{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T17:06:09Z","timestamp":1779901569582,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.109750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:37:54Z","timestamp":1779899874000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AmpC \u03b2-Lactamases in SPICE (Serratia, Pseudomonas, Indole-Positive Proteus, Citrobacter, Enterobacter) Organisms: A Rising Threat to Antimicrobial Therapy"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Prajakta S","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka M","family":"Mane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"WHO. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. (2015). Accessed: May 27, 2026: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241509763."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.4.557","article-title":"Beta-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance","volume":"8","author":"Livermore DM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Livermore DM. Beta-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995, 8:557-84. 10.1128\/CMR.8.4.557","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01009-09","article-title":"Updated functional classification of beta-lactamases","volume":"54","author":"Bush K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bush K, Jacoby GA. Updated functional classification of beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010, 54:969-76. 10.1128\/AAC.01009-09","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1980.0049","article-title":"The structure of beta-lactamases","volume":"289","author":"Ambler RP","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ambler RP. The structure of beta-lactamases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1980, 289:321-31. 10.1098\/rstb.1980.0049","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00036-08","article-title":"AmpC \u03b2-lactamases","volume":"22","author":"Jacoby GA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacoby GA. AmpC \u03b2-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009, 22:161-82. 10.1128\/cmr.00036-08","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.1-11.2002","article-title":"Plasmid-determined AmpC-type beta-lactamases","volume":"46","author":"Philippon A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Philippon A, Arlet G, Jacoby GA. Plasmid-determined AmpC-type beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002, 46:1-11. 10.1128\/AAC.46.1.1-11.2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2153-2162.2002","article-title":"Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase genes in clinical isolates by using multiplex PCR","volume":"40","author":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez FJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez FJ, Hanson ND. Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase genes in clinical isolates by using multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2002, 40:2153-62. 10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2153-2162.2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1444781","article-title":"Mechanism of antibacterial resistance, strategies and next-generation antimicrobials to contain antimicrobial resistance: a review","volume":"15","author":"Belay WY","year":"2024","unstructured":"Belay WY, Getachew M, Tegegne BA, et al.. Mechanism of antibacterial resistance, strategies and next-generation antimicrobials to contain antimicrobial resistance: a review. Front Pharmacol. 2024, 15:1444781. 10.3389\/fphar.2024.1444781","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05041-11","article-title":"Combination therapy for treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Tamma PD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Cosgrove SE, Maragakis LL. Combination therapy for treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012, 25:450-70. 10.1128\/CMR.05041-11","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4163-4167.2005","article-title":"Inhibitor-based methods for detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis","volume":"43","author":"Coudron PE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coudron PE. Inhibitor-based methods for detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005, 43:4163-7. 10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4163-4167.2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01083-07","article-title":"Emergence of antibiotic resistance during therapy for infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing AmpC beta-lactamase: implications for antibiotic use","volume":"52","author":"Choi SH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Choi SH, Lee JE, Park SJ, et al.. Emergence of antibiotic resistance during therapy for infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing AmpC beta-lactamase: implications for antibiotic use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008, 52:995-1000. 10.1128\/AAC.01083-07","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.ATM_523_20","article-title":"Molecular detection of plasmid-derived AmpC \u03b2-lactamase among clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae in Bahrain","volume":"16","author":"Joji RM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Joji RM, Al-Mahameed AE, Jishi TA, et al.. Molecular detection of plasmid-derived AmpC \u03b2-lactamase among clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae in Bahrain. Ann Thorac Med. 2021, 16:287-93. 