{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T19:02:33Z","timestamp":1779994953180,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.109824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T18:31:36Z","timestamp":1779993096000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cleared for Launch: Pre-flight Medical Assessment in the Commercial Spaceflight Era"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Piercarlo","family":"Minoretti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3968.2014","article-title":"Astronaut medical selection during the shuttle era: 1981-2011","volume":"85","author":"Johnston SL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnston SL, Blue RS, Jennings RT, Tarver WJ, Gray GW. Astronaut medical selection during the shuttle era: 1981-2011. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014, 85:823-7. 10.3357\/ASEM.3968.2014","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-023-00275-2","article-title":"NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard: enabling human spaceflight missions by supporting astronaut health, safety, and performance","volume":"9","author":"Childress SD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Childress SD, Williams TC, Francisco DR. NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard: enabling human spaceflight missions by supporting astronaut health, safety, and performance. NPJ Microgravity. 2023, 9:31. 10.1038\/s41526-023-00275-2","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07648-x","article-title":"Molecular and physiological changes in the SpaceX Inspiration4 civilian crew","volume":"632","author":"Jones CW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jones CW, Overbey EG, Lacombe J, et al.. Molecular and physiological changes in the SpaceX Inspiration4 civilian crew. Nature. 2024, 632:1155-64. 10.1038\/s41586-024-07648-x","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.03.001","article-title":"Private spaceflight: a new landscape for dealing with medical risk","volume":"33","author":"Griko YV","year":"2022","unstructured":"Griko YV, Loftus DJ, Stolc V, Peletskaya E. Private spaceflight: a new landscape for dealing with medical risk. Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2022, 33:41-7. 10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.03.001","journal-title":"Life Sci Space Res (Amst)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010040","article-title":"Human health during space travel: state-of-the-art review","volume":"12","author":"Krittanawong C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krittanawong C, Singh NK, Scheuring RA, et al.. Human health during space travel: state-of-the-art review. Cells. 2022, 12:10.3390\/cells12010040","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Medical qualification of a commercial spaceflight participant: not your average astronaut","volume":"77","author":"Jennings RT","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jennings RT, Murphy DM, Ware DL, et al.. Medical qualification of a commercial spaceflight participant: not your average astronaut. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006, 77:475-84.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.2742.2010","article-title":"Frequent premature ventricular contractions in an orbital spaceflight participant","volume":"81","author":"Jennings RT","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jennings RT, Stepanek JP, Scott LR, Voronkov YI. Frequent premature ventricular contractions in an orbital spaceflight participant. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2010, 81:597-601. 10.3357\/asem.2742.2010","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.6340.2024","article-title":"Centrifuge-simulated spaceflight after aortic valve replacement and atrial septal defect repair","volume":"95","author":"Fernandez WL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fernandez WL, Blue RS, Harrison MF, Powers W, Shah R, Au\u00f1\u00f3n-Chancellor S. Centrifuge-simulated spaceflight after aortic valve replacement and atrial septal defect repair. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024, 95:123-31. 10.3357\/AMHP.6340.2024","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48841-w","article-title":"Secretome profiling reveals acute changes in oxidative stress, brain homeostasis, and coagulation following short-duration spaceflight","volume":"15","author":"Houerbi N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Houerbi N, Kim J, Overbey EG, et al.. Secretome profiling reveals acute changes in oxidative stress, brain homeostasis, and coagulation following short-duration spaceflight. Nat Commun. 2024, 15:4862. 10.1038\/s41467-024-48841-w","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"[Doctor may I travel in space? Aeromedical considerations regarding commercial suborbital space flights]","volume":"155","author":"Haerkens MH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haerkens MH, Simons R, Kuipers A. [Doctor may I travel in space? Aeromedical considerations regarding commercial suborbital space flights]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2011, 155:3904.","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Guidance for medical screening of commercial aerospace passengers: report DOT\/FAA\/AM-06\/1","author":"Antu\u00f1ano MJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Antu\u00f1ano MJ, Baisden DL, Davis J, et al.. Guidance for medical screening of commercial aerospace passengers: report DOT\/FAA\/AM-06\/1. Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aerospace Medicine, Washington, DC; 2006."