{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:09:24Z","timestamp":1778638164143,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.108749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:18:22Z","timestamp":1778635102000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and Safety Outcomes of Bacteriophage Therapy for Resistant Bacterial Infections"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Luke","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiru","family":"Rajagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.20757","article-title":"The strange history of phage therapy","volume":"2","author":"Summers WC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Summers WC. The strange history of phage therapy. Bacteriophage. 2012, 2:130-3. 10.4161\/bact.20757","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00066-18","article-title":"Phage therapy in the postantibiotic era","volume":"32","author":"Gordillo Altamirano FL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gordillo Altamirano FL, Barr JJ. Phage therapy in the postantibiotic era. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019, 32:10.1128\/CMR.00066-18","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106199","article-title":"The current status of phage therapy and its advancement towards establishing standard antimicrobials for combating multi drug-resistant bacterial pathogens","volume":"181","author":"Ali Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali Y, Inusa I, Sanghvi G, Mandaliya VB, Bishoyi AK. The current status of phage therapy and its advancement towards establishing standard antimicrobials for combating multi drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Microb Pathog. 2023, 181:106199. 10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106199","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30482-1","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PhagoBurn): a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"19","author":"Jault P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jault P, Leclerc T, Jennes S, et al.. Efficacy and tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PhagoBurn): a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 1\/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019, 19:35-45. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30482-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59903-w","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of a novel Silviavirus bacteriophage promising antimicrobial agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"14","author":"Lerdsittikul V","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lerdsittikul V, Apiratwarrasakul S, Atithep T, et al.. Isolation and characterisation of a novel Silviavirus bacteriophage promising antimicrobial agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:9251. 10.1038\/s41598-024-59903-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110452","article-title":"An experimental study on the lytic bacteriophage MSP15 with wide-spectrum targeting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"605","author":"Lin P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin P, Liu S, Cao Z, et al.. An experimental study on the lytic bacteriophage MSP15 with wide-spectrum targeting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Virology. 2025, 605:110452. 10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110452","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00357-6","article-title":"Fine-tuning the gut ecosystem: the current landscape and outlook of artificial microbiome therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Porcari S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Porcari S, Fusco W, Spivak I, et al.. Fine-tuning the gut ecosystem: the current landscape and outlook of artificial microbiome therapeutics. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024, 9:460-75. 10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00357-6","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne JAC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, et al.. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019, 366:l4898. 10.1136\/bmj.l4898","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne JA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Hern\u00e1n MA, Reeves BC, et al.. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016, 355:i4919. 10.1136\/bmj.i4919","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01973.x","article-title":"A controlled clinical trial of a therapeutic bacteriophage preparation in chronic otitis due to antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a preliminary report of efficacy","volume":"34","author":"Wright A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wright A, Hawkins CH, Angg\u00e5rd EE, Harper DR. A controlled clinical trial of a therapeutic bacteriophage preparation in chronic otitis due to antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a preliminary report of efficacy. Clin Otolaryngol. 2009, 34:349-57. 10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01973.x","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac453","article-title":"Phage therapy of Mycobacterium infections: compassionate use of phages in 20 patients with drug-resistant mycobacterial disease","volume":"76","author":"Dedrick RM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dedrick RM, Smith BE, Cristinziano M, et al.. Phage therapy of Mycobacterium infections: compassionate use of phages in 20 patients with drug-resistant mycobacterial disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2023, 76:103-12. 10.1093\/cid\/ciac453","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.97383","article-title":"Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of Ganga water-phage therapy plus standard medical therapy compared to standard medical therapy alone for Helicobacter pylori-related dyspepsia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Verma V","year":"2025","unstructured":"Verma V, Devi A, Jhunjhunwala B, Kumar R, Singh J, Pandey MC, Patwa A. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of Ganga water-phage therapy plus standard medical therapy compared to standard medical therapy alone for Helicobacter pylori-related dyspepsia: a randomized controlled trial. Cureus. 2025, 17:e97383. 10.7759\/cureus.97383","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60598-4","article-title":"Phage therapy with nebulized cocktail BX004-A for chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis: a randomized first-in-human trial","volume":"16","author":"Weiner I","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weiner I, Kahan-Hanum M, Buchstab N, et al.. Phage therapy with nebulized cocktail BX004-A for chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis: a randomized first-in-human trial. Nat Commun. 2025, 16:5579. 