{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T17:09:49Z","timestamp":1779469789562,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.109439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:33:07Z","timestamp":1779467587000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The 2025 Chikungunya Outbreak in Guangdong Province, China, and the Emerging Multi-pathogen Arboviral Threat in the Pearl River Delta"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Elijah J","family":"Remis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali R","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack C","family":"Tietjen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R","family":"Lucey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1406035","article-title":"Chikungunya virus and the global spread of a mosquito-borne disease","volume":"372","author":"Weaver SC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weaver SC, Lecuit M. Chikungunya virus and the global spread of a mosquito-borne disease. N Engl J Med. 2015, 372:1231-9. 10.1056\/NEJMra1406035","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2025.260","article-title":"Outbreak of chikungunya virus with Aedes albopictus-adaptive mutations - Guangdong Province, China, 2025","volume":"7","author":"Gong W","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gong W, Wang D, Chen Q, Zhong S, Shi X, Peng B. Outbreak of chikungunya virus with Aedes albopictus-adaptive mutations - Guangdong Province, China, 2025. China CDC Wkly. 2025, 7:1528-32. 10.46234\/ccdcw2025.260","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64687-2","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies against chikungunya virus and structural elucidation of their mechanism of action","volume":"16","author":"Han X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han X, Ji C, Tian S, et al.. Neutralizing antibodies against chikungunya virus and structural elucidation of their mechanism of action. Nat Commun. 2025, 16:9682. 10.1038\/s41467-025-64687-2","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002137","article-title":"Chikungunya virus-associated long-term arthralgia: a 36-month prospective longitudinal study","volume":"7","author":"Schilte C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schilte C, Staikowsky F, Couderc T, et al.. Chikungunya virus-associated long-term arthralgia: a 36-month prospective longitudinal study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013, 7:2137. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002137","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"WHO rapid risk assessment - chikungunya virus disease, global v.1. (2025). Accessed. March 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/who-rapid-risk-assessment---chikungunya-virus--global-v.1."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.49440","article-title":"Association between hydrological conditions and dengue fever incidence in coastal southeastern China from 2013 to 2019","volume":"6","author":"Li C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li C, Wang Z, Yan Y, et al.. Association between hydrological conditions and dengue fever incidence in coastal southeastern China from 2013 to 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2023, 6:2249440. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.49440","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"COVID-19 information (Article in Chinese). (2025). Accessed. March 28, 2026: https:\/\/cdcp.gd.gov.cn\/ywdt\/zdzt\/yfjkkyr\/yqxx\/index.html."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2025.172","article-title":"An outbreak of chikungunya fever in China - Foshan City, Guangdong province, China, July 2025","volume":"7","author":"Li Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Y, Jiang S, Zhang M, et al.. An outbreak of chikungunya fever in China - Foshan City, Guangdong province, China, July 2025. China CDC Wkly. 2025, 7:1064-5. 10.46234\/ccdcw2025.172","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1762631","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology and viral genomics insights from a chikungunya fever outbreak in South China, 2025","volume":"16","author":"He F","year":"2026","unstructured":"He F, Liang Y, Gong Y, et al.. Clinical epidemiology and viral genomics insights from a chikungunya fever outbreak in South China, 2025. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026, 16:1762631. 10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1762631","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Annual outlook for 2026. (2026). Accessed. March 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.hko.gov.hk\/en\/wxinfo\/season\/anlf.htm."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59327\/IPCC\/AR6-9789291691647","article-title":"Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. First","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)","year":"2023","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Lee H, Romero J (ed): Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland; 2023. 10.59327\/IPCC\/AR6-9789291691647"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Notice of Jiangmen Municipal People\u2019s Government on launching Level III response to public health emergencies in Jiangmen City (Article in Chinese). (2025). Accessed. March 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.jiangmen.gov.cn\/gkmlpt\/content\/3\/3366\/post_3366731.html#6."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Press conference on prevention and control of chikungunya fever in Jiangmen City (Article in Chinese). (2025). Accessed. April 23, 2026: https:\/\/www.jiangmen.gov.cn\/newzwgk\/hygq\/xwfbh\/zb\/content\/post_3366847.html."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Jiangmen City technical guidelines for handling Aedes vector mosquito breeding sites for chikungunya fever (Article in Chinese). (2025). Accessed. April 24, 2026: https:\/\/www.jiangmen.gov.cn\/home\/tzgg\/content\/post_3375720.html."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Press conference on termination of level III emergency response for chikungunya fever in Jiangmen City (Article in Chinese). (2025). Accessed. April 24, 2026: https:\/\/www.jiangmen.gov.cn\/newzwgk\/hygq\/xwfbh\/zb\/content\/post_3384590.html."