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex336","article-title":"An overview of space medicine","volume":"119","author":"Hodkinson PD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hodkinson PD, Anderton RA, Posselt BN, Fong KJ. An overview of space medicine. Br J Anaesth. 2017, 119:i143-53. 10.1093\/bja\/aex336","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2019, 4:5. 10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3974.2014","article-title":"Subject anxiety and psychological considerations for centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight","volume":"85","author":"Mulcahy RA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mulcahy RA, Blue RS, Vardiman JL, Mathers CH, Castleberry TL, Vanderploeg JM. Subject anxiety and psychological considerations for centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014, 85:847-51. 10.3357\/ASEM.3974.2014","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.3956.2014","article-title":"Tolerance of centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight by medical condition","volume":"85","author":"Blue RS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blue RS, Pattarini JM, Reyes DP, et al.. Tolerance of centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight by medical condition. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014, 85:721-9. 10.3357\/asem.3956.2014","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.4114.2014","article-title":"Preflight screening techniques for centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight","volume":"85","author":"Pattarini JM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pattarini JM, Blue RS, Castleberry TL, Vanderploeg JM. Preflight screening techniques for centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014, 85:1217-21. 10.3357\/ASEM.4114.2014","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.6153.2022","article-title":"Physiological effects of centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight","volume":"93","author":"Smith TG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith TG, Pollock RD, Britton JK, Green ND, Hodkinson PD, Mitchell SJ, Stevenson AT. Physiological effects of centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022, 93:830-9. 10.3357\/AMHP.6153.2022","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.3351.2012","article-title":"Commercial spaceflight participant G-force tolerance during centrifuge-simulated suborbital flight","volume":"83","author":"Blue RS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blue RS, Riccitello JM, Tizard J, Hamilton RJ, Vanderploeg JM. Commercial spaceflight participant G-force tolerance during centrifuge-simulated suborbital flight. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2012, 83:929-34. 10.3357\/asem.3351.2012","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Effect of 30-min +3 Gz centrifugation on vestibular and autonomic cardiovascular function","volume":"74","author":"Schlegel TT","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schlegel TT, Wood SJ, Brown TE, Harm DL, Rupert AH. Effect of 30-min +3 Gz centrifugation on vestibular and autonomic cardiovascular function. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2003, 74:717-24.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4910.2017","article-title":"Dysrhythmias in laypersons during centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight","volume":"88","author":"Suresh R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suresh R, Blue RS, Mathers CH, Castleberry TL, Vanderploeg JM. Dysrhythmias in laypersons during centrifuge-simulated suborbital spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017, 88:1008-15. 10.3357\/AMHP.4910.2017","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.6511.2024","article-title":"Prevention of G-induced effects on vision and consciousness during simulated suborbital spaceflight","volume":"95","author":"Pollock RD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pollock RD, Britton JK, Green ND, Hendriksen D, Hodkinson PD, Anderton RA, Smith TG. Prevention of G-induced effects on vision and consciousness during simulated suborbital spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024, 95:897-901. 10.3357\/AMHP.6511.2024","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4807.2017","article-title":"The effects of training on anxiety and task performance in simulated suborbital spaceflight","volume":"88","author":"Blue RS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blue RS, Bonato F, Seaton K, et al.. The effects of training on anxiety and task performance in simulated suborbital spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017, 88:641-50. 10.3357\/AMHP.4807.2017","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.021","article-title":"Optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic shifts observed in astronauts after long-duration space flight","volume":"118","author":"Mader TH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mader TH, Gibson CR, Pass AF, et al.. Optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic shifts observed in astronauts after long-duration space flight. Ophthalmology. 2011, 118:2058-69. 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S234076","article-title":"Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS): a systematic review and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Martin Paez Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martin Paez Y, Mudie LI, Subramanian PS. Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS): a systematic review and future directions. Eye Brain. 2020, 12:105-17. 