10.4103\/atm.ATM_523_20","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Surveillance of multidrug resistant organisms in tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India","volume":"58","author":"Wattal C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wattal C, Goel N, Oberoi JK, Raveendran R, Datta S, Prasad KJ. Surveillance of multidrug resistant organisms in tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2010, 58:32-6.","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"A comparative study of ciprofloxacin resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and non-extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"2","author":"Chetana GS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chetana GS. A comparative study of ciprofloxacin resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and non-extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary care hospital. IJMSCR. 2019, 2: 145-53.","journal-title":"IJMSCR"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. Washington, DC, USA: Scoping report on antimicrobial resistance in India. (2017). Accessed: May 27, 2026: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/321421339_Scoping_Report_on_Antimicrobial_Resistance_in_India."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822010000300009","article-title":"Ampc beta lactamases among gram negative clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital, South India","volume":"41","author":"Mohamudha Parveen R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mohamudha Parveen R, Harish BN, Parija SC. Ampc beta lactamases among gram negative clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital, South India. Braz J Microbiol. 2010, 41:596-602. 10.1590\/S1517-83822010000300009","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.134700","article-title":"Characterization of plasmid mediated AmpC producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates from a tertiary care hospital in South India","volume":"57","author":"Chakraborty A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chakraborty A, Adhikari P, Shenoy S, Saralaya V. Characterization of plasmid mediated AmpC producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2014, 57:255-8. 10.4103\/0377-4929.134700","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00037-09","article-title":"Three decades of beta-lactamase inhibitors","volume":"23","author":"Drawz SM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drawz SM, Bonomo RA. Three decades of beta-lactamase inhibitors. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010, 23:160-201. 10.1128\/CMR.00037-09","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MRM.0b013e3283447542","article-title":"AmpC \u03b2-lactamases and bacterial resistance: an updated mini review","volume":"20","author":"Shahid M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shahid M, Sobia F, Singh A, Khan HM, Hawkey PM, Huq A, Khardori N. AmpC \u03b2-lactamases and bacterial resistance: an updated mini review. Rev Med Microbiol. 2009, 20:41-55. 10.1097\/MRM.0b013e3283447542","journal-title":"Rev Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430787","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics","volume":"41","author":"Jacoby GA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jacoby GA. Mechanisms of resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 2005, 41:S263-8. 10.1086\/430787","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00181-19","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens","volume":"33","author":"De Oliveira DM","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Oliveira DM, Forde BM, Kidd TJ, et al.. Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020, 33:14-6. 10.1128\/CMR.00181-19","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00116-14","article-title":"The role of epidemic resistance plasmids and international high-risk clones in the spread of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"28","author":"Mathers AJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mathers AJ, Peirano G, Pitout JD. The role of epidemic resistance plasmids and international high-risk clones in the spread of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015, 28:565-91. 10.1128\/CMR.00116-14","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4733-4738.2005","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance mediated by AmpC hyperproduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains","volume":"49","author":"Juan C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Juan C, Maci\u00e1 MD, Guti\u00e9rrez O, Vidal C, P\u00e9rez JL, Oliver A. Molecular mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance mediated by AmpC hyperproduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005, 49:4733-8. 10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4733-4738.2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-9097-6_6","article-title":"Class C type \u03b2-lactamases (AmpC \u03b2-lactamases)","author":"Ronni Mol P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ronni Mol P, Shanthi G, Al-Mahmeed A, Bindayna KM, Shahid M. Class C type \u03b2-lactamases (AmpC \u03b2-lactamases). Beta-Lactam Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Shahid M, Singh A, Sami H (ed): Springer, Singapore; 2022. 4:115-37. 10.1007\/978-981-16-9097-6_6"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.06.004","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy for inducible AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli: what are the alternatives to carbapenems, quinolones and aminoglycosides?","volume":"40","author":"Harris PN","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harris PN, Ferguson JK. Antibiotic therapy for inducible AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli: what are the alternatives to carbapenems, quinolones and aminoglycosides?. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012, 40:297-305. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.06.004","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.10.2381","article-title":"Chromosomal ampC regulation in Citrobacter freundii","volume":"43","author":"Caroff N","year":"1999","unstructured":"Caroff N. Chromosomal ampC regulation in Citrobacter freundii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999, 43:2381-7. 