10.1038\/s41467-025-60598-4","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00034-21","article-title":"Bacteriophage treatment rescues mice infected with multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258","volume":"12","author":"Hesse S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hesse S, Malachowa N, Porter AR, et al.. Bacteriophage treatment rescues mice infected with multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258. mBio. 2021, 12:10.1128\/mBio.00034-21","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00919-24","article-title":"Bacteriophage treatment is effective against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC) in a neutropenic murine model of gastrointestinal translocation and renal infection","volume":"69","author":"Zagaliotis P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zagaliotis P, Michalik-Provasek J, Mavridou E, et al.. Bacteriophage treatment is effective against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC) in a neutropenic murine model of gastrointestinal translocation and renal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025, 69:e0091924. 10.1128\/aac.00919-24","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03851-6","article-title":"Potential of a phage cocktail in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae pulmonary infection in mice","volume":"25","author":"Gou Z","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gou Z, Yao P, Xiong L, et al.. Potential of a phage cocktail in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae pulmonary infection in mice. BMC Microbiol. 2025, 25:151. 10.1186\/s12866-025-03851-6","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00467-24","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of phage cocktails against carbapenem resistance Acinetobacter baumannii in the rat pneumonia model","volume":"98","author":"Li S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Wei B, Xu L, et al.. In vivo efficacy of phage cocktails against carbapenem resistance Acinetobacter baumannii in the rat pneumonia model. J Virol. 2024, 98:e0046724. 10.1128\/jvi.00467-24","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2025.107508","article-title":"Bayesian evaluation of phage therapy efficacy against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"66","author":"Malik MA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Malik MA, Manzoor S, Ashraf J. Bayesian evaluation of phage therapy efficacy against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2025, 66:107508. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2025.107508","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198496","article-title":"Bacteriophage cocktail and phage antibiotic synergism as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics for the control of multi-drug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"302","author":"Malik S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malik S, Nehra K, Rana JS. Bacteriophage cocktail and phage antibiotic synergism as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics for the control of multi-drug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Virus Res. 2021, 302:198496. 10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198496","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnab139","article-title":"Isolation and identification of specific bacteriophages against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanniiin vitro","volume":"368","author":"Fanaei V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fanaei V, Validi M, Zamanzad B, Karimi A. Isolation and identification of specific bacteriophages against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanniiin vitro. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2021, 368:fnab139. 10.1093\/femsle\/fnab139","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00288-9","article-title":"Efficacy of phage therapy in preclinical models of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"G\u00f3mez-Ochoa SA","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Ochoa SA, Pitton M, Valente LG, et al.. Efficacy of phage therapy in preclinical models of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe. 2022, 3:e956-68. 10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00288-9","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53994-9","article-title":"A blueprint for broadly effective bacteriophage-antibiotic cocktails against bacterial infections","volume":"15","author":"Kim MK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim MK, Chen Q, Echterhof A, et al.. A blueprint for broadly effective bacteriophage-antibiotic cocktails against bacterial infections. Nat Commun. 2024, 15:9987. 10.1038\/s41467-024-53994-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071000","article-title":"Combinations of bacteriophage are efficacious against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enhance sensitivity to carbapenem antibiotics","volume":"16","author":"Kovacs CJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kovacs CJ, Rapp EM, Rankin WR, et al.. Combinations of bacteriophage are efficacious against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enhance sensitivity to carbapenem antibiotics. Viruses. 2024, 16:1000. 10.3390\/v16071000","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15642","article-title":"Immunological and safety profile of bacteriophage therapy: a pre-clinical study","volume":"133","author":"Gangwar M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gangwar M, Rastogi S, Singh D, et al.. Immunological and safety profile of bacteriophage therapy: a pre-clinical study. J Appl Microbiol. 2022, 133:1446-60. 10.1111\/jam.15642","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01359-23","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of repeated intravenous phage doses on mammalian host-phage interactions","volume":"98","author":"Tan X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan X, Chen K, Jiang Z, et al.. Evaluation of the impact of repeated intravenous phage doses on mammalian host-phage interactions. J Virol. 2024, 98:e0135923. 10.1128\/jvi.01359-23","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071268","article-title":"The safety and toxicity of phage therapy: a review of animal and clinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Liu D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu D, Van Belleghem JD, de Vries CR, et al.. The safety and toxicity of phage therapy: a review of animal and clinical studies. Viruses. 2021, 13:1268. 10.3390\/v13071268","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00612-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Uyttebroek S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uyttebroek S, Chen B, Onsea J, et al.. Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022, 22:e208-20. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00612-5","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157626","article-title":"In vivo assessment of phage and linezolid based implant coatings for treatment of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) mediated orthopaedic device related infections","volume":"11","author":"Kaur S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaur S, Harjai K, Chhibber S. In vivo assessment of phage and linezolid based implant coatings for treatment of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) mediated orthopaedic device related infections. PLoS One. 2016, 11:e0157626. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0157626","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01135","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy in implant-related infections: an experimental study","volume":"95","author":"Yilmaz C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yilmaz C, Colak M, Yilmaz BC, Ersoz G, Kutateladze M, Gozlugol M. Bacteriophage therapy in implant-related infections: an experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013, 95:117-25. 10.2106\/JBJS.K.01135","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202501426","article-title":"Biologically active implants prevent mortality in a mouse sepsis model","volume":"14","author":"Stark M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stark M, Bayat F, Rahmani S, et al.. Biologically active implants prevent mortality in a mouse sepsis model. Adv Healthc Mater. 2025, 14:e01426. 10.1002\/adhm.202501426","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102145","article-title":"Encapsulated bacteriophages in alginate-nanohydroxyapatite hydrogel as a novel delivery system to prevent orthopedic implant-associated infections","volume":"24","author":"Barros JA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barros JA, Melo LD, Silva RA, et al.. Encapsulated bacteriophages in alginate-nanohydroxyapatite hydrogel as a novel delivery system to prevent orthopedic implant-associated infections. Nanomedicine. 2020, 24:102145. 10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102145","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110840","article-title":"3D printed bioceramic for phage therapy against bone nosocomial infections","volume":"111","author":"Bouchart F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bouchart F, Vidal O, Lacroix JM, Spriet C, Chamary S, Brutel A, Hornez JC. 3D printed bioceramic for phage therapy against bone nosocomial infections. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2020, 111:110840. 10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110840","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-018-1807-z","article-title":"A critical review of the in vitro and in vivo models for the evaluation of anti-infective meshes","volume":"22","author":"Guillaume O","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guillaume O, P\u00e9rez Kohler B, Fortelny R, et al.. A critical review of the in vitro and in vivo models for the evaluation of anti-infective meshes. Hernia. 2018, 22:961-74. 10.1007\/s10029-018-1807-z","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad385","article-title":"Disruption of biofilm by bacteriophages in clinically relevant settings","volume":"189","author":"Kovacs CJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kovacs CJ, Rapp EM, McKenzie SM, et al.. Disruption of biofilm by bacteriophages in clinically relevant settings. Mil Med. 2024, 189:e1294-302. 10.1093\/milmed\/usad385","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220421","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 modified bacteriophage for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus induced osteomyelitis and soft tissue infection","volume":"14","author":"Cobb LH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cobb LH, Park J, Swanson EA, et al.. CRISPR-Cas9 modified bacteriophage for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus induced osteomyelitis and soft tissue infection. PLoS One. 2019, 14:e0220421. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0220421","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.11.012","article-title":"Delivery of CRISPR-Cas systems using phage-based vectors","volume":"68","author":"Fage C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fage C, Lemire N, Moineau S. Delivery of CRISPR-Cas systems using phage-based vectors. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2021, 68:174-80. 10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.11.012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106475","article-title":"Bacteriophages and phage-delivered CRISPR-Cas system as antibacterial therapy","volume":"59","author":"Yeh TK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yeh TK, Jean SS, Lee YL, et al.. Bacteriophages and phage-delivered CRISPR-Cas system as antibacterial therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2022, 59:106475. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106475","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.42573","article-title":"Phage-delivered sensitisation with subsequent antibiotic treatment reveals sustained effect against antimicrobial resistant bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Liu H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu H, Li H, Liang Y, et al.. Phage-delivered sensitisation with subsequent antibiotic treatment reveals sustained effect against antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Theranostics. 2020, 10:6310-21. 10.7150\/thno.42573","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08557-4","article-title":"Bacteriophage genome engineering for phage therapy to combat bacterial antimicrobial resistance as an alternative to antibiotics","volume":"50","author":"Usman SS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Usman SS, Uba AI, Christina E. Bacteriophage genome engineering for phage therapy to combat bacterial antimicrobial resistance as an alternative to antibiotics. Mol Biol Rep. 2023, 50:7055-67. 10.1007\/s11033-023-08557-4","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34333","article-title":"Engineered bacteriophages: a panacea against pathogenic and drug resistant bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Kakkar A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kakkar A, Kandwal G, Nayak T, Jaiswal LK, Srivastava A, Gupta A. Engineered bacteriophages: a panacea against pathogenic and drug resistant bacteria. Heliyon. 2024, 10:e34333. 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34333","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa389","article-title":"Lessons learned from the first 10 consecutive cases of intravenous bacteriophage therapy to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections at a single center in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Aslam S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aslam S, Lampley E, Wooten D, Karris M, Benson C, Strathdee S, Schooley RT. Lessons learned from the first 10 consecutive cases of intravenous bacteriophage therapy to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections at a single center in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020, 7:ofaa389. 10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa389","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/487209-efficacy-and-safety-outcomes-of-bacteriophage-therapy-for-resistant-bacterial-infections","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:18:22Z","timestamp":1778635102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/487209-efficacy-and-safety-outcomes-of-bacteriophage-therapy-for-resistant-bacterial-infections"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.108749","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]}}}