10.2147\/EB.S234076","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2024.1487992","article-title":"Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome: connections with terrestrial eye and brain disorders","volume":"4","author":"Joe B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joe B. Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome: connections with terrestrial eye and brain disorders. Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne). 2024, 4:1487992. 10.3389\/fopht.2024.1487992","journal-title":"Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2025.3406","article-title":"Predicting spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome in international space station astronauts","volume":"143","author":"Brunstetter TJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brunstetter TJ, Mason SS, Osborne S, et al.. Predicting spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome in international space station astronauts. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2025, 143:933-7. 10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2025.3406","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29901","article-title":"Apollo lunar astronauts show higher cardiovascular disease mortality: possible deep space radiation effects on the vascular endothelium","volume":"6","author":"Delp MD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delp MD, Charvat JM, Limoli CL, Globus RK, Ghosh P. Apollo lunar astronauts show higher cardiovascular disease mortality: possible deep space radiation effects on the vascular endothelium. Sci Rep. 2016, 6:29901. 10.1038\/srep29901","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000158","article-title":"Relationship between carbon dioxide levels and reported headaches on the international space station","volume":"56","author":"Law J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Law J, Van Baalen M, Foy M, et al.. Relationship between carbon dioxide levels and reported headaches on the international space station. J Occup Environ Med. 2014, 56:477-83. 10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000158","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S440630","article-title":"Pain experience and sensory changes in astronauts during and after short-lasting commercial spaceflight: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"16","author":"Sauer AK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sauer AK, Vigouroux M, Dougherty PM, Cata JP, Ingelmo PM. Pain experience and sensory changes in astronauts during and after short-lasting commercial spaceflight: a proof-of-concept study. J Pain Res. 2023, 16:4253-66. 10.2147\/JPR.S440630","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-026-00578-0","article-title":"Early skeletal deteriorations following short-duration spaceflight","volume":"12","author":"Matheson BE","year":"2026","unstructured":"Matheson BE, Walle M, Bugbird AR, Rosenberg M, Mateus J, Boyd SK. Early skeletal deteriorations following short-duration spaceflight. NPJ Microgravity. 2026, 12:10.1038\/s41526-026-00578-0","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10806032251346746","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques on the dragon spacecraft: a polaris dawn mission study","volume":"36","author":"Menon A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Menon A, Mampre D, Isaacman J, Poteet S, Gillis S, Mateus J, Rosenberg M. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques on the dragon spacecraft: a polaris dawn mission study. Wilderness Environ Med. 2025, 36:53S-60S. 10.1177\/10806032251346746","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10806032261426910","article-title":"Comparative analysis of pharmaceutical content following spaceflight and vacuum exposure during commercial extravehicular activity","author":"Brawley HN","year":"2026","unstructured":"Brawley HN, Reichard JF, Shennara K, et al.. Comparative analysis of pharmaceutical content following spaceflight and vacuum exposure during commercial extravehicular activity. Wilderness Environ Med. 2026, 10806032261426910. 10.1177\/10806032261426910","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00544.2001","article-title":"Postspaceflight orthostatic hypotension occurs mostly in women and is predicted by low vascular resistance","volume":"92","author":"Waters WW","year":"2002","unstructured":"Waters WW, Ziegler MG, Meck JV. Postspaceflight orthostatic hypotension occurs mostly in women and is predicted by low vascular resistance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002, 92:586-94. 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00544.2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4914","article-title":"The impact of sex and gender on adaptation to space: executive summary","volume":"23","author":"Mark S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mark S, Scott GB, Donoviel DB, Leveton LB, Mahoney E, Charles JB, Siegel B. The impact of sex and gender on adaptation to space: executive summary. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2014, 23:941-7. 10.1089\/jwh.2014.4914","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"The 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection: publication 103","volume":"37","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2007","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection. The 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection: publication 103. Ann ICRP. 2007, 37:1-332.","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000126947.90065.90","article-title":"In-flight radiation exposure during pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Barish RJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barish RJ. In-flight radiation exposure during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 103:1326-30. 