10.1128\/AAC.43.10.2381","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.2.220","article-title":"Enterobacter spp.: pathogens poised to flourish at the turn of the century","volume":"10","author":"Sanders WE Jr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sanders WE Jr, Sanders CC. Enterobacter spp.: pathogens poised to flourish at the turn of the century. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997, 10:220-41. 10.1128\/CMR.10.2.220","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i3.11","article-title":"Review of phenotypic assays for detection of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and carbapenemases: a microbiology laboratory bench guide","volume":"20","author":"Aruhomukama D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aruhomukama D. Review of phenotypic assays for detection of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and carbapenemases: a microbiology laboratory bench guide. Afr Health Sci. 2020, 20:1090-108. 10.4314\/ahs.v20i3.11","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"Jorgensen JH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jorgensen JH. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), Villanova, PA; 2024."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00404-11","article-title":"Practical approach for reliable detection of AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"49","author":"Polsfuss S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polsfuss S, Bloemberg GV, Giger J, Meyer V, B\u00f6ttger EC, Hombach M. Practical approach for reliable detection of AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 2011, 49:2798-803. 10.1128\/JCM.00404-11","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.16053","article-title":"Evaluation of methods for AmpC beta-lactamase in gram negative clinical isolates from tertiary care hospitals","volume":"23","author":"Singhal S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Singhal S, Mathur T, Khan S, Upadhyay DJ, Chugh S, Gaind R, Rattan A. Evaluation of methods for AmpC beta-lactamase in gram negative clinical isolates from tertiary care hospitals. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2005, 23:120-4. 10.4103\/0255-0857.16053","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg098","article-title":"Occurrence and detection of AmpC beta-lactamases among Gram-negative clinical isolates using a modified three-dimensional test at Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India","volume":"51","author":"Manchanda V","year":"2003","unstructured":"Manchanda V, Singh NP. Occurrence and detection of AmpC beta-lactamases among Gram-negative clinical isolates using a modified three-dimensional test at Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003, 51:415-8. 10.1093\/jac\/dkg098","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.129082","article-title":"Detection of AmpC \u03b2-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Gupta G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gupta G, Tak V, Mathur P. Detection of AmpC \u03b2-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. J Lab Physicians. 2014, 6:1-6. 10.4103\/0974-2727.129082","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3110-3113.2005","article-title":"AmpC disk test for detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae lacking chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamases","volume":"43","author":"Black JA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Black JA, Moland ES, Thomson KS. AmpC disk test for detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae lacking chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamases. J Clin Microbiol. 2005, 43:3110-3. 10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3110-3113.2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmhg.2015.03.001","article-title":"Occurrence and detection of AmpC \u03b2-lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients at Ain Shams University Hospital","volume":"16","author":"El-Hady SA","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Hady SA, Adel LA. Occurrence and detection of AmpC \u03b2-lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients at Ain Shams University Hospital. Egypt J Med Hum Genet. 2015, 16:239-44. 10.1016\/j.ejmhg.2015.03.001","journal-title":"Egypt J Med Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.8556","article-title":"Genotypic identification of AmpC \u03b2-lactamases production in Gram-negative bacilli isolates","volume":"7","author":"Wassef M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wassef M, Behiry I, Younan M, El Guindy N, Mostafa S, Abada E. Genotypic identification of AmpC \u03b2-lactamases production in Gram-negative bacilli isolates. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2014, 7:e8556. 10.5812\/jjm.8556","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.65185","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of AmpC beta-lactamase in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: findings from a tertiary care hospital","volume":"16","author":"Yadav SA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yadav SA, Pawar SK, Datkhile KD, Mohite ST, Patil SR, More AL. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of AmpC beta-lactamase in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: findings from a tertiary care hospital. Cureus. 2024, 16:e65185. 