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01364-y","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics and transmission dynamics of the early stage chikungunya fever outbreak in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China in 2025","volume":"14","author":"Zhang M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang M, Li Y, Huang X, et al.. Epidemiological characteristics and transmission dynamics of the early stage chikungunya fever outbreak in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China in 2025. Infect Dis Poverty. 2025, 14:93. 10.1186\/s40249-025-01364-y","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-025-00458-2","article-title":"The outbreak, response, and reflections on the chikungunya fever epidemic in Foshan City, China","volume":"10","author":"Nama N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nama N, Ma Y, Zhou J, Zhao Z, Wei Y, Hao Y. The outbreak, response, and reflections on the chikungunya fever epidemic in Foshan City, China. Glob Health Res Policy. 2025, 10:59. 10.1186\/s41256-025-00458-2","journal-title":"Glob Health Res Policy"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00837-y","article-title":"Practices and insights from chikungunya prevention and Control in Guangdong, China, 2025","volume":"53","author":"Lv H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lv H, Zhou C, Chen Y, Chen X. Practices and insights from chikungunya prevention and Control in Guangdong, China, 2025. Trop Med Health. 2025, 53:161. 10.1186\/s41182-025-00837-y","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106622","article-title":"Level III public health emergency response to a chikungunya outbreak in Jiangmen, China","volume":"91","author":"Zhou L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou L, Qin C, Liu J. Level III public health emergency response to a chikungunya outbreak in Jiangmen, China. J Infect. 2025, 91:106622. 10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106622","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"The weather of September 2025 - a stormy and hot September. (2025). Accessed. March 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.hko.gov.hk\/en\/wxinfo\/pastwx\/mws2025\/mws202509.htm."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5084","article-title":"Multi-peaked adaptive landscape for chikungunya virus evolution predicts continued fitness optimization in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes","volume":"5","author":"Tsetsarkin KA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsetsarkin KA, Chen R, Yun R, et al.. Multi-peaked adaptive landscape for chikungunya virus evolution predicts continued fitness optimization in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Nat Commun. 2014, 5:4084. 10.1038\/ncomms5084","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002412","article-title":"Sequential adaptive mutations enhance efficient vector switching by chikungunya virus and its epidemic emergence","volume":"7","author":"Tsetsarkin KA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsetsarkin KA, Weaver SC. Sequential adaptive mutations enhance efficient vector switching by chikungunya virus and its epidemic emergence. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7:1002412. 10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002412","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030201","article-title":"A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential","volume":"3","author":"Tsetsarkin KA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, McGee CE, Higgs S. A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3:201. 10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030201","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0131-z","article-title":"Characterizing a large outbreak of dengue fever in Guangdong province, China","volume":"5","author":"Xiao JP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xiao JP, He JF, Deng AP, et al.. Characterizing a large outbreak of dengue fever in Guangdong province, China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016, 5:44. 10.1186\/s40249-016-0131-z","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.914289","article-title":"Genetic characterization of chikungunya virus among febrile dengue fever-like patients in Xishuangbanna, southwestern part of China","volume":"12","author":"Zou M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou M, Su C, Li T, et al.. Genetic characterization of chikungunya virus among febrile dengue fever-like patients in Xishuangbanna, southwestern part of China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022, 12:914289. 10.3389\/fcimb.2022.914289","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.07.001","article-title":"Returning ex-patriot Chinese to Guangdong, China, increase the risk for local transmission of Zika virus","volume":"75","author":"Sun J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun J, Wu D, Zhong H, et al.. Returning ex-patriot Chinese to Guangdong, China, increase the risk for local transmission of Zika virus. J Infect. 2017, 75:356-67. 10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.07.001","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2492","article-title":"Vector competence and vertical transmission of Zika virus in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"20","author":"Guo X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo X, Li C, Deng Y, et al.. Vector competence and vertical transmission of Zika virus in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020, 20:374-9. 10.1089\/vbz.2019.2492","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008300","article-title":"Emergence of Zika virus infection in China","volume":"14","author":"Zhou CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou CM, Liu JW, Qi R, et al.. Emergence of Zika virus infection in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020, 14:0008300. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008300","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2026.063","article-title":"An imported case of dengue\/Zika coinfection - Sichuan province, China, 2026","volume":"8","author":"Hu L","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hu L, Tian L, Yan K, et al.. An imported case of dengue\/Zika coinfection - Sichuan province, China, 2026. China CDC Wkly. 2026, 8:394-8. 