{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T15:58:34Z","timestamp":1780847914325,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.110398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T15:12:09Z","timestamp":1780845129000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Audit of the Emergency Management of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children Subsequently Admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William P","family":"Whitehouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199405000-00019","article-title":"Admissions to a pediatric intensive care unit for status epilepticus: a 10-year experience","volume":"22","author":"Lacroix J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lacroix J, Deal C, Gauthier M, Rousseau E, Farrell CA. Admissions to a pediatric intensive care unit for status epilepticus: a 10-year experience. Crit Care Med. 1994, 22:827-32. 10.1097\/00003246-199405000-00019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69043-0","article-title":"Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population-based study","volume":"368","author":"Chin RF","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chin RF, Neville B, Peckham C, Bedford H, Wade A, Scott R. Incidence, cause, and short-term outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood: prospective population-based study. Lancet. 2006, 368:222-9. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69043-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.21301.x","article-title":"Outcome of severe refractory status epilepticus in children","volume":"42","author":"Sahin M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sahin M, Menache CC, Holmes GL, Riviello JJ. Outcome of severe refractory status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia. 2001, 42:1461-7. 10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.21301.x","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066602017004003","article-title":"Outcome of pediatric status epilepticus admitted to intensive care","volume":"17","author":"Parsons SJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parsons SJ, Tomas K, Cox P. Outcome of pediatric status epilepticus admitted to intensive care. J Intens Care Med. 2002, 17:174-9. 10.1177\/0885066602017004003","journal-title":"J Intens Care Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.83.3.323","article-title":"Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in children","volume":"83","author":"Maytal J","year":"1989","unstructured":"Maytal J, Shinnar S, Mosh\u00e9 SL, Alvarez LA. Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in children. Pediatrics. 1989, 83:323-31.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.79.1.73","article-title":"Status epilepticus: pathophysiology, epidemiology, and outcomes","volume":"79","author":"Scott RC","year":"1998","unstructured":"Scott RC, Surtees RA, Neville BG. Status epilepticus: pathophysiology, epidemiology, and outcomes. Arch Dis Child. 1998, 79:73-7. 10.1136\/adc.79.1.73","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00427.x","article-title":"Outcome after prolonged convulsive seizures in 186 children: low morbidity, no mortality","volume":"46","author":"Metsaranta P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Metsaranta P, Koivikko M, Peltola J, Eriksson K. Outcome after prolonged convulsive seizures in 186 children: low morbidity, no mortality. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004, 46:4-8. 10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00427.x","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.78.1.78","article-title":"Do seizures damage the brain? The epidemiological evidence","volume":"78","author":"Verity CM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Verity CM. Do seizures damage the brain? The epidemiological evidence. Arch Dis Child. 1998, 78:78-84. 10.1136\/adc.78.1.78","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.032797","article-title":"Inappropriate emergency management of status epilepticus in children contributes to need for intensive care","volume":"75","author":"Chin RF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chin RF, Verhulst L, Neville BG, Peters MJ, Scott RC. Inappropriate emergency management of status epilepticus in children contributes to need for intensive care. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004, 75:1584-8. 10.1136\/jnnp.2003.032797","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1970.tb03880.x","article-title":"Convulsive status epilepticus in infants and children. A study of 239 cases","volume":"11","author":"Aicardi J","year":"1970","unstructured":"Aicardi J, Chevrie JJ. Convulsive status epilepticus in infants and children. A study of 239 cases. Epilepsia. 1970, 11:187-97. 10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1970.tb03880.x","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(95)00044-g","article-title":"Effect of pre-hospital treatment on the outcome of status epilepticus in children","volume":"12","author":"Alldredge BK","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alldredge BK, Wall DB, Ferriero DM. Effect of pre-hospital treatment on the outcome of status epilepticus in children. Ped Neurol. 1995, 12:213-6. 10.1016\/0887-8994(95)00044-g","journal-title":"Ped Neurol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00008.x","article-title":"Children presenting with convulsions (including status epilepticus) to a paediatric accident and emergency department: an audit of a treatment protocol","volume":"41","author":"Garr RE","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garr RE, Appleton RE, Robson WJ, Molyneux EM. Children presenting with convulsions (including status epilepticus) to a paediatric accident and emergency department: an audit of a treatment protocol. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999, 41:44-7. 10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00008.x","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03677.x","article-title":"A clinical audit of process and outcome of emergency treatment for prolonged epileptic seizures in children attending an emergency department [Abstract]","volume":"53","author":"Joslin E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joslin E, Dieppe C, Whitehouse WP. A clinical audit of process and outcome of emergency treatment for prolonged epileptic seizures in children attending an emergency department [Abstract]. Epilepsia. 2012, 53:778-9. 10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03677.x","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.03.25341538","article-title":"A systematic review of efficacy and safety of intramuscular midazolam versus midazolam by other routes or other non-intravenous benzodiazepines in children with convulsive status epilepticus [PREPRINT]","author":"Chin RFM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chin RFM, Vasey MJ, Besag FMC. A systematic review of efficacy and safety of intramuscular midazolam versus midazolam by other routes or other non-intravenous benzodiazepines in children with convulsive status epilepticus [PREPRINT]. medRxiv. 