10.7759\/cureus.65185","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0189-x","article-title":"Occurrence of bla (DHA-1) mediated cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli and their transcriptional response against cephalosporin stress: a report from India","volume":"16","author":"Ingti B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ingti B, Paul D, Maurya AP, Bora D, Chanda DD, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Occurrence of bla (DHA-1) mediated cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli and their transcriptional response against cephalosporin stress: a report from India. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2017, 16:13. 10.1186\/s12941-017-0189-x","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.001","article-title":"Plasmids and the spread of resistance","volume":"303","author":"Carattoli A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carattoli A. Plasmids and the spread of resistance. Int J Med Microbiol. 2013, 303:298-304. 10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.001","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit395","article-title":"The use of cefepime for treating AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"57","author":"Tamma PD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Girdwood SC, Gopaul R, et al.. The use of cefepime for treating AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis. 2013, 57:781-8. 10.1093\/cid\/cit395","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad428","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023 Guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative infections","volume":"4","author":"Tamma PD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tamma PD, Aitken SL, Bonomo RA, Mathers AJ, van Duin D, Clancy CJ. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023 Guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2023, 4:32-4. 10.1093\/cid\/ciad428","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4060-9","article-title":"Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics","volume":"61","author":"Poole K","year":"2004","unstructured":"Poole K. Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004, 61:2200-23. 10.1007\/s00018-004-4060-9","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. (2019). Accessed. May 27, 2026: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antimicrobial-resistance\/data-research\/threats\/index.html."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson DL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005, 18:657-86. 10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.12163","article-title":"Effect of piperacillin-tazobactam vs meropenem on 30-day mortality for patients with E. coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection and ceftriaxone resistance: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"320","author":"Harris PN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harris PN, Tambyah PA, Lye DC, et al.. Effect of piperacillin-tazobactam vs meropenem on 30-day mortality for patients with E. coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection and ceftriaxone resistance: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018, 320:984-94. 10.1001\/jama.2018.12163","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0725-1","article-title":"Novel beta-lactamase inhibitors: unlocking their potential in therapy","volume":"77","author":"Wong D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong D, van Duin D. Novel beta-lactamase inhibitors: unlocking their potential in therapy. Drugs. 2017, 77:615-28. 10.1007\/s40265-017-0725-1","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy12050142","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of infections caused by AmpC-producing Enterobacterales","volume":"12","author":"Tebano G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tebano G, Zaghi I, Cricca M, Cristini F. Antibiotic treatment of infections caused by AmpC-producing Enterobacterales. Pharmacy (Basel). 2024, 12:32-4. 10.3390\/pharmacy12050142","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel)"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01518","article-title":"Discovery of taniborbactam (VNRX-5133): a broad-spectrum serine- and metallo-\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor for carbapenem-resistant bacterial infections","volume":"63","author":"Liu B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu B, Trout RE, Chu GH, et al.. Discovery of taniborbactam (VNRX-5133): a broad-spectrum serine- and metallo-\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor for carbapenem-resistant bacterial infections. J Med Chem. 2020, 63:2789-801. 10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01518","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa391","article-title":"Activity of \u03b2-lactam\/taniborbactam (VNRX-5133) combinations against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"76","author":"Mushtaq S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mushtaq S, Vickers A, Doumith M, Ellington MJ, Woodford N, Livermore DM. Activity of \u03b2-lactam\/taniborbactam (VNRX-5133) combinations against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021, 76:160-70. 10.1093\/jac\/dkaa391","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03836-23","article-title":"In vitro activity of cefiderocol against European Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., including isolates resistant to meropenem and recent \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations","volume":"12","author":"Santerre Henriksen A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Santerre Henriksen A, Jeannot K, Oliver A, et al.. In vitro activity of cefiderocol against European Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., including isolates resistant to meropenem and recent \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Microbiol Spectr. 2024, 12:e0383623. 