10.1097\/01.AOG.0000126947.90065.90","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4705.2017","article-title":"Prevalence, predictors, and prevention of motion sickness in zero-G parabolic flights","volume":"88","author":"Golding JF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Golding JF, Paillard AC, Normand H, Besnard S, Denise P. Prevalence, predictors, and prevention of motion sickness in zero-G parabolic flights. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017, 88:3-9. 10.3357\/AMHP.4705.2017","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0361-9230(98)00091-4","article-title":"Motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire revised and its relationship to other forms of sickness","volume":"47","author":"Golding JF","year":"1998","unstructured":"Golding JF. Motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire revised and its relationship to other forms of sickness. Brain Res Bull. 1998, 47:507-16. 10.1016\/s0361-9230(98)00091-4","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Arrhythmias observed during high-G training: proposed training safety criterion","volume":"75","author":"Hanada R","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hanada R, Hisada T, Tsujimoto T, Ohashi K. Arrhythmias observed during high-G training: proposed training safety criterion. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004, 75:688-91.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2022.2252","article-title":"COPD patients' pre-flight check: a narrative review","volume":"92","author":"Khan IA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan IA, Pierucci P, Ambrosino N. COPD patients' pre-flight check: a narrative review. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2022, 92:10.4081\/monaldi.2022.2252","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.2179.2008","article-title":"Profound hypoxemia in pulmonary patients in airline-equivalent hypoxia: roles of VA\/Q and shunt","volume":"79","author":"Jones JG","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones JG, Bakewell SE, Heneghan CP, Jones SE, Snape SL. Profound hypoxemia in pulmonary patients in airline-equivalent hypoxia: roles of VA\/Q and shunt. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008, 79:81-6. 10.3357\/asem.2179.2008","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0267-6","article-title":"Reproductive hazards of space travel in women and men","volume":"15","author":"Mishra B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mishra B, Luderer U. Reproductive hazards of space travel in women and men. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019, 15:713-30. 10.1038\/s41574-019-0267-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.259127","article-title":"Space motion sickness: a common neurovestibular dysfunction in microgravity","volume":"67","author":"Russomano T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Russomano T, da Rosa M, Dos Santos MA. Space motion sickness: a common neurovestibular dysfunction in microgravity. Neurol India. 2019, 67:S214-8. 10.4103\/0028-3886.259127","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4408.2016","article-title":"Fitness to fly testing in patients with congenital heart and lung disease","volume":"87","author":"Spoorenberg ME","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spoorenberg ME, van den Oord MH, Meeuwsen T, Takken T. Fitness to fly testing in patients with congenital heart and lung disease. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016, 87:54-60. 10.3357\/AMHP.4408.2016","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.16b06.x","article-title":"Laboratory assessment of fitness to fly in patients with lung disease: a practical approach","volume":"16","author":"Robson AG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Robson AG, Hartung TK, Innes JA. Laboratory assessment of fitness to fly in patients with lung disease: a practical approach. Eur Respir J. 2000, 16:214-9. 10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.16b06.x","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2011-0434","article-title":"Pre-flight sensorimotor adaptation protocols for suborbital flight","volume":"22","author":"Shelhamer M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shelhamer M, Beaton K. Pre-flight sensorimotor adaptation protocols for suborbital flight. J Vestib Res. 2012, 22:139-44. 10.3233\/VES-2011-0434","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.05.025","article-title":"Drugs in space: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in astronauts","volume":"109S","author":"Kast J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kast J, Yu Y, Seubert CN, Wotring VE, Derendorf H. Drugs in space: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in astronauts. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017, 109S:S2-8. 10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.05.025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.6204.2023","article-title":"Tolerance of centrifuge-simulated commercial spaceflight in a subject with hemophilia a","volume":"94","author":"Reeves IA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reeves IA, Blue RS, Au\u00f1on-Chancellor S, Harrison MF, Shah R, Powers WE. Tolerance of centrifuge-simulated commercial spaceflight in a subject with hemophilia a. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023, 94:470-4. 