{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:11:49Z","timestamp":1780337509355,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.110057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:57:21Z","timestamp":1780336641000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence-Driven Virtual Reality in Physical Rehabilitation: A Review of Machine-Learning Kinematics, Educational Scaffolding, and Treatment Adherence Strategies"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Magalli","family":"Diaz Bravo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0014333700004070","article-title":"Detecting exercise deviations in home physiotherapy using single-camera pose estimation","author":"Maszuhn M","year":"2026","unstructured":"Maszuhn M, Siegel F, M\u00fcller-von Aschwege F, Hein A. Detecting exercise deviations in home physiotherapy using single-camera pose estimation. Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies - Volume 4. SciTePress, Set\u00fabal, Portugal; 2026. 358-65. 10.5220\/0014333700004070"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disability and Health Data System (DHDS). (2024). Accessed. May 12, 2026: https:\/\/data.cdc.gov\/Disability-Health\/Disability-and-Health-Data-System-DHDS-\/k62p-6esq\/about_data."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disability impacts all of us infographic. (2025). Accessed. May 12, 2026: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/disability-and-health\/articles-documents\/disability-impacts-all-of-us-infographic.html."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Rehabilitation. (2024). Accessed. May 12, 2026: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/rehabilitation."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-024-00150-9","article-title":"Virtual reality in stroke recovery: a meta-review of systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Khan A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan A, Imam YZ, Muneer M, Al Jerdi S, Gill SK. Virtual reality in stroke recovery: a meta-review of systematic reviews. Bioelectron Med. 2024, 10:23. 10.1186\/s42234-024-00150-9","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"American Physical Therapy Association. Physical therapy workforce data. (2022). Accessed. May 11, 2026: https:\/\/www.apta.org\/your-career\/careers-in-physical-therapy\/workforce-data."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2023.102722","article-title":"Understanding barriers to adherence to home exercise programs in patients with musculoskeletal neck pain","volume":"63","author":"Himler P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Himler P, Lee GT, Rhon DI, Young JL, Cook CE, Rentmeester C. Understanding barriers to adherence to home exercise programs in patients with musculoskeletal neck pain. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2023, 63:102722. 10.1016\/j.msksp.2023.102722","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40945-022-00148-z","article-title":"Do digital interventions increase adherence to home exercise rehabilitation? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Lang S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lang S, McLelland C, MacDonald D, Hamilton DF. Do digital interventions increase adherence to home exercise rehabilitation? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Arch Physiother. 2022, 12:24. 10.1186\/s40945-022-00148-z","journal-title":"Arch Physiother"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2025.101952","article-title":"The effects of digital health on exercise adherence and intervention outcomes in older adults with knee diseases: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Liu L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu L, Wang S, Ye C, Chen D, Dong H. The effects of digital health on exercise adherence and intervention outcomes in older adults with knee diseases: a systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2025, 68:101952. 10.1016\/j.rehab.2025.101952","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-00998-w","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-driven virtual rehabilitation for people living in the community: a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Abedi A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abedi A, Colella TJ, Pakosh M, Khan SS. Artificial intelligence-driven virtual rehabilitation for people living in the community: a scoping review. NPJ Digit Med. 2024, 7:25. 10.1038\/s41746-024-00998-w","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2025.1675309","article-title":"Co-designing meaningful extended reality for physical rehabilitation: a stakeholder-driven approach to embodied telehealth","volume":"6","author":"Elor A","year":"2026","unstructured":"Elor A, Parrales A, Bourdon SM, et al.. Co-designing meaningful extended reality for physical rehabilitation: a stakeholder-driven approach to embodied telehealth. Front Virtual Real. 2026, 6:1675309. 10.3389\/frvir.2025.1675309","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Healthy People 2030. People with disabilities. (2026). Accessed. May 11, 2026: https:\/\/odphp.health.gov\/healthypeople\/objectives-and-data\/browse-objectives\/people-disabilities."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13182286","article-title":"Delivering musculoskeletal rehabilitation in the digital era: a perspective on clinical strategies for remote practice","volume":"13","author":"Alrwaily M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alrwaily M. Delivering musculoskeletal rehabilitation in the digital era: a perspective on clinical strategies for remote practice. Healthcare (Basel). 2025, 13:2286. 10.3390\/healthcare13182286","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"The hidden costs of disability","author":"Merchant Z","year":"2025","unstructured":"Merchant Z, Troland E, Webber DA. The hidden costs of disability. FEDS Notes. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, DC; 2025."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/36690","article-title":"The influence of wearables on health care outcomes in chronic disease: systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Mattison G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mattison G, Canfell O, Forrester D, Dobbins C, Smith D, T\u00f6yr\u00e4s J, Sullivan C. The influence of wearables on health care outcomes in chronic disease: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2022, 24:e36690. 10.2196\/36690","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. NIH strategic plan for data science, 2025-2030. (2025). Accessed. May 12, 2026: https:\/\/datascience.nih.gov\/nih-strategic-plan-data-science."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/39019","article-title":"The use of gamification in the self-management of patients with chronic diseases: scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Huang X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang X, Xiang X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Jiang Z, Huang L. The use of gamification in the self-management of patients with chronic diseases: scoping review. JMIR Serious Games. 2023, 11:e39019. 10.2196\/39019","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-021-10068-7","article-title":"Scaffolding in immersive virtual reality environments for learning English: an eye tracking study","volume":"70","author":"Bacca-Acosta J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bacca-Acosta J, Tejada J, Fabregat R, Kinshuk, Guevara J. Scaffolding in immersive virtual reality environments for learning English: an eye tracking study. Educ Technol Res Dev. 2022, 70:339-62. 