10.1128\/spectrum.03836-23","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17379-2","article-title":"Cefiderocol-resistant pathogens in German hospital wastewater: a reservoir for multidrug resistance","volume":"15","author":"Erler T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Erler T, Carlsen L, Dengler J, et al.. Cefiderocol-resistant pathogens in German hospital wastewater: a reservoir for multidrug resistance. Sci Rep. 2025, 15:31622. 10.1038\/s41598-025-17379-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04715-5","article-title":"Cefepime versus carbapenems for treatment of AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales bloodstream infections","volume":"43","author":"Herrmann J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Herrmann J, Burgener-Gasser AV, Goldenberger D, Roth J, Weisser M, Tamma PD, Tschudin-Sutter S. Cefepime versus carbapenems for treatment of AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales bloodstream infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024, 43:213-21. 10.1007\/s10096-023-04715-5","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09296-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of cefepime-tazobactam combination against extended spectrum beta-lactamase and\/or AmpC beta-lactamase- producing gram-negative bacilli","volume":"24","author":"Elawady BA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elawady BA, Mahmoud NR, Badawi HE, Badr AE, Gohar NM. Antimicrobial activity of cefepime-tazobactam combination against extended spectrum beta-lactamase and\/or AmpC beta-lactamase- producing gram-negative bacilli. BMC Infect Dis. 2024, 24:434. 10.1186\/s12879-024-09296-y","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040307","article-title":"New \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combination antibiotics","volume":"14","author":"Sargianou M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sargianou M, Stathopoulos P, Vrysis C, Tzvetanova ID, Falagas ME. New \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combination antibiotics. Pathogens. 2025, 14:4-6. 10.3390\/pathogens14040307","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08","article-title":"AmpC beta-lactamases","volume":"22","author":"Jacoby GA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacoby GA. AmpC beta-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009, 22:161-82. 10.1128\/CMR.00036-08","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01180-3","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales: Update on molecular epidemiology and treatment options","volume":"79","author":"Peirano G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peirano G, Pitout JD. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales: Update on molecular epidemiology and treatment options. Drugs. 2019, 79:1529-41. 10.1007\/s40265-019-01180-3","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030222","article-title":"Acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics and resistance genes: from past to future","volume":"14","author":"Galgano M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Galgano M, Pellegrini F, Catalano E, et al.. Acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics and resistance genes: from past to future. Antibiotics (Basel). 2025, 14:26-8. 10.3390\/antibiotics14030222","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.70082","article-title":"AmpC-induced surge in \u03b2-lactam resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a rising danger","volume":"65","author":"Das A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Das A, Ruhal R. AmpC-induced surge in \u03b2-lactam resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a rising danger. J Basic Microbiol. 2025, 65:e70082. 10.1002\/jobm.70082","journal-title":"J Basic Microbiol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02137-22","article-title":"Detection of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC in class A and class B carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales","volume":"10","author":"Imkamp F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Imkamp F, Kolesnik-Goldmann N, Bodendoerfer E, Zbinden R, Mancini S. Detection of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC in class A and class B carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales. Microbiol Spectr. 2022, 10:e0213722. 10.1128\/spectrum.02137-22","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1769226","article-title":"CRISPR-based diagnostics for infectious diseases: mechanisms, advancements and clinical transformation prospects","volume":"16","author":"Pan Z","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pan Z, Xu L, Fan Z, Cao Y, Ren F. CRISPR-based diagnostics for infectious diseases: mechanisms, advancements and clinical transformation prospects. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026, 16:1769226. 10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1769226","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medine.2022.05.004","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"46","author":"Lepe JA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lepe JA, Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez L. Resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative bacteria. Med Intensiva (Engl Ed). 2022, 46:392-402. 10.1016\/j.medine.2022.05.004","journal-title":"Med Intensiva (Engl Ed)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/493555-ampc--lactamases-in-spice-serratia-pseudomonas-indole-positive-proteus-citrobacter-enterobacter-organisms-a-rising-threat-to-antimicrobial-therapy","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:37:56Z","timestamp":1779899876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/493555-ampc--lactamases-in-spice-serratia-pseudomonas-indole-positive-proteus-citrobacter-enterobacter-organisms-a-rising-threat-to-antimicrobial-therapy"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.109750","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]}}}