2025, 10.64898\/2025.12.03.25341538","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/en.2024.00067","article-title":"Buccal midazolam vs rectal diazepam administered by parents for continuing and serial epileptic seizures: a randomised controlled trial of parental preferences","volume":"3","author":"Gan HW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gan HW, Wassmer E, Whitehouse WP. Buccal midazolam vs rectal diazepam administered by parents for continuing and serial epileptic seizures: a randomised controlled trial of parental preferences. Explor Neurosci. 2024, 3:559-63. 10.37349\/en.2024.00067","journal-title":"Explor Neurosci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66909-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"McIntyre J","year":"2005","unstructured":"McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, et al.. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005, 366:205-10. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66909-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.1999.0300","article-title":"Status epilepticus on the paediatric intensive care unit-the role of EEG monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Ross C","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ross C, Blake A, Whitehouse WP. Status epilepticus on the paediatric intensive care unit-the role of EEG monitoring. Seizure. 1999, 8:335-8. 10.1053\/seiz.1999.0300","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2007.01.007","article-title":"Aetiology, course and outcome of children admitted to paediatric intensive care with convulsive status epilepticus: a retrospective 5-year review","volume":"16","author":"Hussain N","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hussain N, Appleton R, Thorburn K. Aetiology, course and outcome of children admitted to paediatric intensive care with convulsive status epilepticus: a retrospective 5-year review. Seizure. 2007, 16:305-12. 10.1016\/j.seizure.2007.01.007","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.3.225","article-title":"Respiratory depression in the acute management of seizures","volume":"87","author":"Stewart WA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stewart WA, Harrison R, Dooley JM. Respiratory depression in the acute management of seizures. Arch Dis Child. 2002, 87:225-6. 10.1136\/adc.87.3.225","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00613.x","article-title":"Respiratory depression in children receiving diazepam for acute seizures: a prospective study","volume":"41","author":"Norris E","year":"1999","unstructured":"Norris E, Marzouk O, Nunn A, McIntyre J, Choonara I. Respiratory depression in children receiving diazepam for acute seizures: a prospective study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999, 41:340-3. 10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00613.x","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Advanced Paediatric Life Support: The Practical Approach, 4th edition","year":"2005","unstructured":"Advanced Paediatric Life Support. The Practical Approach, 4th edition. Mackway-Jones K, Molyneux E, Phillips B, Wieteska S (ed): Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK; 2005."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.103333","article-title":"Use of buccal midazolam in children","volume":"91","author":"Hussain N","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hussain N, Regan E, Gosalakkal J, Whitehouse WP. Use of buccal midazolam in children. Arch Dis Child. 2006, 91:1041-2. 10.1136\/adc.2006.103333","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06425-3","article-title":"Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial","volume":"353","author":"Scott RC","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scott RC, Besag FM, Neville BG. Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999, 353:623-6. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06425-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) guidelines 81. Diagnosis and management of epilepsies in children and young people","author":"SIGN Guideline Development Group","year":"2005","unstructured":"SIGN Guideline Development Group. Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) guidelines 81. Diagnosis and management of epilepsies in children and young people. Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) , Edinburgh; 2005."},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults","year":"2025","unstructured":"Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults. NICE Guideline. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK; 2025. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng217\/resources\/epilepsies-in-children-young-people-and-adults-pdf-66143780239813."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119716181","article-title":"Advanced Paediatric Life Support: A Practical Approach to Emergencies","year":"2023","unstructured":"Advanced Paediatric Life Support. A Practical Approach to Emergencies. Smith S (ed): John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd, Hoboken, NJ; 2023. 10.1002\/9781119716181"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Clinical audit of pre-PICU management of convulsive status epilepticus: room for improvement [Abstract]","volume":"92","author":"Kudumula V","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kudumula V, Kasi N, Thomas D, Whitehouse WP. Clinical audit of pre-PICU management of convulsive status epilepticus: room for improvement [Abstract]. Arch Dis Child. 2007, 92:A24.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30724-X","article-title":"Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial","volume":"393","author":"Lyttle MD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyttle MD, Rainford NE, Gamble C, et al.. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2019, 393:2125-34. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30724-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30722-6","article-title":"Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children (ConSEPT): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"393","author":"Dalziel SR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dalziel SR, Borland MK, Furyk J, et al.. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children (ConSEPT): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019, 393:2135-45. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30722-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905795","article-title":"Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus","volume":"381","author":"Kapur J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM, et al.. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2019, 381:2103-13. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1905795","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/456501-clinical-audit-of-the-emergency-management-of-convulsive-status-epilepticus-in-children-subsequently-admitted-to-paediatric-intensive-care","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T15:12:10Z","timestamp":1780845130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/456501-clinical-audit-of-the-emergency-management-of-convulsive-status-epilepticus-in-children-subsequently-admitted-to-paediatric-intensive-care"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.110398","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]}}}