{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:03:43Z","timestamp":1780542223037,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.110200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:32:23Z","timestamp":1780540343000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Imeglimin as a Replacement Therapy for Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Experiencing Metformin Intolerance: A Retrospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Debmalya","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rituraj B","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al.. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022, 183:10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00119-5","article-title":"Metabolic non-communicable disease health report of India: the ICMR-INDIAB national cross-sectional study (ICMR-INDIAB-17)","volume":"11","author":"Anjana RM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Deepa M, et al.. Metabolic non-communicable disease health report of India: the ICMR-INDIAB national cross-sectional study (ICMR-INDIAB-17). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023, 11:474-89. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00119-5","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.09.018","article-title":"Metformin: from mechanisms of action to therapies","volume":"20","author":"Foretz M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Foretz M, Guigas B, Bertrand L, Pollak M, Viollet B. Metformin: from mechanisms of action to therapies. Cell Metab. 2014, 20:953-66. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.09.018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S009","article-title":"9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes-2024","volume":"47","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2024","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024, 47:S158-78. 10.2337\/dc24-S009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05787-2","article-title":"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"65","author":"Davies MJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al.. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2022, 65:1925-66. 10.1007\/s00125-022-05787-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3844-9","article-title":"Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"59","author":"McCreight LJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCreight LJ, Bailey CJ, Pearson ER. Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract. Diabetologia. 2016, 59:426-35. 10.1007\/s00125-015-3844-9","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.975912","article-title":"Gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Nabrdalik K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nabrdalik K, Skonieczna-\u017bydecka K, Irlik K, et al.. Gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol. 2022, 13:975912. 10.3389\/fendo.2022.975912","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1388","article-title":"Association of organic cation transporter 1 with intolerance to metformin in type 2 diabetes: a GoDARTS study","volume":"64","author":"Dujic T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dujic T, Zhou K, Donnelly LA, Tavendale R, Palmer CN, Pearson ER. Association of organic cation transporter 1 with intolerance to metformin in type 2 diabetes: a GoDARTS study. Diabetes. 2015, 64:1786-93. 10.2337\/db14-1388","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0706","article-title":"Effect of serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on gastrointestinal intolerance to metformin: a GoDARTS study","volume":"39","author":"Dujic T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dujic T, Zhou K, Tavendale R, Palmer CN, Pearson ER. Effect of serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on gastrointestinal intolerance to metformin: a GoDARTS study. Diabetes Care. 2016, 39:1896-901. 10.2337\/dc16-0706","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01589-9","article-title":"Imeglimin hydrochloride: first approval","volume":"81","author":"Lamb YN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lamb YN. Imeglimin hydrochloride: first approval. Drugs. 2021, 81:1683-90. 10.1007\/s40265-021-01589-9","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14277","article-title":"Mechanism of action of imeglimin: a novel therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Hallakou-Bozec S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hallakou-Bozec S, Vial G, Kergoat M, et al.. Mechanism of action of imeglimin: a novel therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021, 23:664-73. 10.1111\/dom.14277","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12452","article-title":"Imeglimin increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improves \u03b2-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Pacini G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pacini G, Mari A, Fouqueray P, Bolze S, Roden M. Imeglimin increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improves \u03b2-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015, 17:541-5. 10.1111\/dom.12452","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00294","article-title":"Role of mitochondria in the mechanism(s) of action of metformin","volume":"10","author":"Vial G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vial G, Detaille D, Guigas B. Role of mitochondria in the mechanism(s) of action of metformin. Front Endocrinol. 2019, 10:294. 10.3389\/fendo.2019.00294","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0763","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of imeglimin monotherapy versus placebo in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (TIMES 1): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter phase 3 trial","volume":"44","author":"Dubourg J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dubourg J, Fouqueray P, Thang C, Grouin JM, Ueki K. Efficacy and safety of imeglimin monotherapy versus placebo in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (TIMES 1): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care. 2021, 44:952-9. 10.2337\/dc20-0763","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14613","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of imeglimin as monotherapy or in combination with existing antidiabetic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (TIMES 2): a 52-week, open-label, multicentre phase 3 trial","volume":"24","author":"Dubourg J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dubourg J, Fouqueray P, Quinslot D, Grouin JM, Kaku K. Long-term safety and efficacy of imeglimin as monotherapy or in combination with existing antidiabetic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (TIMES 2): a 52-week, open-label, multicentre phase 3 trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022, 24:609-19. 