461-012-0385-9","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9078-7","article-title":"Sexual negotiation, HIV-status disclosure, and sexual risk behavior among Latino men who use the internet to seek sex with other men","volume":"35","author":"Carballo-Di\u00e9guez A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carballo-Di\u00e9guez A, Miner M, Dolezal C, Rosser BR, Jacoby S. Sexual negotiation, HIV-status disclosure, and sexual risk behavior among Latino men who use the internet to seek sex with other men. Arch Sex Behav. 2006, 35:473-81. 10.1007\/s10508-006-9078-7","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301866","article-title":"\u201cI always felt I had to prove my manhood\u201d: homosexuality, masculinity, gender role strain, and HIV risk among young Black men who have sex with men","volume":"105","author":"Fields EL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fields EL, Bogart LM, Smith KC, Malebranche DJ, Ellen J, Schuster MA. \u201cI always felt I had to prove my manhood\u201d: homosexuality, masculinity, gender role strain, and HIV risk among young Black men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2015, 105:122-31. 10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301866","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/563537","article-title":"Attitudes towards and beliefs about HIV testing among Latino immigrant MSM: a comparison of testers and nontesters","volume":"2013","author":"Solorio R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Solorio R, Forehand M, Simoni J. Attitudes towards and beliefs about HIV testing among Latino immigrant MSM: a comparison of testers and nontesters. AIDS Res Treat. 2013, 2013:563537. 10.1155\/2013\/563537","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/srsp.2006.3.3.67","article-title":"Heterosexual fronteras: immigrant Mexicanos, sexual vulnerabilities, and survival","volume":"3","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez G. Heterosexual fronteras: immigrant Mexicanos, sexual vulnerabilities, and survival. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2006, 3:67-81. 10.1525\/srsp.2006.3.3.67","journal-title":"Sex Res Soc Policy"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Hispanic LGBTQ individuals encounter heightened discrimination. (2021). Accessed. April 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/article\/hispanic-lgbtq-individuals-encounter-heightened-discrimination."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.328","article-title":"The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: a cognitive-affective-behavioral model","volume":"133","author":"Pachankis JE","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pachankis JE. The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: a cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychol Bull. 2007, 133:328-45. 10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.328","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-015-0490-8","article-title":"Beyond sexual orientation: integrating gender\/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory","volume":"44","author":"van Anders SM","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Anders SM. Beyond sexual orientation: integrating gender\/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory. Arch Sex Behav. 2015, 44:1177-213. 10.1007\/s10508-015-0490-8","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"A dose of drugs, a touch of violence, a case of AIDS: conceptualizing the SAVA syndemic","volume":"24","author":"Singer M","year":"1996","unstructured":"Singer M. A dose of drugs, a touch of violence, a case of AIDS: conceptualizing the SAVA syndemic. Free Inq Creat Sociol. 1996, 24:99-110.","journal-title":"Free Inq Creat Sociol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.93.6.939","article-title":"Association of co-occurring psychosocial health problems and increased vulnerability to HIV\/AIDS among urban men who have sex with men","volume":"93","author":"Stall R","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stall R, Mills TC, Williamson J, et al.. Association of co-occurring psychosocial health problems and increased vulnerability to HIV\/AIDS among urban men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2003, 93:939-42. 10.2105\/ajph.93.6.939","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Let\u2019s unpack the Mexican DL dads discourse that\u2019s currently all over TikTok. (2025). Accessed. April 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.queerty.com\/lets-unpack-the-mexican-dl-dads-discourse-thats-currently-all-over-tiktok-20250822\/."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.5600","article-title":"Sexual preferences and presentation on geosocial networking apps by Indian men who have sex with men in Maharashtra","volume":"4","author":"Rhoton J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rhoton J, Wilkerson JM, Mengle S, Patankar P, Rosser BR, Ekstrand ML. Sexual preferences and presentation on geosocial networking apps by Indian men who have sex with men in Maharashtra. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2016, 4:e120. 10.2196\/mhealth.5600","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051494","article-title":"Sex on demand: geosocial networking phone apps and risk of sexually transmitted infections among a cross-sectional sample of men who have sex with men in Los Angeles County","volume":"90","author":"Beymer MR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beymer MR, Weiss RE, Bolan RK, Rudy ET, Bourque LB, Rodriguez JP, Morisky DE. Sex on demand: geosocial networking phone apps and risk of sexually transmitted infections among a cross-sectional sample of men who have sex with men in Los Angeles County. Sex Transm Infect. 2014, 90:567-72. 10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051494","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6092-3","article-title":"The use of geosocial networking smartphone applications and the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Wang H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Wang K, Zhang X, Wu J, Wang G. The use of geosocial networking smartphone applications and the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2018, 18:1178. 10.1186\/s12889-018-6092-3","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S121480","article-title":"Utilization of dating apps by men who have sex with men for persuading other men toward substance use","volume":"10","author":"Boonchutima S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boonchutima S, Kongchan W. Utilization of dating apps by men who have sex with men for persuading other men toward substance use. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2017, 10:31-8. 10.2147\/PRBM.S121480","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565221102714","article-title":"Shades of digital deception: self-presentation among men seeking men on locative dating apps","volume":"28","author":"Filice E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Filice E, Johnson CW, Parry DC, Oakes H. Shades of digital deception: self-presentation among men seeking men on locative dating apps. Convergence (Lond). 2022, 28:1598-620. 10.1177\/13548565221102714","journal-title":"Convergence (Lond)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2014.887779","article-title":"Conceptions of privacy and the non-disclosure of same-sex behaviour by behaviourally-bisexual men in heterosexual relationships","volume":"16","author":"Schrimshaw EW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schrimshaw EW, Downing MJ Jr, Cohn DJ, Siegel K. Conceptions of privacy and the non-disclosure of same-sex behaviour by behaviourally-bisexual men in heterosexual relationships. Cult Health Sex. 2014, 16:351-65. 10.1080\/13691058.2014.887779","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031272","article-title":"Disclosure and concealment of sexual orientation and the mental health of non-gay-identified, behaviorally bisexual men","volume":"81","author":"Schrimshaw EW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schrimshaw EW, Siegel K, Downing MJ, Parsons JT. Disclosure and concealment of sexual orientation and the mental health of non-gay-identified, behaviorally bisexual men. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013, 81:141-53. 10.1037\/a0031272","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.3.253","article-title":"Sexual ethics: disclosure of HIV-positive status to partners","volume":"158","author":"Stein MD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stein MD, Freedberg KA, Sullivan LM, Savetsky J, Levenson SM, Hingson R, Samet JH. Sexual ethics: disclosure of HIV-positive status to partners. Arch Intern Med. 1998, 158:253-7. 10.1001\/archinte.158.3.253","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2005.7.10.hlaw1-0510","article-title":"HIV and health law: striking the balance between legal mandates and medical ethics","volume":"7","author":"Lin L","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lin L, Liang BA. HIV and health law: striking the balance between legal mandates and medical ethics. Virtual Mentor. 2005, 7:687-92. 10.1001\/virtualmentor.2005.7.10.hlaw1-0510","journal-title":"Virtual Mentor"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Beyond the Down Low: Sex, Lies, and Denial in Black America","author":"Boykin K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boykin K. Beyond the Down Low: Sex, Lies, and Denial in Black America. Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, NY; 2005."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/485756-the-down-low-among-latino-men-who-have-sex-with-men-a-review-and-theoretical-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:29:04Z","timestamp":1777652944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/485756-the-down-low-among-latino-men-who-have-sex-with-men-a-review-and-theoretical-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":62,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.108108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}