10.1007\/s11423-021-10068-7","journal-title":"Educ Technol Res Dev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2929257","article-title":"OpenPose: realtime multi-person 2D pose estimation using Part Affinity Fields","volume":"43","author":"Cao Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao Z, Hidalgo G, Simon T, Wei SE, Sheikh Y. OpenPose: realtime multi-person 2D pose estimation using Part Affinity Fields. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 2021, 43:172-86. 10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2929257","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11795727211022330","article-title":"The potential of computer vision-based marker-less human motion analysis for rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Hellsten T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hellsten T, Karlsson J, Shamsuzzaman M, Pulkkis G. The potential of computer vision-based marker-less human motion analysis for rehabilitation. Rehabil Process Outcome. 2021, 10:10.1177\/11795727211022330","journal-title":"Rehabil Process Outcome"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2022.879603","article-title":"Transparency of AI in healthcare as a multilayered system of accountabilities: between legal requirements and technical limitations","volume":"5","author":"Kiseleva A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiseleva A, Kotzinos D, De Hert P. Transparency of AI in healthcare as a multilayered system of accountabilities: between legal requirements and technical limitations. Front Artif Intell. 2022, 5:879603. 10.3389\/frai.2022.879603","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205231184045","article-title":"Standards for scaffolding in health sciences programmes: a Delphi consensus study","volume":"10","author":"Masava B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Masava B, Nyoni CN, Botma Y. Standards for scaffolding in health sciences programmes: a Delphi consensus study. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2023, 10:10.1177\/23821205231184045","journal-title":"J Med Educ Curric Dev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-025-06640-z","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in postural management: a critical review of detection, correction, and clinical applicability","volume":"21","author":"K\u00f6roglu Y","year":"2026","unstructured":"K\u00f6roglu Y, Hosseini E, Bahad\u0131r Z, Karakus B, Alimoradi M, Alghosi M, Konrad A. Artificial intelligence in postural management: a critical review of detection, correction, and clinical applicability. J Orthop Surg Res. 2026, 21:130. 10.1186\/s13018-025-06640-z","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050724","article-title":"Sensor-based rehabilitation in neurological diseases: a bibliometric analysis of research trends","volume":"13","author":"Facciorusso S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Facciorusso S, Spina S, Reebye R, Turolla A, Calabr\u00f2 RS, Fiore P, Santamato A. Sensor-based rehabilitation in neurological diseases: a bibliometric analysis of research trends. Brain Sci. 2023, 13:724. 10.3390\/brainsci13050724","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/69003","article-title":"Effect of home-based virtual reality training on upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke: systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Huang J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang J, Wei Y, Zhou P, He X, Li H, Wei X. Effect of home-based virtual reality training on upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2025, 27:e69003. 10.2196\/69003","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22519\/21455333.1287","article-title":"Impact of strength training for lower limbs in patients with heart failure. Randomized controlled trial. (Article in Spanish)","volume":"11","author":"Pereira-Rodr\u00edguez JE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pereira-Rodr\u00edguez JE, Pe\u00f1aranda-Florez DG, Pereira-Rodr\u00edguez R, Pereira-Rodr\u00edguez P, D\u00edaz-Bravo M. Impact of strength training for lower limbs in patients with heart failure. Randomized controlled trial. (Article in Spanish). Cienc Salud Virtual. 2019, 11:36-49. 10.22519\/21455333.1287","journal-title":"Cienc Salud Virtual"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac544.995","article-title":"Moderate intensity continuous and high intensity interval training as strategy cardioprotective on cardiotoxicity induced by cancer. Randomized clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Lara Vargas JA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lara Vargas JA, Pereira-Rodriguez JE, Penaranda-Florez DG, et al.. Moderate intensity continuous and high intensity interval training as strategy cardioprotective on cardiotoxicity induced by cancer. Randomized clinical trial. Eur Heart J. 2022, 43:ehac544.995. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac544.995","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040812","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality in cardiac rehabilitation patients for exercise capacity and negative emotions: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Zhang M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang M, Liu S, Xiong X, Liu M, Wang Y, Yang Y, Xiang Q. Effectiveness of virtual reality in cardiac rehabilitation patients for exercise capacity and negative emotions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024, 103:e40812. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000040812","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Signs and symptoms","author":"Diaz-Bravo M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diaz-Bravo M, Lopez-Mejia CA. Signs and symptoms. Physiotherapy in Cancer. (Book in Spanish). Rodriguez JEP, Florez DGP (ed): Centro de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n FISICOL, Puebla, Mexico; 2021. 52-69."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/49312","article-title":"Virtual reality-based exercise rehabilitation in cancer-related dysfunctions: scoping review","volume":"26","author":"Su Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su Z, Zhang L, Lian X, Guan M. Virtual reality-based exercise rehabilitation in cancer-related dysfunctions: scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2024, 26:e49312. 10.2196\/49312","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051586","article-title":"Machine learning-based computer vision for depth camera-based physiotherapy movement assessment: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Zhou Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Rashid F'N, Mat Daud M, Hasan MK, Chen W. Machine learning-based computer vision for depth camera-based physiotherapy movement assessment: a systematic review. Sensors (Basel). 2025, 25:1586. 10.3390\/s25051586","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/495483-artificial-intelligence-driven-virtual-reality-in-physical-rehabilitation-a-review-of-machine-learning-kinematics-educational-scaffolding-and-treatment-adherence-strategies","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:57:23Z","timestamp":1780336643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/495483-artificial-intelligence-driven-virtual-reality-in-physical-rehabilitation-a-review-of-machine-learning-kinematics-educational-scaffolding-and-treatment-adherence-strategies"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":31,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.110057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}