10.1111\/dom.14613","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14642","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of imeglimin add-on to insulin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (TIMES 3): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial with a 36-week open-label extension period","volume":"24","author":"Reilhac C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reilhac C, Dubourg J, Thang C, Grouin JM, Fouqueray P, Watada H. Efficacy and safety of imeglimin add-on to insulin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (TIMES 3): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial with a 36-week open-label extension period. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022, 24:838-48. 10.1111\/dom.14642","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.70135","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of imeglimin in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a 52-week postmarketing clinical study (TWINKLE)","volume":"16","author":"Babazono T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Babazono T, Osonoi T, Okamoto H, et al.. Long-term safety and efficacy of imeglimin in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a 52-week postmarketing clinical study (TWINKLE). J Diabetes Investig. 2025, 16:1808-19. 10.1111\/jdi.70135","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59556\/japi.74.1306","article-title":"A prospective real-world study to assess safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of imeglimin among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are intolerant to metformin (PRISM study)","volume":"74","author":"Agrawal PK","year":"2026","unstructured":"Agrawal PK, Mehta KK, Raha A, et al.. A prospective real-world study to assess safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of imeglimin among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are intolerant to metformin (PRISM study). J Assoc Physicians India. 2026, 74:e1-7. 10.59556\/japi.74.1306","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1220","article-title":"Imeglimin normalizes glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and improves mitochondrial function in liver of a high-fat, high-sucrose diet mice model","volume":"64","author":"Vial G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vial G, Chauvin MA, Bendridi N, et al.. Imeglimin normalizes glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and improves mitochondrial function in liver of a high-fat, high-sucrose diet mice model. Diabetes. 2015, 64:2254-64. 10.2337\/db14-1220","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6156.1000126","article-title":"Imeglimin - a new oral anti-diabetic that targets the three key defects of type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Fouqueray P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fouqueray P, Leverve X, Fontaine E, et al.. Imeglimin - a new oral anti-diabetic that targets the three key defects of type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab. 2011, 2:126. 10.4172\/2155-6156.1000126","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2012.01611.x","article-title":"Imeglimin, a novel glimin oral antidiabetic, exhibits a good efficacy and safety profile in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"14","author":"Pirags V","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pirags V, Lebovitz H, Fouqueray P. Imeglimin, a novel glimin oral antidiabetic, exhibits a good efficacy and safety profile in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012, 14:852-8. 10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2012.01611.x","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.102323","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of imeglimin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Abdelhaleem IA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelhaleem IA, Salamah HM, Alsabbagh FA, Eid AM, Hussien HM, Mohamed NI, Ebada MA. Efficacy and safety of imeglimin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021, 15:102323. 10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.102323","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4342-z","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of metformin","volume":"60","author":"Rena G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia. 2017, 60:1577-85. 10.1007\/s00125-017-4342-z","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14070","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and tolerability of imeglimin in\u00a0patients with type\u20092 diabetes mellitus: a\u00a0meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Hagi K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hagi K, Nitta M, Watada H, Kaku K, Ueki K. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of imeglimin in\u00a0patients with type\u20092 diabetes mellitus: a\u00a0meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Investig. 2023, 14:1246-61. 10.1111\/jdi.14070","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15277\/bjd.2020.247","article-title":"Imeglimin, a novel, first in-class, blood glucose-lowering agent: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical evidence","volume":"20","author":"Crabtree TSJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crabtree TSJ, DeFronzo RA, Ryder REJ, Bailey CJ. Imeglimin, a novel, first in-class, blood glucose-lowering agent: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical evidence. Br J Diabetes. 2020, 20:28-31. 10.15277\/bjd.2020.247","journal-title":"Br J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Framework for FDA\u2019s: real-world evidence program. (2018). Accessed: May 12, 2026: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/120060\/download."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2014.022","article-title":"Observational and interventional study design types; an overview","volume":"24","author":"Thiese MS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thiese MS. Observational and interventional study design types; an overview. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2014, 24:199-210. 10.11613\/BM.2014.022","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7321.1123","article-title":"Statistics notes: analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements","volume":"323","author":"Vickers AJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vickers AJ, Altman DG. Statistics notes: analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. BMJ. 2001, 323:1123-4. 10.1136\/bmj.323.7321.1123","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/495501-imeglimin-as-a-replacement-therapy-for-metformin-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-experiencing-metformin-intolerance-a-retrospective-observational-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:32:27Z","timestamp":1780540347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/495501-imeglimin-as-a-replacement-therapy-for-metformin-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-experiencing-metformin-intolerance-a-retrospective-observational-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.110200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]}}}