{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T23:52:53Z","timestamp":1783122773134,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.110567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:22:18Z","timestamp":1781072538000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Computed Tomography Assessment of Diaphragm Thickness in Myasthenia Gravis With Clinical and Functional Correlations"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Evgeny B","family":"Topolnitskiy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerii V","family":"Gusakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex A","family":"Volinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00002.2018","article-title":"Breathing: motor control of diaphragm muscle","volume":"33","author":"Fogarty MJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fogarty MJ, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Breathing: motor control of diaphragm muscle. Physiology (Bethesda). 2018, 33:113-26. 10.1152\/physiol.00002.2018","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100009","article-title":"Mechanics of the respiratory muscles","volume":"1","author":"De Troyer A","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Troyer A, Boriek AM. Mechanics of the respiratory muscles. Compr Physiol. 2011, 1:1273-300. 10.1002\/cphy.c100009","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1668OC","article-title":"Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit. Prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact-a prospective study","volume":"188","author":"Demoule A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demoule A, Jung B, Prodanovic H, et al.. Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit. Prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact-a prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013, 188:213-9. 10.1164\/rccm.201209-1668OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.21520","article-title":"Association of low baseline diaphragm muscle mass with prolonged mechanical ventilation and mortality among critically ill adults","volume":"3","author":"Sklar MC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sklar MC, Dres M, Fan E, et al.. Association of low baseline diaphragm muscle mass with prolonged mechanical ventilation and mortality among critically ill adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2020, 3:e1921520. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.21520","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"375","author":"Gilhus NE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:2570-81. 10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.001","article-title":"Pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis with antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor, muscle-specific kinase and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4","volume":"12","author":"Verschuuren JJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Verschuuren JJ, Huijbers MG, Plomp JJ, et al.. Pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis with antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor, muscle-specific kinase and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4. Autoimmun Rev. 2013, 12:918-23. 10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.001","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941875210382918","article-title":"Myasthenic crisis","volume":"1","author":"Wendell LC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wendell LC, Levine JM. Myasthenic crisis. Neurohospitalist. 2011, 1:16-22. 10.1177\/1941875210382918","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047449","article-title":"Weaning from mechanical ventilation in people with neuromuscular disease: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Bernardes Neto SC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bernardes Neto SC, Torres-Castro R, Lima \u00cd, Resqueti VR, Fregonezi GA. Weaning from mechanical ventilation in people with neuromuscular disease: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2021, 11:e047449. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047449","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.166.4.518","article-title":"ATS\/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing","volume":"166","year":"2002","unstructured":"ATS\/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002, 166.518-624. 10.1164\/rccm.166.4.518","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1541","article-title":"Diaphragmatic motion studied by m-mode ultrasonography: methods, reproducibility, and normal values","volume":"135","author":"Boussuges A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boussuges A, Gole Y, Blanc P. Diaphragmatic motion studied by m-mode ultrasonography: methods, reproducibility, and normal values. Chest. 2009, 135:391-400. 10.1378\/chest.08-1541","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1007236","article-title":"Dysfunction of the diaphragm","volume":"366","author":"McCool FD","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCool FD, Tzelepis GE. Dysfunction of the diaphragm. N Engl J Med. 2012, 366:932-42. 10.1056\/NEJMra1007236","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17116\/anaesthesiology202506115","article-title":"QMGS score as a predictor of myasthenic crisis after thymectomy in patients with severe myasthenia","volume":"15","author":"Topolnitskiy EB","year":"2025","unstructured":"Topolnitskiy EB, Gusakov VV. QMGS score as a predictor of myasthenic crisis after thymectomy in patients with severe myasthenia. Russ J Anesthesiol Reanim. 2025, 15:20. 10.17116\/anaesthesiology202506115","journal-title":"Russ J Anesthesiol Reanim"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.8.3.3289099","article-title":"The diaphragm: anatomic, pathologic, and radiologic considerations","volume":"8","author":"Panicek DM","year":"1988","unstructured":"Panicek DM, Benson CB, Gottlieb RH, Heitzman ER. The diaphragm: anatomic, pathologic, and radiologic considerations. Radiographics. 