{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T09:58:13Z","timestamp":1781258293996,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.110717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T09:15:19Z","timestamp":1781255719000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salivary Galectin-3 Levels Among Healthy Individuals, Patients With Periodontitis, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders, and Oral Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Saumya","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girish","family":"Suragimath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Varma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer A","family":"Zope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishali N","family":"Mashalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apurva V","family":"Kale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Gudur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00862","article-title":"Oral microbiota community dynamics associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma staging","volume":"9","author":"Yang CY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang CY, Yeh YM, Yu HY, et al.. Oral microbiota community dynamics associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma staging. Front Microbiol. 2018, 9:862. 10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00862","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18178999","article-title":"How much does HIV positivity affect the presence of oral HPV? A molecular epidemiology survey","volume":"18","author":"Visalli G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Visalli G, Di Pietro A, Curr\u00f2 M, et al.. How much does HIV positivity affect the presence of oral HPV? A molecular epidemiology survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021, 18:8999. 10.3390\/ijerph18178999","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2013.8","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis","volume":"15","author":"Yucel-Lindberg T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yucel-Lindberg T, B\u00e5ge T. Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2013, 15:e7. 10.1017\/erm.2013.8","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.638258","article-title":"Galectin-3, possible role in pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and potential therapeutic target","volume":"12","author":"Velickovic M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Velickovic M, Arsenijevic A, Acovic A, et al.. Galectin-3, possible role in pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and potential therapeutic target. Front Pharmacol. 2021, 12:638258. 10.3389\/fphar.2021.638258","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0157","article-title":"A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification","volume":"89 Suppl 1","author":"Caton JG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, et al.. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Periodontol. 2018, 89 Suppl 1:S1-8. 10.1002\/JPER.18-0157","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2019.1561288","article-title":"Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: prognostic and predictive parameters in the etiopathogenetic route","volume":"19","author":"Panarese I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panarese I, Aquino G, Ronchi A, et al.. Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: prognostic and predictive parameters in the etiopathogenetic route. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2019, 19:105-19. 10.1080\/14737140.2019.1561288","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2022.5367","article-title":"Periodontal disease affects oral cancer progression in a surrogate animal model for tobacco exposure","volume":"60","author":"Spuldaro TR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spuldaro TR, Wagner VP, N\u00f6r F, et al.. Periodontal disease affects oral cancer progression in a surrogate animal model for tobacco exposure. Int J Oncol. 2022, 60:77. 10.3892\/ijo.2022.5367","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00138","article-title":"Extracellular galectin-3 in tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"4","author":"Fortuna-Costa A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fortuna-Costa A, Gomes AM, Kozlowski EO, Stelling MP, Pav\u00e3o MS. Extracellular galectin-3 in tumor progression and metastasis. Front Oncol. 2014, 4:138. 10.3389\/fonc.2014.00138","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2020.7777","article-title":"Roles of galectin\u20113 in the tumor microenvironment and tumor metabolism (Review)","volume":"44","author":"Guo Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo Y, Shen R, Yu L, Zheng X, Cui R, Song Y, Wang D. Roles of galectin\u20113 in the tumor microenvironment and tumor metabolism (Review). Oncol Rep. 2020, 44:1799-809. 10.3892\/or.2020.7777","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1527","article-title":"Galectins as modulators of tumour progression","volume":"5","author":"Liu FT","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu FT, Rabinovich GA. Galectins as modulators of tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005, 5:29-41. 10.1038\/nrc1527","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.290109.x","article-title":"Global risk factors and risk indicators for periodontal diseases","volume":"29","author":"Albandar JM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Albandar JM. Global risk factors and risk indicators for periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2002, 29:177-206. 10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.290109.x","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512457373","article-title":"Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010","volume":"91","author":"Eke PI","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, Genco RJ. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012, 91:914-20. 10.1177\/0022034512457373","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002","article-title":"Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"45","author":"Warnakulasuriya S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009, 45:309-16. 10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.05.023","article-title":"Oral cancer prevention and control--the approach of the World Health Organization","volume":"45","author":"Petersen PE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petersen PE. Oral cancer prevention and control--the approach of the World Health Organization. Oral Oncol. 2009, 45:454-60. 10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.05.023","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12380","article-title":"Frailty, aging, and periodontal disease: basic biologic considerations","volume":"87","author":"Clark D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clark D, Kotronia E, Ramsay SE. Frailty, aging, and periodontal disease: basic biologic considerations. Periodontol 2000. 2021, 87:143-56. 