10.46234\/ccdcw2026.063","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1083","article-title":"Concomitant transmission of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in Brazil: clinical and epidemiological findings from surveillance for acute febrile illness","volume":"69","author":"Silva MM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva MM, Tauro LB, Kikuti M, et al.. Concomitant transmission of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in Brazil: clinical and epidemiological findings from surveillance for acute febrile illness. Clin Infect Dis. 2019, 69:1353-9. 10.1093\/cid\/ciy1083","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103888","article-title":"Neurological and neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates and children after maternal chikungunya infection in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Zhou L","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhou L, Qin C, Deng J, Xing Y, Chen H, Lucey DR, Liu J. Neurological and neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates and children after maternal chikungunya infection in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2026, 94:103888. 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103888","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808246","article-title":"Zika virus infection - after the pandemic","volume":"381","author":"Musso D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Musso D, Ko AI, Baud D. Zika virus infection - after the pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2019, 381:1444-57. 10.1056\/NEJMra1808246","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2025.01228","article-title":"From dengue to chikungunya: guangdong as a sentinel for arboviral threats in East Asia","volume":"19","author":"Feng Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng Y, Chang F, Yang Y, Lu H. From dengue to chikungunya: guangdong as a sentinel for arboviral threats in East Asia. Biosci Trends. 2025, 19:368-73. 10.5582\/bst.2025.01228","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlife.2025.09.007","article-title":"A One Health perspective on the 2025 chikungunya outbreak in Guangdong province, China","volume":"3","author":"Guo C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo C, Mishra N, Aouacheria A, et al.. A One Health perspective on the 2025 chikungunya outbreak in Guangdong province, China. hLife. 2025, 3:618-20. 10.1016\/j.hlife.2025.09.007","journal-title":"hLife"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0466-8","article-title":"Photoperiodic diapause in a subtropical population of Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou, China: optimized field-laboratory-based study and statistical models for comprehensive characterization","volume":"7","author":"Xia D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xia D, Guo X, Hu T, et al.. Photoperiodic diapause in a subtropical population of Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou, China: optimized field-laboratory-based study and statistical models for comprehensive characterization. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018, 7:89. 10.1186\/s40249-018-0466-8","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2103\/141662","article-title":"Autochthonous dengue fever, Tokyo, Japan, 2014","volume":"21","author":"Kutsuna S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kutsuna S, Kato Y, Moi ML, et al.. Autochthonous dengue fever, Tokyo, Japan, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015, 21:517-20. 10.3201\/eid2103\/141662","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58609-5","article-title":"The overlapping global distribution of dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever","volume":"16","author":"Lim A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lim A, Shearer FM, Sewalk K, et al.. The overlapping global distribution of dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. Nat Commun. 2025, 16:3418. 10.1038\/s41467-025-58609-5","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2026.068","article-title":"The vector-proofing gap in sponge city design: implications for arboviral risk under climate adaptation - Guangdong Province, China, 2025","volume":"8","author":"Wang Y","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wu X, Xu B, Sun X, Guan Z. The vector-proofing gap in sponge city design: implications for arboviral risk under climate adaptation - Guangdong Province, China, 2025. China CDC Wkly. 2026, 8:423-7. 10.46234\/ccdcw2026.068","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Director of Hong Kong observatory highlights HKO\u2019s latest services and annual weather outlook. (2026). Accessed. March 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.hko.gov.hk\/en\/Press-Releases\/110456\/-Director-of-Hong-Kong-Observatory-highlights-HKOs-latest-services-an...."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"FDA update on the safety of Ixchiq (chikungunya vaccine, live). FDA suspends biologics license. FDA safety communication. (2025). Accessed: March 29, 2026: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/safety\/medical-product-safety-information\/fda-update-safety-ixchiq-chikungunya-vaccine-live-fda-s...."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Valneva\u2019s single-shot chikungunya vaccine - IXCHIQ\u00ae\/ VLA1553. (2026). Accessed. March 29, 2026: https:\/\/valneva.com\/research-development\/chikungunya\/."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Vimkunya. (2025). Accessed. March 29, 2026: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/vimkunya."},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Approval letter - Vimkunya. (2025). Accessed. March 28, 2026: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/vimkunya."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/491247-the-2025-chikungunya-outbreak-in-guangdong-province-china-and-the-emerging-multi-pathogen-arboviral-threat-in-the-pearl-river-delta","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:33:10Z","timestamp":1779467590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/491247-the-2025-chikungunya-outbreak-in-guangdong-province-china-and-the-emerging-multi-pathogen-arboviral-threat-in-the-pearl-river-delta"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.109439","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]}}}