10.3357\/AMHP.6204.2023","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa359","article-title":"The thrombotic risk of spaceflight: has a serious problem been overlooked for more than half of a century?","volume":"42","author":"Limper U","year":"2021","unstructured":"Limper U, Tank J, Ahnert T, Maegele M, Grottke O, Hein M, Jordan J. The thrombotic risk of spaceflight: has a serious problem been overlooked for more than half of a century?. Eur Heart J. 2021, 42:97-100. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa359","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17290","article-title":"Relationships among barodontalgia prevalence, altitude, stress, dental care frequency, and barodontalgia awareness: a survey of Turkish pilots","volume":"12","author":"Topba\u015f C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Topba\u015f C, \u015eirin DA, Gezeravc\u0131 H, \u00d6z\u00e7elik F, Erdem Hep\u015feno\u011flu Y, Er\u015fahan \u015e. Relationships among barodontalgia prevalence, altitude, stress, dental care frequency, and barodontalgia awareness: a survey of Turkish pilots. PeerJ. 2024, 12:e17290. 10.7717\/peerj.17290","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01635-8","article-title":"Longitudinal multi-omics analysis of host microbiome architecture and immune responses during short-term spaceflight","volume":"9","author":"Tierney BT","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tierney BT, Kim J, Overbey EG, et al.. Longitudinal multi-omics analysis of host microbiome architecture and immune responses during short-term spaceflight. Nat Microbiol. 2024, 9:1661-75. 10.1038\/s41564-024-01635-8","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.6237.2023","article-title":"Layperson physiological tolerance and operational performance in centrifuge-simulated spaceflight","volume":"94","author":"Blue RS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blue RS, Ong KM, Ray K, et al.. Layperson physiological tolerance and operational performance in centrifuge-simulated spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023, 94:584-95. 10.3357\/AMHP.6237.2023","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4598.2016","article-title":"Elevated end-tidal Pco2 during long-duration spaceflight","volume":"87","author":"Hughson RL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hughson RL, Yee NJ, Greaves DK. Elevated end-tidal Pco2 during long-duration spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016, 87:894-7. 10.3357\/AMHP.4598.2016","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47626\/1679-4435-2024-1326","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: aeronautical medical assessment","volume":"23","author":"Vale JS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vale JS, Pimenta SM. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: aeronautical medical assessment. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2025, 23:e20241326. 10.47626\/1679-4435-2024-1326","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Trab"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5832.2021","article-title":"Adapting disease prevention protocols for human spaceflight during COVID-19","volume":"92","author":"Petersen E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petersen E, Pattarini JM, Mulcahy RA, et al.. Adapting disease prevention protocols for human spaceflight during COVID-19. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021, 92:597-602. 10.3357\/AMHP.5832.2021","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00830-z","article-title":"The influence of spaceflight on the astronaut salivary microbiome and the search for a microbiome biomarker for viral reactivation","volume":"8","author":"Urbaniak C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Urbaniak C, Lorenzi H, Thissen J, et al.. The influence of spaceflight on the astronaut salivary microbiome and the search for a microbiome biomarker for viral reactivation. Microbiome. 2020, 8:56. 10.1186\/s40168-020-00830-z","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.2846.2011","article-title":"Sub-orbital commercial human spaceflight and informed consent","volume":"82","author":"Carminati MV","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carminati MV, Griffith D, Campbell MR. Sub-orbital commercial human spaceflight and informed consent. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2011, 82:144-6. 10.3357\/asem.2846.2011","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac137","article-title":"Space tourism needs a bioethical reboot","volume":"30","author":"de Ara\u00fajo AF","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Ara\u00fajo AF, Lins-Kusterer LE, Netto EM. Space tourism needs a bioethical reboot. J Travel Med. 2023, 30:10.1093\/jtm\/taac137","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-025-00503-x","article-title":"Developing artificially intelligent agents to support earth independent medical capabilities during human exploration-class space missions","volume":"11","author":"Buras WR","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buras WR, Hilmers DC. Developing artificially intelligent agents to support earth independent medical capabilities during human exploration-class space missions. NPJ Microgravity. 2025, 11:51. 10.1038\/s41526-025-00503-x","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/490867-cleared-for-launch-pre-flight-medical-assessment-in-the-commercial-spaceflight-era","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T18:31:38Z","timestamp":1779993098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/490867-cleared-for-launch-pre-flight-medical-assessment-in-the-commercial-spaceflight-era"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.109824","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]}}}