1988, 8:385-425. 10.1148\/radiographics.8.3.3289099","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-015-1481-0","article-title":"The clinical anatomy of the musculotendinous part of the diaphragm","volume":"37","author":"du Plessis M","year":"2015","unstructured":"du Plessis M, Ramai D, Shah S, Holland JD, Tubbs RS, Loukas M. The clinical anatomy of the musculotendinous part of the diaphragm. Surg Radiol Anat. 2015, 37:1013-20. 10.1007\/s00276-015-1481-0","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2010.07.005","article-title":"The diaphragm","volume":"90","author":"Maish MS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maish MS. The diaphragm. Surg Clin North Am. 2010, 90:955-68. 10.1016\/j.suc.2010.07.005","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000276","article-title":"Crus atrophy: accuracy of computed tomography in diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis","volume":"32","author":"Sukkasem W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sukkasem W, Moftah SG, Kicska G, Godwin JD, Pipavath S, Stern E. Crus atrophy: accuracy of computed tomography in diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis. J Thorac Imaging. 2017, 32:383-90. 10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000276","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.171.2.2704802","article-title":"Aging of the diaphragm: a CT study","volume":"171","author":"Caskey CI","year":"1989","unstructured":"Caskey CI, Zerhouni EA, Fishman EK, Rahmouni AD. Aging of the diaphragm: a CT study. Radiology. 1989, 171:385-9. 10.1148\/radiology.171.2.2704802","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/imj.galenos.2018.65471","article-title":"Diaphragm thickness measurement in computed tomography: intra- and inter-observer agreement","volume":"20","author":"Ufuk F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ufuk F, Cakmak P, Sagtas E, Herek D, Arslan M, Ya\u011fc\u0131 AB. Diaphragm thickness measurement in computed tomography: intra- and inter-observer agreement. Istanbul Med J. 2019, 20:101-6. 10.4274\/imj.galenos.2018.65471","journal-title":"Istanbul Med J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02770-w","article-title":"Evaluation of computed tomography in the diagnosis of ultrasound-proven diaphragm dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"Lallement P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lallement P, Boussuges A, Habert P, et al.. Evaluation of computed tomography in the diagnosis of ultrasound-proven diaphragm dysfunction. Respir Res. 2024, 25:135. 10.1186\/s12931-024-02770-w","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28397","article-title":"Diaphragmatic compound muscle action potentials correlate with the clinical severity of myasthenia gravis","volume":"71","author":"Suehiro H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suehiro H, Sekiguchi K, Noda Y, et al.. Diaphragmatic compound muscle action potentials correlate with the clinical severity of myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2025, 71:1043-51. 10.1002\/mus.28397","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000949","article-title":"Severity of myasthenia gravis influences the relationship between train-of-four ratio and twitch tension and run-down of rat endplate potentials","volume":"124","author":"Takahashi K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Takahashi K, Niiya T, Takada Y, Narimatsu E, Yamakage M. Severity of myasthenia gravis influences the relationship between train-of-four ratio and twitch tension and run-down of rat endplate potentials. Anesthesiology. 2016, 124:369-77. 10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000949","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26710","article-title":"Evaluation of the neuromuscular junction in a middle-aged mouse model of congenital myasthenic syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Leite Schetino LP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leite Schetino LP, de Castro Fonseca M, Magalh\u00e3es Gomes MP, et al.. Evaluation of the neuromuscular junction in a middle-aged mouse model of congenital myasthenic syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2019, 60:790-800. 10.1002\/mus.26710","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28020","article-title":"Diaphragmatic ultrasonography as a predictor of respiratory muscle fatigue in myasthenia gravis","volume":"69","author":"Ma J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma J, Zhang H, Pang X, et al.. Diaphragmatic ultrasonography as a predictor of respiratory muscle fatigue in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2024, 69:199-205. 10.1002\/mus.28020","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.10.054","article-title":"A 23-year-old man with dyspnea during\u00a0myasthenia crisis","volume":"155","author":"Weinberg M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weinberg M, Cavalcante JA, Choy T, Ahmad S. A 23-year-old man with dyspnea during\u00a0myasthenia crisis. Chest. 2019, 155:e155-7. 10.1016\/j.chest.2018.10.054","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25071","article-title":"Hemidiaphragm atrophy in muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis","volume":"54","author":"Cartwright MS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cartwright MS, Keskinyan VS. Hemidiaphragm atrophy in muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2016, 54:338-9. 10.1002\/mus.25071","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2019.05.474","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis as a cause of failed extubation diagnosed by diaphragmatic ultrasound","volume":"29","author":"Ramakrishnan P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan P, Siddiqui S. Myasthenia gravis as a cause of failed extubation diagnosed by diaphragmatic ultrasound. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2019, 29:474-5.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-022-03286-x","article-title":"Nivolumab-related myasthenia gravis with myositis requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Saishu Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saishu Y, Yoshida T, Seino Y, Nomura T. Nivolumab-related myasthenia gravis with myositis requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2022, 16:61. 10.1186\/s13256-022-03286-x","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.742703","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of diaphragm thickness and thickening: reference values and limits of normality when in a seated position","volume":"8","author":"Boussuges A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boussuges A, Rives S, Finance J, Chaumet G, Vall\u00e9e N, Risso JJ, Br\u00e9geon F. Ultrasound assessment of diaphragm thickness and thickening: reference values and limits of normality when in a seated position. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021, 8:742703. 10.3389\/fmed.2021.742703","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3687-3","article-title":"Measuring diaphragm thickness with ultrasound in mechanically ventilated patients: feasibility, reproducibility and validity","volume":"41","author":"Goligher EC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goligher EC, Laghi F, Detsky ME, et al.. Measuring diaphragm thickness with ultrasound in mechanically ventilated patients: feasibility, reproducibility and validity. Intensive Care Med. 2015, 41:642-9. 10.1007\/s00134-015-3687-3","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2823-1","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of the diaphragm in critically ill patients. Technique and clinical applications","volume":"39","author":"Matamis D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matamis D, Soilemezi E, Tsagourias M, et al.. Sonographic evaluation of the diaphragm in critically ill patients. Technique and clinical applications. Intensive Care Med. 2013, 39:801-10. 10.1007\/s00134-013-2823-1","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.08.029","article-title":"Association of diaphragm thickness and density measured on chest CT with disease severity in COVID-19 patients","volume":"61","author":"Parlak S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parlak S, Be\u015fler MS, G\u00f6khan MB. Association of diaphragm thickness and density measured on chest CT with disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2022, 61:29-33. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.08.029","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.202203_31(1).0004","article-title":"Diaphragm thickness on computed tomography for nutritional assessment and hospital stay prediction in critical COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"You Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"You Y, Chen M, Chen X, Yu W. Diaphragm thickness on computed tomography for nutritional assessment and hospital stay prediction in critical COVID-19. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2022, 31:33-40. 10.6133\/apjcn.202203_31(1).0004","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.11.010","article-title":"Imaging of respiratory muscles in neuromuscular disease: a review","volume":"28","author":"Harlaar L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harlaar L, Ciet P, van der Ploeg AT, et al.. Imaging of respiratory muscles in neuromuscular disease: a review. Neuromuscul Disord. 2018, 28:246-56. 10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.11.010","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller MR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al.. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005, 26:319-38. 10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2206020","article-title":"Disorders of the respiratory muscles","volume":"168","author":"Laghi F","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laghi F, Tobin MJ. Disorders of the respiratory muscles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003, 168:10-48. 10.1164\/rccm.2206020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12759","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic function in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Fantini R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fantini R, Mandrioli J, Zona S, et al.. Ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic function in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Respirology. 2016, 21:932-8. 10.1111\/resp.12759","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-015-4175-0","article-title":"Importance of diaphragm thickness in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with diaphragm pacing system implantation","volume":"30","author":"Sanli A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanli A, Sengun IS, Tertemiz KC, et al.. Importance of diaphragm thickness in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with diaphragm pacing system implantation. Surg Endosc. 2016, 30:154-8. 10.1007\/s00464-015-4175-0","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/486577-computed-tomography-assessment-of-diaphragm-thickness-in-myasthenia-gravis-with-clinical-and-functional-correlations","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:22:19Z","timestamp":1781072539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/486577-computed-tomography-assessment-of-diaphragm-thickness-in-myasthenia-gravis-with-clinical-and-functional-correlations"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.110567","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}