10.1111\/prd.12380","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078999","article-title":"The magnitude of tobacco smoking-betel quid chewing-alcohol drinking interaction effect on oral cancer in South-East Asia. A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"8","author":"Petti S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petti S, Masood M, Scully C. The magnitude of tobacco smoking-betel quid chewing-alcohol drinking interaction effect on oral cancer in South-East Asia. A meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2013, 8:e78999. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0078999","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177","article-title":"Experimental gingivitis in man","volume":"36","author":"LO H","year":"1965","unstructured":"LO H, TH E, JE SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol (1930). 1965, 36:177-87. 10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177","journal-title":"J Periodontol (1930)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1960.0177","article-title":"The oral hygiene index: a method for classifying oral hygiene status","volume":"61","author":"Greene JC","year":"1960","unstructured":"Greene JC, Vermillion JR. The oral hygiene index: a method for classifying oral hygiene status. J Am Dent Assoc. 1960, 61:172-79. 10.14219\/jada.archive.1960.0177","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2156","article-title":"Human galectin-3 is a novel chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"165","author":"Sano H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sano H, Hsu DK, Yu L, et al.. Human galectin-3 is a novel chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages. J Immunol. 2000, 165:2156-64. 10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2156","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12815","article-title":"The effect of initial periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid galectin-3 levels in participants with periodontal disease","volume":"66","author":"Karsiyaka Hendek M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karsiyaka Hendek M, Olgun E, Kisa U. The effect of initial periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid galectin-3 levels in participants with periodontal disease. Aust Dent J. 2021, 66:169-74. 10.1111\/adj.12815","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20312","article-title":"Microenvironmental regulation of the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders towards malignancy","volume":"8","author":"Ai R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ai R, Tao Y, Hao Y, et al.. Microenvironmental regulation of the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders towards malignancy. Oncotarget. 2017, 8:81617-35. 10.18632\/oncotarget.20312","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.04.030","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of metastasis","volume":"270","author":"Weber GF","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weber GF. Molecular mechanisms of metastasis. Cancer Lett. 2008, 270:181-90. 10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.04.030","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00488-6","article-title":"Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities","volume":"21","author":"Hajishengallis G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021, 21:426-40. 10.1038\/s41577-020-00488-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4209","article-title":"Periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum\u00a0promote tumor progression in an oral-specific chemical carcinogenesis model","volume":"6","author":"Binder Gallimidi A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Binder Gallimidi A, Fischman S, Revach B, et al.. Periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum\u00a0promote tumor progression in an oral-specific chemical carcinogenesis model. Oncotarget. 2015, 6:22613-23. 10.18632\/oncotarget.4209","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12425","article-title":"Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in oral and orodigestive squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"89","author":"Lamont RJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lamont RJ, Fitzsimonds ZR, Wang H, Gao S. Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in oral and orodigestive squamous cell carcinoma. Periodontol 2000. 2022, 89:154-65. 10.1111\/prd.12425","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2015.08.006","article-title":"Saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral and systemic diseases","volume":"6","author":"Javaid MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Javaid MA, Ahmed AS, Durand R, Tran SD. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral and systemic diseases. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2016, 6:66-75. 10.1016\/j.jobcr.2015.08.006","journal-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2010.01773.x","article-title":"Saliva: diagnostics and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Spielmann N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spielmann N, Wong DT. Saliva: diagnostics and therapeutic perspectives. Oral Dis. 2011, 17:345-54. 10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2010.01773.x","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Saliva: an emerging biofluid for early detection of diseases","volume":"22","author":"Lee YH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee YH, Wong DT. Saliva: an emerging biofluid for early detection of diseases. Am J Dent. 2009, 22:241-8.","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Serum galectin-3 levels in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"1","author":"Tadbir AA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tadbir AA, Fattahi MJ, Khademi B, Malekzadeh M. Serum galectin-3 levels in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Middle East J Cancer. 2010, 1:77-81.","journal-title":"Middle East J Cancer"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561319893861","article-title":"Evaluation and prognostic significance of Galectin-3 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"100","author":"Tokmak S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tokmak S, Ar\u0131k D, P\u0131narba\u015fl\u0131 \u00d6, G\u00fcrb\u00fcz MK, A\u00e7\u0131kal\u0131n MF. Evaluation and prognostic significance of Galectin-3 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021, 100:578S-83S. 10.1177\/0145561319893861","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/499502-salivary-galectin-3-levels-among-healthy-individuals-patients-with-periodontitis-oral-potentially-malignant-disorders-and-oral-cancer-a-cross-sectional-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T09:15:22Z","timestamp":1781255722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/499502-salivary-galectin-3-levels-among-healthy-individuals-patients-with-periodontitis-oral-potentially-malignant-disorders-and-oral-cancer-a-cross-sectional-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.110717","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]}}}